Internet of Things

Revanasiddappa,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru.

1
2
Course Objectives
 Vision and Introduction to IoT.
 Understand IoT Market perspective.
 Data and Knowledge Management and use of Devices
in IoT Technology.
 Understand State of the Art - IoT Architecture.
 Real World IoT Design Constraints, Industrial
Automation and Commercial Building Automation in
IoT.

3
Course Outcomes
 Understand the vision of IoT from a global context.
 Determine the Market perspective of IoT.
 Use of Devices, Gateways and Data Management in IoT.
 Building state of the art architecture in IoT.
 Application of IoT in Industrial and Commercial
Building Automation and Real World Design
Constraints.

4
Course Textbook
 Jan Holler, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stefan
Avesand, Stamatis Karnouskos, David Boyle, “From
Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things:
Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence”, 1st
Edition, Academic Press, 2014.

5
Unit 1 Review
 M2M to IoT-The Vision-Introduction
 From M2M to IoT
 M2M towards IoT-the global context
 A use case example, Differing Characteristics

6
Introduction
 Machine to machine (M2M) is direct communication
between devices using any communications channel,
including wired and wireless.
 Machine to machine communication can include industrial
instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to
communicate the information it records (such as
temperature, inventory level, etc.) to
application software that can use it (for example, adjusting
an industrial process based on temperature or placing
orders to replenish inventory).
 Such communication was originally accomplished by
having a remote network of machines relay information
back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be
rerouted into a system like a personal computer

7
M2M
 M2M (machine to machine) communication is the
technology that allows our devices to talk to each other.
Without M2M communication, we wouldn’t be able to
take cash out of an ATM, and our smart meters
wouldn’t be able to send automated updates to our
energy providers.
 In fact, M2M (sometimes confused with the IoT) is now
so widespread that over 7 billion devices currently
leverage some form of automated, M2M
communication protocol

8
M2M
 Real-world M2M IoT examples of the technology

 Smart meters (sometimes called utility meters) allow

you to track energy consumption in real-time. They
also allow your energy provider to see how much
energy you’re using, which means that:
 You know exactly how much it costs to keep the lights
on
 Your energy provider can track fluctuations in power
consumption, and manufacture power in more efficient
ways
 You’ll never be surprised by a large bill
9
M2M
 Wearable technologies
 Another vital part of the Internet of Things (IoT),
smartwatches, Fitbit and other ‘wearables’ make wide
use of M2M technologies to send data about your
physical activity, heart rate and other important
metrics to your smartphone, as well as receive texts,
push notifications and other communications about
your day-to-day activity.

10
 IoT
 The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects—“things” or objects—that are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.
 Goal of IoT:
 Connect the unconnected
 Objects that are not currently joined to a computer network-Internet, will
be connected so that they can communicate and interact with people and
other objects.
 IoT is a technology transition in which the devices will allow us to sense
and control the physical world by making objects smarter and connecting
them through an intelligent network.
 When objects and machines can be sensed and controlled remotely by
across a network, a tighter integration between physical world and
computers are enabled. This allows enablement of advanced applications.

11
IoT
Genesis of IoT:
 The age of IoT is started in2008 and 2009.In these
years, more “things” connected to the Internet than
people in the world.

12
M2M and IoT
 M2M and the IoT are two of the technologies that form
the basis of the new world that we will come to inhabit.

 Anything in the physical realm that is of interest to

observe and control by people, businesses, or
organizations will be connected and will offer services
via the Internet.

 The physical entities can be of any nature, such as

buildings, farmland, and natural resources like air.

13
From M2M to IoT
 Both M2M and IoT are results of the technological progress over
the last decades, including not just the decreasing costs of
semiconductor components, but also the spectacular uptake of
the Internet Protocol (IP) and the broad adoption of the Internet.

 Other technology revolution has been unfolding.

 Rapidly decreasing costs of sensors and actuators has led to

increased adaptation and use of sensors, electronic tags, and
actuators to digitally identify, observe and control objects in the
physical world.

 These devices are now able to communicate via fixed and mobile
networks.

