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GRADE 11

MODULE 3

FUNCTIONS

Prepared by:

Manilyn C. Mangotara
GENMATH 11 – Teacher

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 1

 WEEK 5 – INVERSE FUNCTION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson, students should be able to:
a. Determine the inverse of a function of a one-to-one function in particular;
b. Represent an inverse function through its table of values and graph;
c. Find the domain and range of an inverse function;
d. Solve problems involving inverse functions.

Recall
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The
range is the set of second coordinates. A function is one-to-one if no horizontal line intersects its graph
more than once.
A one-to-one function in which for each value of y in the range of f, there is just one value x in
the domain of f such that y=f(x).
In other words, f is one-to-one if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) implies 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Let x, y, and z be any real number:
1. Addition Property of Equality (APE)
If x=y, then x+z=y+z.
Equal values may be added on both sides of the equation.
2. Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)
If x=y, then x-z=y-z.
Equal values may be subtracted from both sides of the equation.
3. Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
If x=y, then xz=yz.
Both sides of the equation may be multiplied by the same value.
4. Division Property of Equality (DPE)
𝑥 𝑦
If x=y and z≠o, then = .
𝑧 𝑧
Both sides of the equation may be divided by the same non- zero-real number.
5. Substitution Law
If x+y=z and x=y, then y+y=z or x+x=z.
Equals may be substituted for equals.

INVERSE FUNCTION

A relation reversing the process performed by any function f(x) is called inverse of f(x).

This means that the domain of the inverse is the range of the original function and that the range of the
inverse is the domain of the original function.
Original Function:
x 20 30 50 100
y 68 86 122 212

Inverse Function: x 20 30 50 100

y 68 86 122 212
Definition:
If f is a one-to-one function, then the inverse of f denoted by 𝑓 −1 is the function formed by reversing all the
ordered pairs in f. Thus,
𝑓 −1 = {(𝑦, 𝑥) ∣ (𝑥, 𝑦) is in f

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 2

Properties of an Inverse Function
If the 𝑓 −1 inverse function exists,
1. 𝑓 −1 is a one-to-one function; f is also one-to-one.
2. Domain of 𝑓 −1 = Range of f.
3. Range of 𝑓 −1 = Domain of f.

Examples:
1. Find the inverse of the function described by the set of ordered pairs {(0, -2), (1, 0), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 6)}.
Solution:
Switch the coordinates of each ordered pair.
{(0, -2), (1, 0), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 6)}. Original Function
{(-2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3), (6, 4)}. Inverse Function

HINT: Techniques in Finding the Inverse Function

1. Change f(x) to y. 3. Solve for y in terms of x.
2. Interchange x and y. 4. Replace y with 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
2. Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 6.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 6 Change f(x) to y. Thus, f(x)=y.
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 6
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 6 Interchange x and y.
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 6 Transpose the 3y to other side and x to other side to solve the y.
3𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6 Solve for y.
3𝑦 −𝑥+6
= Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
𝑥
𝑦 =− +2 Replace the new y with 𝑓 −1 .
3
𝟏
𝒇−𝟏 = 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟑

3. Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 Change f(x) to y. Thus, f(x)=y.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3 Interchange x and y.
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3 Transpose the 3y to other side and x to other side to solve the y.
2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 3 Solve for y.
2𝑦 −𝑥+2
= Divide both sides by 3.
2 2
𝑥+3
𝑦=− Replace the new y with 𝑓 −1 .
2
1 𝟏
𝑓 −1 = − 3 𝑥 + 2 = 𝒇−𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐
4. Find the inverse function of 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12.
Solution:
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12
3𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 12 Interchange x and y.
3𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 12 Transpose 4x to other side to solve for y.
3𝑦 −4𝑥+12
= Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
4
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4 Replace the new y with 𝑓 −1 .
𝟒
𝒇−𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 3

 WEEK 6 - RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson, students should be able to:
a. Define a rational function
b. Distinguish rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality
c. Solve rational equations and inequalities
INTRODUCTION
In Module 1, we learned that function is a set of ordered pairs where no two ordered pairs have the
same first coordinate and different second coordinates. We also used symbols such as f(x), g(x), etc., or the
phrase “is a function of” to describe the relationship between variables. For instance, the area of a square
object is a function of its side since the area is determined by size of the side using the formula 𝐴 = 𝑠 2 . The
area of a triangle is not a function of its height alone but by the length of its base also.
In this lesson, we will study the key concept, distinctions among and solutions of rational functions,
equations with rational expressions and rational inequalities.

