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C++ cheatsheet
C++ quick reference cheat sheet that provides basic syntax and methods.

# Getting started
hello.cpp Variables Primitive Data Types

#include <iostream> int number = 5; // Integer Data Type Size Range

float f = 0.95; // Floating number 31 to
int 4 bytes -2 231-1
int main() { double PI = 3.14159; // Floating number
std::cout << "Hello QuickRef\n"; char yes = 'Y'; // Character
float 4 bytes N/A
return 0; std::string s = "ME"; // String (text)
} bool isRight = true; // Boolean
double 8 bytes N/A

// Constants char 1 byte -128 to

127
Compiling and running
const float RATE = 0.8;

$ g++ hello.cpp -o hello

bool 1 byte true / false
$ ./hello int age {25}; // Since C++11
void N/A N/A
Hello QuickRef std::cout << age; // Print 25
or
wchar_t 2 4 bytes 1 wide character

User Input Swap Comments

int num; int a = 5, b = 10, temp; // A single one line comment in C++
temp = a;
std::cout << "Type a number: "; a = b; /* This is a multiple line comment
std::cin >> num; b = temp; in C++ */

std::cout << "You entered " << num; // Outputs: a=10, b=5
std::cout << "a=" << a << ", b=" << b;

If statement Loops Functions

if (a == 10) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { #include <iostream>

// do something std::cout << i << "\n";
} } void hello(); // Declaring

int main() { // main function

hello(); // Calling
}

void hello() { // Defining

std::cout << "Hello QuickRef!\n";
}

See: Conditionals See: Loops See: Functions

References Namespaces

int i = 1; #include <iostream>

int& ri = i; // ri is a reference to i namespace ns1 {int val(){return 5;}}
int main()
ri = 2; // i is now changed to 2 {
std::cout << "i=" << i; std::cout << ns1::val();
}
i = 3; // i is now changed to 3
std::cout << "ri=" << ri;
#include <iostream>
namespace ns1 {int val(){return 5;}}
using namespace ns1;
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << val();
}

ri and i refer to the same memory location. Namespaces allow global identifiers under a name
# C++ Arrays
Declaration Manipulation Displaying

int marks[3]; // Declaration ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐ char ref[5] = {'R', 'e', 'f'};

marks[0] = 92; | 92 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 98 | 94 |
marks[1] = 97; └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘ // Range based for loop
marks[2] = 98; 0 1 2 3 4 5 for (const int &n : ref) {
std::cout << std::string(1, n);
// Declare and initialize }
int marks[6] = {92, 97, 98, 99, 98, 94};
int marks[3] = {92, 97, 98};
int marks[] = {92, 97, 98}; // Traditional for loop
// Print first element
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(ref); ++i) {
std::cout << marks[0];
// With empty members std::cout << ref[i];
int marks[3] = {92, 97}; }
// Change 2th element to 99
std::cout << marks[2]; // Outputs: 0
marks[1] = 99;

// Take input from the user

std::cin >> marks[2];

Multidimensional

j0 j1 j2 j3 j4 j5
┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
i0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
i1 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
└────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘

int x[2][6] = {
{1,2,3,4,5,6}, {6,5,4,3,2,1}
};
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < 6; ++j) {
std::cout << x[i][j] << " ";
}
}
// Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1

# C++ Conditionals
If Clause Else if Statement _ Operators

Relational Operators
if (a == 10) { int score = 99;
// do something if (score == 100) { a == b a is equal to b
} std::cout << "Superb";
} a != b a is NOT equal to b
else if (score >= 90) {
int number = 16;
std::cout << "Excellent"; a < b a is less than b
}
if (number % 2 == 0)
else if (score >= 80) { a > b a is greater b
{
std::cout << "Very Good";
std::cout << "even"; a <= b a is less than or equal to b
}
}
else if (score >= 70) {
else a >= b a is greater or equal to b
std::cout << "Good";
{
} Assignment Operators
std::cout << "odd";
else if (score >= 60)
}
std::cout << "OK"; a += b Aka a = a + b
else
// Outputs: even a -= b Aka a = a - b
std::cout << "What?";

a *= b Aka a = a * b

a /= b Aka a = a / b
Ternary Operator Switch Statement

a %= b Aka a = a % b
┌── True ──┐ int num = 2;
Result = Condition ? Exp1 : Exp2; switch (num) { Logical Operators
└───── False ─────┘ case 0:
std::cout << "Zero";
exp1 && exp2 Both are true (AND)
break;
int x = 3, y = 5, max; exp1 || exp2 Either is true (OR)
case 1:
max = (x > y) ? x : y;
std::cout << "One";
!exp exp is false (NOT)
break;
// Outputs: 5
case 2: Bitwise Operators
std::cout << max << std::endl;
std::cout << "Two";
 std::cout << Two ;
break; a & b Binary AND
int x = 3, y = 5, max; case 3:
a | b Binary OR
if (x > y) { std::cout << "Three";
max = x; break;
a ^ b Binary XOR
} else { default:
max = y; std::cout << "What?";
a ~ b Binary One's Complement
} break;
// Outputs: 5 } a << b Binary Shift Left
std::cout << max << std::endl;
a >> b Binary Shift Right