 As a result, they are able to communicate information about the

physical world in near real-time across networks with high
bandwidth at low relative cost.
14
M2M Communication
 M2M refers to those solutions that allow communication
between devices of the same type and a specific
application, all via wired or wireless communication
networks.
 M2M solutions allow end-users to capture data about
events from assets, such as temperature or inventory levels.
 Typically, M2M is deployed to achieve productivity gains,
reduce costs, and increase safety or security.
 M2M has been applied in many different scenarios,
including the remote monitoring and control of enterprise
assets, or to provide connectivity of remote machine-type
devices
 M2M solutions, however, do not generally allow for the
broad sharing of data or connection of the devices in
question directly to the Internet.
15
A typical M2M solution overview

 A typical M2M system solution consists of M2M devices, communication

networks that provide remote connectivity for the devices, service
enablement and application logic, and integration of the M2M
application into the business processes provided by an Information
Technology (IT) system of the enterprise.
 M2M Device. This is the M2M device attached to the asset of interest,
and provides sensing and actuation capabilities.
 Network. The purpose of the network is to provide remote connectivity
between the M2M device and the application-side servers. Many
different network types can be used, and include both Wide Area
Networks (WANs) and Local Area Networks (LANs). Examples of WANs
are public cellular mobile networks, fixed private networks, or even
satellite links.

16
A typical M2M solution overview
 M2M Service Enablement. This component provides
generic functionality that is common across a number of
different applications.
 Its primary purpose is to reduce cost for implementation
and ease of application development.
 M2M Application. The application component of the
solution is a realization of the highly specific monitor and
control process.
 The application is further integrated into the overall
business process system of the enterprise.
 The process of remotely monitoring and controlling assets
can be of many different types, for instance, remote car
diagnostics or electricity meter data management.
17
Existing M2M Key application areas

18
 The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
IoT “things” or objects—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the Internet

19
IoT
 The IoT is a widely used term for a set of technologies,
systems, and design principles associated with the
emerging wave of Internet-connected things that are based
on the physical environment.
 In many respects, it can initially look the same as M2M
communication -- connecting sensors and other devices to
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems
via wired or wireless networks.
 In contrast to M2M, however, IoT also refers to the
connection of such systems and sensors to the broader
Internet, as well as the use of general Internet technologies.
 In the longer term, it is envisaged that an IoT ecosystem will
emerge not dissimilar to today’s Internet, allowing things
and real world objects to connect, communicate, and
interact with one another in the same way humans do via
the web today

20
Emerging IoT Applications

21
Urban Agriculture
 Already today, more than 50% of the world’s population lives in urban areas
and cities.
 The increased attention on sustainable living includes reducing transportation,
and in the case of food production, reducing the needs for pesticides. The
prospect of producing food at the place where it is consumed (i.e. in urban
areas) is a promising example.
 By using IoT technologies, urban agriculture could be highly optimized. Sensors
and actuators can monitor and control the plant environment and tailor the
conditions according to the needs of the specific specimen.
 Water supply through a combination of rain collection and remote feeds can be
combined on demand.
 City or urban districts can have separate infrastructures for the provisioning of
different fertilizers. Drainage can be provided so as not to spoil crops growing
on facades and rooftops of buildings, as well as to take care of any recyclable
nutrients.
 Weather and light can be monitored, and necessary blinds that can shield and
protect, as well as create greenhouse microclimates, can be automatically
controlled.
 Fresh air generated by plants can be collected and fed into buildings, and tanks
of algae that consume waste can generate fertilizers.

22
Robots
 The mining industry is undergoing a change for the future. Production rates
must be increased, cost per produced unit decreased, and the lifetime of mines
and sites must be prolonged.
 In addition, human workforce safety must be higher, with fewer or no accidents,
and environmental impact must be decreased by reducing energy consumption
and carbon emissions.
 The mining industry answer to this is to turn each mine into a fully automated
and controlled operation. The process chain of the mine involving blasting,
crushing, grinding, and ore processing will be highly automated and
interconnected.
 The heavy machinery used will be remotely controlled and monitored, mine
sites will be connected, and shafts monitored in terms of air and gases.
 As up to 50% of energy consumption in a mine can come from ventilation.
 Energy savings can be done by very precise ventilation where the diesel vehicles
are operating, and sensors in the mine can provide information about the
location of the machines. The trend is also that local control rooms will be
replaced by larger control rooms at the corporate headquarters.
 Sensors and actuators to remotely control both the sites and the massive robots
in terms of mining machines for drilling, haulage, and processing are the
instruments to make this happen.