LESSON 1: RATIONAL EXPRESSION AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

RATIONAL EXPRESSION
𝐴
A rational expression can be written in the form 𝐵 where A and B are polynomials and 𝐵 ≠ 0.

Rational expressions are also called algebraic fractions.

The following are rational expressions:

7 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑎𝑏 𝑥+2 𝑥+5
The following are not rational expressions:
1 3
5 + √𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥2 + 4
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥−1

STEPS IN SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

1. Factor the numerator and denominator.
2. Write a product of two rational expressions, one factor containing the GCF of the numerator and
denominator, and the other containing remaining factors.
3. Rewrite the factor containing the GCF as 1.
4. Multiply the remaining factors by 1.

STEPS IN MULTIPLYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

1. Multiply the numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator.

2. Write the resulting numerator and denominator in factored form.
3. Divide out any numerator factor with matching denominator factor.
4. Simplify, if possible

Example:

𝑥+3 3 𝟑𝒙+𝟗 3 2𝑥+2 6𝑥+6 2 𝟑𝒙+𝟑

a. ( ) ∗ (𝑥+2) = 𝟓𝒙+𝟏𝟎 b. (𝑥+9) ∗ ( ) = 4𝑥+36 ÷ 2 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟖
5 4

STEPS IN ADDING OR SUBTRACTING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS WITH LIKE DENOMINATORS

1. Add (or subtract) the numerators.

2. Retain the common denominator.
3. Simplify the result.
GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 4
Examples:
5 3 8 5 3 2
a. (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2) = 𝑥+2 b. (𝑥+2) − (𝑥+2) = 𝑥+2

ADDING OR SUBTRACTING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS WITH DIFFERENT DENOMINATORS

1. Find the least common denominator (LCD).
2. Write the equivalent expressions of each rational expression.
3. Add or subtract the numerators and keep the LCD.
4. Simplify the result, if possible.

Examples:
5 6 5+12 𝟏𝟕 2 6 2−12 −𝟏𝟎
a. + 𝑥+2 = = 𝒙+𝟒 b. 𝑥+4 − 𝑥+2 = = 𝒙+𝟒
𝑥+4 𝑥+4 𝑥+4

STEPS IN FINDING THE LCD

1. List the different denominators that appear in the rational expression.
2. Factor each denominator completely.
3. Find the product of each factor with the greatest number of appearances in the denominator factorizations,
that is, with the highest power

RATIONAL EQUATION
A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more rational expressions.

Some examples of rational equations are

1 1 4 𝑥2 1
= , 𝑥 + = −5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑥 5−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1

STEPS IN SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS:

1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD.
2. Solve the equation.
3. Check your solution.

Example #1: Solve for x.

𝑥 1 𝑥 1 3 1 𝑦+3 4
a. +4=2 b. 4 = 𝑥 − 2 c. 𝑦−1 = 𝑦−1
5

Solution:
a. The LCD of the denominator is 20.

𝑥 1 𝑥
20 (5 + 4) = 20(2) Multiply both sides by the LCD, 20.
Apply the Distributive Property and then simplify.
4𝑥 + 5 = 10𝑥
5 = 10𝑥 − 4𝑥 Subtract 4x from 10x
5 6𝑥
= Divide both sides by 6
6 6
𝟓
=𝒙
𝟔

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 5

 b. The LCD of the denominator is 4x.

1 3 1
4𝑥 (4) = 4𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) Multiply both sides by the LCD, 4x.
Apply the Distributive Property.
4𝑥 12𝑥 4𝑥
= − Simplify.
4 𝑥 2

𝑥 = 12 − 2𝑥 Transpose -2x to other side so it become 2x.

𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 12 Combine like terms.
3𝑥 12
= Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
𝒙=𝟒

c. To clear the equation of fractions, multiply both sides by the LCD which is 𝑦 − 1.

𝑦+3 4
(𝑦 − 1) = (𝑦 − 1) 𝑦−1 Multiply both sides by 𝑦 − 1.
𝑦−1

𝑦+3=4 Transpose 3 to other side so it become -3.