# C++ Loops
While Do-while Continue statements

int i = 0; int i = 1; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

while (i < 6) { do { if (i % 2 == 0) {
std::cout << i++; std::cout << i++; continue;
} } while (i <= 5); }
std::cout << i;
// Outputs: 012345 // Outputs: 12345 } // Outputs: 13579

Infinite loop for_each (Since C++11) Range-based (Since C++11)

while (true) { // true or 1 #include <iostream> int num_array[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

std::cout << "infinite loop"; for (int n : num_array) {
} void print(int num) std::cout << n << " ";
{ }
std::cout << num << std::endl; // Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5
for (;;) {
}
std::cout << "infinite loop";
} std::string hello = "QuickRef.ME";
int main()
for (char c: hello)
{
{
for(int i = 1; i > 0; i++) { int arr[4] = {1, 2, 3, 4 };
std::cout << c << " ";
std::cout << "infinite loop"; std::for_each(arr, arr + 4, print);
}
} return 0;
// Outputs: Q u i c k R e f . M E
}

Break statements Several variations

int password, times = 0; for (int i = 0, j = 2; i < 3; i++, j--){

while (password != 1234) { std::cout << "i=" << i << ",";
if (times++ >= 3) { std::cout << "j=" << j << ";";
std::cout << "Locked!\n"; }
break; // Outputs: i=0,j=2;i=1,j=1;i=2,j=0;
}
std::cout << "Password: ";
std::cin >> password; // input
}

# C++ Functions
Arguments & Returns Overloading Built-in Functions

#include <iostream> void fun(string a, string b) { #include <iostream>

std::cout << a + " " + b; #include <cmath> // import library
int add(int a, int b) { }
return a + b; void fun(string a) { int main() {
} std::cout << a; // sqrt() is from cmath
} std::cout << sqrt(9);
int main() { void fun(int a) { }
std::cout << add(10, 20); std::cout << a;
} }

add is a function taking 2 ints and returning int

# C++ Classes & Objects

If statement If statement If statement
 If statement

# C++ Preprocessor
Preprocessor Includes Defines

if elif #include "iostream" #define FOO

#include <iostream> #define FOO "hello"
else endif
#undef FOO
ifdef ifndef

define undef
If Error

include line
#ifdef DEBUG #if VERSION == 2.0
console.log('hi'); #error Unsupported
error pragma
#elif defined VERBOSE #warning Not really supported
defined __has_include ... #endif
#else
__has_cpp_attribute export ...
#endif Macro
import module
#define DEG(x) ((x) * 57.29)

Token concat Stringification file and line

#define DST(name) name##_s name##_t #define STR(name) #name #define LOG(msg) console.log(__FILE__, __LI
DST(object); #=> object_s object_t; char * a = STR(object); #=> char * a = "o #=> console.log("file.txt", 3, "hey")

# Miscellaneous
Escape Sequences Keywords

\b Backspace alignas alignof and and_eq asm

\f Form feed atomic_cancel atomic_commit atomic_noexcept auto bitand

\n Newline bitor bool break case catch

\r Return char char8_t char16_t char32_t class

\t Horizontal tab compl concept const consteval constexpr

\v Vertical tab constinit const_cast continue co_await co_return

\\ Backslash co_yield decltype default delete do

\' Single quotation mark double dynamic_cast else enum explicit

export extern false float for

\" Double quotation mark

friend goto if inline int

\? Question mark
long mutable namespace new noexcept
\0 Null Character
not not_eq nullptr operator or

Preprocessor or_eq private protected public reflexpr

if elif register reinterpret_cast requires return short

else endif signed sizeof static static_assert static_cast

ifdef ifndef struct switch synchronized template this

define undef thread_local throw true try typedef

include line typeid typename union unsigned using

error pragma virtual void volatile wchar_t while

defined __has_include xor xor_eq final override transaction_safe

__has_cpp_attribute export transaction_safe_dynamic

import module
# Also see
C++ Infographics & Cheat Sheets (hackingcpp.com)
C++ reference (cppreference.com)
C++ Language Tutorials (cplusplus.com)

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