23
Food Safety
 After several outbreaks of food-related illnesses in the U.S., the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (USFDA) created its Food Safety and
Modernization Act (FSMA 2011).
 The main objective with FSMA is to ensure that the U.S. food supply is
safe.
 These objectives will have an impact across the entire food supply chain,
from the farm to the table, and require a number of actors to integrate
various parts of their businesses.
 From the monitoring of farming conditions for plant and animal health,
registration of the use of pesticides and animal food, the logistics chain
to monitor environmental conditions as produce is being transported,
and retailers handling of food, all will be connected.
 Sensors will provide the necessary monitoring capabilities, and tags like
radio frequency identification (RFID) will be used to identify the items
so they can be tracked and traced throughout the supply chain.
 The origin of food can also be completely transparent to the consumers.

24
M2M towards IoT -- the global context
 M2M solutions have been around for decades and are
quite common in many different scenarios.
 While the need to remotely monitor and control assets,
personal, enterprise or other - is not new, a number of
concurrent things are now converging to create drivers
for change not just within the technology industry, but
within the wider global economy and society.
 Our planet is facing massive challenges environmental,
social, and economic.
 The changes that humanity needs to deal with in the
coming decades are unprecedented, not because
similar things have not happened before during our
common history on this planet, but because many of
them are happening at the same time.
25
M2M towards IoT -- the global context
 From constraints on natural resources to a
reconfiguration of the world’s economy, many people
are looking to technology to assist with these issues.
 Essentially, therefore, a set of megatrends are
combining to create needs and capabilities, which in
turn produce a set of IoT Technology and Business
Drivers.
 A megatrend is a pattern or trend that will have a
fundamental and global impact on society at a
macro level over several generations.
 It is something that will have a significant impact on
the world in the foreseeable future.

26
Megatrends, capabilities and implications

27
A Summary of Megatrends, Capabilities,
and IoT Implications

28
Game changers
 The game changers come from a set of social,
economic, and environmental shifts that create
pressure for solutions to address issues and problems,
but also opportunities to reformulate the manner in
which our world faces them.
 There is an extremely strong emerging demand for
monitoring, controlling, and understanding the
physical world, and the game changers are working in
conjunction with technological and scientific advances

29
Global Game Changers – Natural Resource
Constraints, Economic Shifts
Natural Resource Constraints
 The world needs to increasingly do more with less, from raw
materials to energy, water or food, the growing global population and
associated economic growth demands put increasing constraints on the
use of resources.
 The use of IoT to increase yields, improve productivity, and decrease
loss across global supply chains is therefore escalating.
Economic Shifts
 The overall economy is in a state of flux as it moves from the post-
industrial era to a digital economy.
 One example of this is found in the move from product-oriented to
service-oriented economies.
 This implies a lifetime responsibility of the product used in the service
offering, and will in many cases require the products to be connected
and contain embedded technologies for gathering data and information.
 As technology becomes increasingly embedded and more tasks
automated, countries need to manage this shift and ensure that M2M
and IoT also create new jobs and industries.

30
Global Game Changers – Changing Demographics,
Socioeconomic Expectations
Changing Demographics
 With increased prosperity, there will be a shift in the
demographic structures around the world.
 Many countries will need to deal with an aging population
without increasing economic expenditure.
 As a result, IoT will need to be used, for example, to help
provide assisted living and reduce costs in healthcare and
emerging “wellcare” systems.
Socioeconomic Expectations
 The global emerging middle class results in increasing
expectations on well-being and Corporate Social
Responsibility.
 Lifestyle and convenience will be increasingly enabled by
technology as the same disruption and efficiency practices
evident in industries will be applied within people’s lives
and homes as well.
31
Global Game Changers – Climate Change and
Environment Impacts, Safety and Security, Urbanization
Climate Change and Environmental Impacts
 The impact of human activities on the environment and climate has been long
debated, but is now in essence scientifically proven.
 Technology, including IoT, will need to be applied to aggressively reduce the
impact of human activity on the earth’s systems.
Safety and Security
 Public safety and national security becomes more urgent as society becomes
more advanced, but also more vulnerable.
 This has to do both with reducing fatalities and health as well as crime
prevention, and different technologies can address a number of the issues at
hand.
Urbanization
 We see the dramatic increase in urban populations and discussions about
megacities.
 Urbanization creates an entirely new level of demands on city infrastructures in
order to support increasing urban populations.
 IoT technologies will play a central role in the optimization for citizens and
enterprises within the urban realm, as well as providing increased support for
decision-makers in cities