𝑦 =4−3 Combine like terms.
𝒚=𝟏

Example #2: Solve each equation.

3(𝑦+3) 3𝑦+1 4𝑥+1 12

a. +2= b. −3=
𝑦+1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −1

Solution:
3(𝑦+3)
a. Notice that if 𝑦 = −1, then is undefined, so the solution cannot be -1. To solve, multiply both
𝑦+1
sides by the LCD, 𝑦 + 1.

3(𝑦+1) 3𝑦+1
(𝑦 + 1) ( + 2) = (𝑦 + 1)( 𝑦+1 ) Multiply both sides by 𝑦 + 1.
𝑦+1
Divide out the common factors.
3(𝑦 + 3) + 2(𝑦 + 1) = 3𝑦 + 1 Apply the Distributive Property.
3𝑦 + 9 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 3𝑦 + 1 Combine like terms.

5𝑦 + 11 = 3𝑦 + 1 Transpose the 11 to other side so it become -11.

5𝑦 − 3𝑦 = −11 + 1 Subtract 3y to 5y and 1 from -11.
2𝑦 −10
= Divide both sides by 2.
2 2
𝒚 = −𝟓

b. The LCD is (x+1) (x-1).

4𝑥+1 12
− 3 = 𝑥 2 −1 Factor the denominator 𝑥 2 − 1.
𝑥+1

4𝑥+1 12
− 3 = (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) Write the denominator in factored form.
𝑥+1

4𝑥+1 12
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ( − 3) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)((𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)) Multiply both sides by the LCD
𝑥+1

(4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) − 3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 12 Apply the Distributive Property.

4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 − 3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 12 Apply the Distributive Property.

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 6
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 = 12 Combine like terms.
4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 + 3 = 12
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 − 12 = 0 Combine like terms.
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 Factor
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
(𝑥 − 5) = 0 (𝑥 + 2) = 0 Equate each factor to 0.
𝒙=𝟓 𝒙 = −𝟐

Therefore, the solutions are -2 and 5.

LESSON 2: RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

RATIONAL INEQUALITY
A rational inequality is composed of rational expressions combined with a ≤, ≥, <, or > sign.
Some examples of rational inequalities are

1 𝑥+2 1 2 5
≤ 7, ≤ 0, + 2 > 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 ≥ 0.
𝑥 𝑥−3 2 𝑥 −1 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5

Steps in Solving Rational Inequality

1. Write the inequality with a single rational expression on the left-hand side of the inequality and zero on the
right-hand side of the inequality.
2. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the numerator equal to zero and setting the denominator
equal to zero.
3. Use the meaningful numbers to separate the number line into intervals.
4. Test for the meaningful numbers if they make the inequality true or false. If true, then they are part of the
solution. If false, then they are not part of the solution.
- Get the values in each interval and substitute these into the inequality.
- If the test value makes the inequality true, then the entire interval is a solution to the inequality.
- If the test value makes the inequality false, then the entire interval is not a solution to the inequality.
5. Express the answer in interval notation.

Examples:
𝑥+2
1. ≤0
𝑥−3

Solution:
𝑥+2
1. Put the rational expression in left ≤0
side and zero on right side. 𝑥−3

Numerator: 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥 = −2

−2+2 0
Test -2: = =0≤0
2−3 −5

2. Get the meaningful numbers. True. Thus, -2 is a solution.

Set both the numerator and the
denominator equal to zero. Then, Denominator: 𝑥 − 3 = 0
solve. Test the meaningful numbers. 𝑥=3

3+2 6
Test 3: 3−3
= 0 =undefined

False. Thus, 3 is not a solution.

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 7

 Meaningful numbers: x=-2 and x=3.
3. Separate the number line into A B C
intervals using the number found in
Step 2. -2 3

4. Get test values for A, Band C. For A, test -3:

𝑥+2
≤0
𝑥−3
For A, we can use from −∞ to −3. −3 + 2
≤0
−3 − 3
−1
≤0
−6
𝟏
≤ 𝟎 FALSE
𝟔
Thus, interval A is not a solution.