32
General technology and scientific trends – Material
Science, Complex and Advanced Machinery
 Technological and scientific advances and breakthroughs are occurring across a number
of disciplines at an increasing pace.
Material Science
 It has a large impact across a vast range of industries, from pharmaceutical and cosmetics
to electronics. Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) can be used to build advanced
micro-sized sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes.
 Emerging flexible and printable electronics will enable a new range of innovations for
embedding technology in the real world.
 New materials provide different methods to develop and manufacture a large range of
different sensors and actuators, as well being used in applications for environmental
control, water purification, etc.
 From an IoT perspective, these advances in material science will see an increasing range
of applications and also a broader definition of what is meant by a sensor.
Complex and Advanced Machinery
 It refers to tools that are autonomous or semi-autonomous. Today they are used in a
number of different industries; for example, robots and very advanced machinery is used
in different harsh environments.
 Advanced machines have many modalities, and operate with a combination of local
autonomous capabilities as well as remote control.
 Often such solutions require real-time characteristics and is provided by being part of IoT.

33
Cont..
 Advanced machines have many modalities, and operate
with a combination of local autonomous capabilities as
well as remote control.
 Sensing and actuation are key technologies, and local
monitor-control loops for routine tasks are required in
addition to reliable communications for remote
operations. Often such solutions require real-time
characteristics.
 These systems will continue to evolve and automate
tasks today performed by humans even self-driving
cars have started to make headlines

34
General technology and scientific trends – Energy
Production and Storage
Energy Production and Storage
 It is relevant to IoT for two reasons. Firstly, it relates to the
global interest of securing the availability of electricity
while reducing climate and environmental impacts.
 Smart Grids, for example, imply micro-generation of
electricity using affordable photovoltaic panels.
 In addition, smart grids also require new types of energy
storage, both for the grid itself and for emerging
technologies such as Electric Vehicles (EVs) that rely on
increasingly efficient battery technologies.
 Secondly, powering embedded devices in Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) will increasingly rely on different energy
harvesting technologies and also rely on new miniaturized
battery technologies and ultra capacitors.
 As these technologies improve, IoT will be applicable in a
broad range of scenarios that need long battery life.
35
Trends in information and communications
technologies
 Today, sensors, actuators, and tags function as the digital
interfaces to the physical world.
 Small-scale and cheap sensors and actuators provide the bridge
between the physical realm and ICT systems.
 Tags using technologies such as RFID provide the means to put
electronic identities on any object, and can be cheaply produced
 Embedded processing is evolving towards higher capabilities and
processing speeds
 Instant access to the Internet is available virtually everywhere
today, mainly thanks to wireless and cellular technologies and the
rapid deployment of cellular 3G and 4G or Long Term Evolution
(LTE) systems on a global scale.
 These systems provide ubiquitous and relatively cheap
connectivity with the right characteristics for many applications,
including low latency and the capacity to handle large amounts of
data with high reliability.
36
Trends in information and communications
technologies
 Software architectures have undergone several evolutions over the past
decades, in particular with the increasing dominance of the web
paradigm
 Software development has started applying the web paradigm and using
a service-oriented approach (SOA) Open APIs, in the same way that they
have been critical to the development of the web, will be just as
important to the creation of a successful IoT market, and we can already
see developments in this space.
 Open APIs relate to a common need to create a market between many
companies, as is the case in the IoT market.
 Open APIs permit the creation of a fluid industrial platform, allowing
components to be combined together in multiple different ways by
multiple developers with little to no interaction with those who
developed the platform, or installed the devices.
 Without Open APIs, a developer would need to create contracts with
several different companies in order to get access to the correct data to
develop the application.
 The transaction costs associated with establishing such a service would
be prohibitively expensive for most small development companies

37
Trends in Information and Communications
Technologies (ICT)
 The cloud computing paradigm, with different as a Service models, is
one of the greatest aspects of the evolution of ICT for IoT as it allows
virtualized and independent execution environments for multiple
applications to reside in isolation on the same hardware platform, and
usually in large data centres.
 Data processing and intelligent software will have an increasing role to
play in IoT solutions.
 A popular concept now is big data, which refers to the increasing
number and size of data sets that are available for companies and
individuals to collect and perform analysis on.
 Built on large-scale computing, data storage, in-memory processing, and
analytics, big data is intended to find insights in the massive data sets
produced.
 Naturally, these technologies are therefore key enablers for IoT, as they
allow the collation and aggregation of the massive datasets that devices
and sensors are likely to produce.
 Decision support or even decision-making systems will therefore become
very important in different application domains for IoT, as will the set of
tools required to process data, aggregate information, and create
knowledge.
38
Implications for IoT
 The use of the TCP/IP stack towards IoT devices
represents another point in an M2M and IoT system
solutions.
 M2M is point problem-oriented, resulting in point
solutions where devices and applications are highly
dedicated to solving a single task.
 M2M devices are for this reason many times highly
application-specific, and reuse of devices beyond the
M2M application at hand is difficult, if at all possible.
 With the increasing requirements to gather
information and services from various sources, and to
be able to have greater flexibility and variety in IoT
applications, devices can no longer be application-
specific in the same manner as for M2M.
39
A use case example – M2M
 A fictitious illustrative example for a specific problem is
addressed with M2M and IoT, respectively.
 Studies from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
have shown that close to 50% of the health risks of the enterprise
workforce are stress related
 Measuring human stress can be done using sensors.
 Two common stress measurements are heart rate and galvanic
skin response (GSR), and there are products on the market in the
form of bracelets that can do such measurements.
 These sensors can only provide the intensity of the heart rate and
GSR, and do not provide an answer to the cause of the intensity.
 A higher intensity can be the cause of stress, but can also be due
to exercise.
 In order to analyze whether the stress is positive or negative,
more information is needed.

40
A use case example – M2M

 The typical M2M solution would be based on getting sensor input from
the person by equipping him or her with the appropriate device, in our
case the aforementioned bracelet, and using a smartphone as a mobile
gateway to send measurements to an application server hosted by a
health service provider.
 In addition to the heart rate and GSR measurements, an accelerometer
in the smartphone measures the movement of the person, thus
providing the ability to correlate any physical activity to the excitement
measurements
 The stress information can then be made available to the person or a
caregiver via smart phone application or a web interface on a computer

41
A use case example – IoT
 M2M solution is limited to a few measurement modalities
can only provide very limited (if any) information about
what actually causes the stress or excitement.
 Approaching the same problem situation from an IoT
perspective would be to add data that provide much deeper
and richer information of the person’s contextual situation.
 The prospect is that the more data is available, the more data
can be analyzed and correlated in order to find patterns and
dependencies.
 What is then required is to capture as much data about the
daily activities and environment of the person as possible.
 The data sources of relevance are of many different types,
and can be openly available information as well as highly
personal information.

42
A use case example – IoT

43
A use case example – IoT

44
A use case example – IoT
 The environmental aspects include the physical properties of the
specific environment, and can be air quality and noise levels of the work
environment, or the night time temperature of the bedroom, all having
impacts on the person’s well-being.
 Work activities can include the amount of e-mails in the inbox or
calendar appointments, all potentially having a negative impact on
stress.
 Leisure activities, on the other hand, can have a very positive impact on
the level of excitement and stress, and can have a more healing effect
than a negative effect.
 Such different negative and positive factors need to be separated and
filtered out
 The stress bracelet is in this scenario is just one component out of many.
 It should also be noted that the actual information sources are very
independent of the actual application in mind (i.e. measurement and
prevention of negative stress).
 As this simple example illustrates, an IoT-oriented solution to solving a
particular problem could provide much more precision in achieving the
desired results.

45
A Comparison of the Main Characteristics of M2M
and IoT

46