For B, test 1:
𝑥+2
For B, we can use −1 to 2. ≤0
𝑥−3
1+2
≤0
1−3
𝟑
− ≤ 𝟎 TRUE
𝟐
Thus, interval B is a solution.

For C, test 4:
𝑥+2
≤0
𝑥−3
For C, we can use 4 to +∞. 4+2
≤0
4−3
6
≤0
1
𝟔 ≤ 𝟎 FALSE
Thus, interval C is not a solution.
5. Answer in interval relation. {-2} ∪ (-2, 3) = [-2, 3)

WEEK 7 & 8 - RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After going through this lesson, students should be able to:
a. Represents a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation
b. Find the domain and range of rational function
c. Determine the (a) intercepts, (b) zeros, and (c) asymptotes of rational functions
LESSON 1: RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Rational Function
𝑁(𝑥)
A rational function can be written in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥)

where N9x) and D(x) are polynomials and D(x) is not the zero polynomial.
𝑁(𝑥)
The domain of a rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥) is all the values of x that will not make D(x) equal to zero.

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 8

Note: The range of a rational function is sometimes easier to find by first finding the inverse of the function
and determining its domain. If this does not work, the best way is to graph the rational function.

The following are rational functions:

1 𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 , ℎ(𝑥) = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 𝑥 −9 𝑥−1 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 2

The form of the function: f is a constant divided by a linear function.

g is a linear function divided by a quadratic function.
h is a quadratic function divided by a linear function.
i is a quadratic function divided by another quadratic function.

Notice that the domain of most rational functions of y includes all real numbers except x-values that
make the denominator zero. In order to get the values of x to exclude from the domain, set the denominator
equal to zero and solve for x.
The domain of f is a set whose elements are all the real numbers except 0. The domain of g is all real
numbers except 3 and -3, [𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)]. The domain of h is all real numbers except 1. Finally,
1
the domain of the function i is all real numbers except − and -2, [3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)].
3

1
Note: 0 in f, 3 and -3 in g, 1 in h, and − 3 and -2 in I are the restrictions on the x-values of the functions f, g, h
and i, respectively.

The following are not rational functions:

√𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = √
𝑥+1 𝑥−2
1+ 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 2

The numerator of f(x) is not a polynomial because polynomials do not allow the square root of the
independent variable. Thus, f is not a rational function. Simple, the denominator of g(x) is not a polynomial
because fractions are not allowed as exponents of polynomial. Thus, g is not a rational function. In h(x),
although the radicand is a rational function, the square root prevents h from being a rational function.

Examples:
1. Identify which of the following are rational functions:
2+𝑥 √𝑥+2
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 c. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
1
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 2+𝑥 2 −3𝑥
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = d. 𝑖(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
𝑥+3

Solution:
a. Rational Function. Both numerator and denominator are polynomials.
b. Rational Function. Both numerator and denominator are polynomials.
c. Not a Rational Function. Numerator is not a polynomial.
d. Not a Rational Function. Numerator is not a polynomial.

2. Give the domain of the following rational functions. (Give the range when finding the inverse of f
works.)
1 𝑥 𝑥+1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 c. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
Solution:
a. The restricted x-values of f is 0. Hence, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers except 0. Thus,
the range of f is the set of all real numbers except 0.

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 9

 b. To get the restricted x-values for the function g, equate the denominator to 0 and solve for x, (x-1=0;
x=1). Thus, the restricted x-values is 1. Hence, the domain of g is the set of all real numbers except 1.
c. The denominator 𝑥 2 − 4 can be as (x+2) (x-2). Equate the two factors to zero to get -2 and 2. Thus the
domain of h are all real numbers except -2 and 2.

Asymptote

Definition

• An asymptote is a line (or a curve) that the graph of a function gets close to but does not touch.
• The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote of the graph if 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ or 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞ as 𝑥 → 𝑎, either
from right or from left.
• The line 𝑦 = 𝑏 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph if 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑏 as 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞.

Note: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ is read as “f of x approaches infinity.”

Steps in Finding Asymptotes

1. On Vertical Asymptotes
They are the restrictions on the x-values of a reduced rational function. To find the restrictions, equate the
denominator to 0 and solve for x.
Note: The factor that are canceled when a rational function is reduced represent holes in the graph.
2. On Horizontal Asymptotes
𝑁(𝑥)
The horizontal asymptote is determined by comparing the degrees of N(x) and D(x) in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥) =
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +⋯+𝑎1 𝑥+𝑎0
.
𝑏𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 +𝑏𝑚−1 𝑥 𝑚−1 +⋯+𝑏𝑚 𝑥+𝑏0
a. If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the graph of f has the line 𝑦 = 0 as a horizontal asymptote.
𝑎
b. If 𝑛 = 𝑚, the graph of f has the line 𝑦 = 𝑛 as a horizontal asymptote where 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑚 are the
𝑏 𝑚
leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator, respectively.
c. In 𝑛 > 𝑚, the graph of f has no horizontal asymptote.

3. On oblique or Slant Asymptotes

Oblique asymptote occurs when the numerator of 𝑓(𝑥) has a degree that is one higher than the
degree of the denominator. If you have this situation, simply divide the numerator by the
denominator by either using synthetic division. The oblique asymptote is the quotient with the
remainder ignored and set equal to y.
Examples:

Find the asymptote of the graph of each rational function.

1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1
Solution:
To find the vertical asymptote, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
The graph has the line 𝑥 = −1 as a vertical asymptote.
The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, so the graph has the line 𝑦 = 0 as a
horizontal asymptote.

4𝑥
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+1
Solution:
To find the vertical asymptote, set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x.
2𝑥 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 = −1

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 10

 1
𝑥=−
2
1
Thus, the graph has the line 𝑥 = − 2 as vertical asymptote.
The degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator. The leading coefficient of the
4
numerator is 4 and the leading coefficient of the denominator is 2. So, the graph has the line 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = 2 as a
horizontal asymptote.

𝑥2
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
Solution:
Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x to get the vertical asymptote.
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
The graph has the line 𝑥 = −1 as vertical asymptote.
The degree of the numerator is one greater than the degree of the denominator. Hence, the graph has no
horizontal asymptote.
Get the oblique asymptote, divide 𝑥 2 by 𝑥 − 1 to get 𝑥 − 1. Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 is the oblique asymptote.
𝑥+1
𝑥 − 1√𝑥 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥−1
1
The Zeros of Rational Functions

Steps in Finding the Zeros of Rational Functions

1. Factor the numerator and the denominator of the rational function f if possible.
2. Identify the restrictions of the rational function f. (The restrictions are the values of the independent variable
that make the denominator equal to zero.)
3. Identify the values of the independent variable that make the numerator equal to zero.
4. The zeros of the rational function f are the values of the independent variable that make the numerator zero
but are not restrictions of the rational function f.

Examples:
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8
a. Find the zeros of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Solution:
1. Factor the numerator and denominator of f. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
2. Identify the restrictions. The values 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 3 make the denominator
equal to zero and are restrictions.
3.Identify the values of x that make the numerator 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −4 both make the numerator equal
equal to zero. to zero.
4.Identify the zero of f. 𝑥 = −2 will not be a zero of f because it is also a
restriction.
𝑥 = 4 will be a zero of f.

Although we have identified the zeros of f, we still need to check the values of x that make the numerator equal to
zero. Substituting 𝑥 = −2 into the original function, we have:
(−2)2 + 6(−2) + 8 4 − 12 + 8 0
𝑓(−2) = = =
(−2)2 − (−2) − 6 4+4−6 −6
and is undefined. Hence, 𝑥 = −2 is not a zero of f.
When 𝑥 = −4 is substituted into the original function, we have:

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 11

 (−4)2 + 6(−4) + 8 16 − 24 + 8 0
𝑓(−4) = 2
= =
(−4) − (−4) − 6 16 + 4 − 6 14

In this case, 𝑥 = −4 makes the numerator equal to zero without making the denominator equal to zero. Thus, 𝑥 =
−4 is a zero of f.

INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Intercept are x- or y-coordinates of the points at which a graph crosses the x-axis or y-axis, respectively.
y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the y-axis.
x-intercept is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the x-axis.

Note: Not all rational functions have both x and y intercepts. If the rational function f has no real solution, then it
does not have intercept.

Rules to find the intercepts

1. To find the y-intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve for y or f(x).
2. To find the x-intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.

Examples:
𝑥+8
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2
Solution:
𝑥+8 0+8 8
For y-intercept: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 = 0−2 = −2 = −4 Substitute 0 and solve for x.

Thus, the y-intercept is −4.

𝑥+8
For x-intercept: 0 = 𝑥−2 Substitute 0 for y or f(x).
0 = 𝑥+8 Multiply both side by x-2.
𝑥 = −8 Simplify.
Thus, the x-intercept is −8.

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3
Solution:
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 (0)2 −5(0)+6 6
For y-intercept: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3 = (0)2−2(0)+3 = 3 = 2 Substitute 0 for x.
Thus, the y-intercept is 2.

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
For x-intercept: 0 = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3 Substitute 0 for y or f(x).
2
0 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6 Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3.
𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) Factor.

Thus, the x-intercept are 2 and 3.

𝑥 2 +9
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3

Solution:
𝑥 2 +9 (0)2 +9 9
For y-intercept: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3 = (0)2 −3 = −3 = −3 Substitute 0 for x.
Thus, the y-intercept is −3.

𝑥 2 +9
For x-intercept: 0 = 𝑥 2 −3 Substitute 0 for y or f(x).
2
0=𝑥 +9 Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 − 3.
−9 = 𝑥 2

Thus, there is no real solution for 𝑥 2 + 9 = 0. Hence, there is no x-intercept.

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 12

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11

NAME: ______________________________________ SECTION: _________________ Score: _____

Teacher: Ms. Manilyn C. Mangotara, LPT

WEEK 5 – ACTIVITIES

I. Find the inverse of each function. State whether the inverse is a function or not. Use LONG BOND
PAPER for your answers and solutions.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = {(4, 5), (−1, 4), (0, 1)} 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = {(3, 4), (0, 1), (−2, −1)}
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = {(0, −1), (2, 5), (−5, 1), (−4, 5)} 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = {(5 5), (1, 1), (−3, 7)}
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = {(1, 4), (−6, −3), (3, −4), (−9, 4)}

II. Find the inverse of each function. Use LONG BOND PAPER for your answers and solutions.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 6 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 6
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 5. 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 10
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥

________________________________________________________________________________________
WEEK 6 – ACTIVITIES

A. Solve the following expression and simplify. Use LONG BOND PAPER for your answers and solutions.

4 2 59𝑛 80
1. + 3𝑥 2−14𝑥−5 4. ∗ 33𝑛
3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−2 99

6 4 10𝑥 13𝑛2
2. − 𝑥 2+𝑥−20 5. ÷
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4 9 16

7𝑥 3𝑥
3. + 9−𝑥
𝑥−9

B. Solve for x in each of the following rational equations. Use LONG BOND PAPER for your answers and
solutions.

3 1 10 3 𝑥 1
1. +6− =𝑥 6. − 2 = 𝑥−3
2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−3

𝑥 1 3𝑥 2𝑥 12
2. = 3 + 𝑥+1 7. − 2𝑥+4 = 𝑥 2−4
𝑥+1 3𝑥−6

6 5𝑥−8 5 2 1
3. 5 − 𝑥−2 = 8. + 2𝑥−2 = 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
𝑥+2 2𝑥−6

2𝑥 2𝑥−11
4. =
𝑥−3 𝑥

2𝑥 − 5 2𝑥 − 11
5. =
3𝑥 − 7 3𝑥 − 5

C. Solve each inequality.

𝑥+5 𝑥−9
1. 𝑥+2
≥2 2. 3𝑥+2
≤3

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 13

 WEEK 7 & 8 – ACTIVITIES

I. Identify which of the following are rational functions.

𝑥+3
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4+𝑥

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−2

√𝑥+1
c. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
1
3𝑥+2𝑥 2
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

9𝑥 2 +6𝑥+1
e. ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥+1

II. For each of the following rational functions, find the (a) domain and range, (b) the zeros of the
function, (c) location of vertical asymptotes and holes, and (d) the horizontal or oblique asymptotes.

𝑥−5
f. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2

(𝑥−4)(𝑥+2)
g. 𝑦 = (𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)

3𝑥−9
h. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6

III. Find (a) the zeros and (b) the intercepts of the following rational functions.

𝑥+2
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2

𝑥−2
j. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

𝑥 2 −9
k. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6

GENMATH – MODULE 3 PAGE 14