The Second Rightly Guided Caliph

Hazrat Umer RA
13 Hijri - 23 Hijri
634 – 644 C.E
 Introduction
Born in 580 A.D.
Belonged to Adi tribe of Qureysh in Makkah.
He was about 10 years younger than the Holy Prophet‫ﷺ‬
He was the one who took Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and a small group of
Muslims in Kaaba to offer namaz.
He participated in all the battles of Islam with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Umar (R.A) was also one of the few educated persons, who could both read
and write.
 His Election as a Caliph
O The first Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakar R.A nominated Hazrat Umer R.A as
the second caliph before his death.
O He took oath as a Caliph on 24 August 634 AD or 22nd Jamadi-uth-
Thani, 13 A.H
O He was given the title of Ameer-ul-Momineen
 Challenges
His own image: People feared him due to his hard attitude.
Super Powers (Persian Empire & Byzantine Empire)
Famine: In 17th A.H/ Hijaz
Plague: 17-18 A.H plague gripped Iraq, Syria and Egypt
 Expansion of Islamic State
O BEFORE HAZRAT UMAR (R.A) O AFTER HAZRAT UMER ( R.A )
O During the ten years of his rule, Umar changed the course of history.
Emerging from the deserts of Arabia, the Arabs fortified with the faith of
Islam overpowered the Byzantine power in the west and the mighty Persian
empire in the east.
O Muslims conquered countries comprising an area of 2,251,030 square miles.
Under Umar the Islamic dominions included Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Khuzistan,
Fars, Isfahan, Azarbeijan, Armenia, Makran and Khurasan. The dominions
extended from the Oxus River(Afghanistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan) to the River Nile.
 Main Conquests during Hazrat Umer’s R.A Caliphate
Fall of Persian Empire Byzantine Empire
O The Battle of Namariq
O The Conquest of Damascus
O The Battle of the Bridge
O The Conquest of Homs
O The Battle of Buwaib
O Battle of Yarmuk
O The Battle of Qadsiya
O Fall of Madain O Fall of Jerusalem
O The Battle of Jalula O The Conquest of Egypt
O The Battle of Nihawand O The Fall of Alexandria
Fall of Persian Empire
 The Battle of Namariq

Persians were
Hira part of upset. Their Ubaid ath Battle took place
Persia was emperor sent a Thaqafi was the in 634 A.D and
captured during large army. Muslim Persians were
Abu Bakr’s
Commaded by commnader defeated
caliphate
Rustum
 The Battle of the Bridge/ Jasr

Persian army was The army met Muslims were led Muslims crossed
commanded by Muslims at the by Abu Ubaida the river, ground
Bahman Eupharates Saqafi was uneven

Elephants caused Out of 9000 only

Abu Ubaida was Muslims were
a lot of damage to 3000 Muslims
martyred defeated
the Muslims could be saved
 Persians crossed the
Persian Army: river to fight Muslims
After a fierce battle
200000 Muslims defeated the
Muslim Army: 20000 Persians

The Muslims were

Mehran was killed by
led by Muthana bin
Taghlab
Haritha

Western part of
The Persian army The Battle Persian empire (Iraq)
was led by Mehran
of Buwaib came under Muslim
rule
 This battle
shattered the
strength of
Yazdgrid III the Persian After a fierce
ordered empire fighting of 3
days, Persian
Rustum to were defeated
fight against Battle of and Rustum was
Muslims Qadisiyyah killed

637 A.D/ 14 Muslims

Muslims were A.H archers
led by Saad bin pierced the
Abi Waqas R.A eyes of the
Persian army: elephants
120000
Muslim army:
28000
 After
Qadasiyya the
Muslims
chased the
Persians
The capital of Mada’in is
Persian empire located on the
was captured bank of river
without
opposition
Fall of Tigris

Mada’in
Muslims
Yazdgrid and crossed the
his ministers river without
fled the bridge
 Battle of
Battle of Jalula
Nihawand
The Persian emperor
The last battle with
planned to attack the Persians
Muslims

Saad bin Abi Waqas Persian Army: 60000

sent an army at Jalula Muslim Army: 30000

Muslim siege lasted

Persians were defeated
for 7 months

After a fierce battle

Persians were defeated Yazdgard fled to Isfhan
Main Achievements During the
Caliphate of Hazrat Umer R.A
 Administrative Reforms

State Provinces Districts

 Political Administration
State: Caliph

Province:
Governors

Commander in
District: Waali Chief Secretary
Chief: Waali

Revenue Treasury
Police Officer
Secretary Officer

Chief Judge
 Departments
Complaint Judicial Police
Department Adminstration Department

Education Revenue Financial

Department Department Department

Public
Army
Treasury
 Administrative Reforms
O Trading Reforms O Military Reforms
O Tax Reforms O Political Reforms
O Departments and Other O Judicial Reforms (Establish
Institutions Courts of Justice and appoint
O Agricultural Reforms judges)
O Bait ul maal was developed as a financial institution in the Islamic states.
O Reserves of food were also kept for natural disasters and famine.
O Retirement pensions were introduced for the elderly people.
O Sources of REVENUE:
O the ‘Zakat’ and ‘Sadaqah’
O the ‘ganimah’ or spoils of war.
O the ‘fai’ such as Jizyah and Kharaj.
O the Ushr
 BAIT UL MAAL
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A)
O Permanent bait ul maal was not O Bait ul maal was also not kept as
established ,no reserves were kept. there was no need for the reserves
O The revenues that were collected to be kept.
were immediately distributed.
O Hazrat Ali(R.A) proposed that the wealth which was collected
should be equally divided amongst all Muslims, without anything
being kept in bait ul maal.
O Hazrat Usman(R.A) advised that the records be kept of what each
individual was to receive and that the bait ul maal not be left
empty.
O Hazrat Umar(R.A) accepted the advice of Hazrat Usman(R.A)
O He established financial state registers (diwans)
 Military Reforms
O Army was divided into cavalry and infantry.
O Hired an army of paid professional soldiers.
O Established cantonments and military towns for the army, such as
Kufa, Basra and Fustat
O Appointed Intelligence agents to report to him.
O Soldiers were not allowed to buy land in the conquered territories.
• Hazrat Umar (R.A) made the social system just through Zakah to the extent
that there did not exist even a single beggar on streets.
• Set up courts of justice.
• Established postal services, judiciary, religious institutions, libraries and
police stations.
• Division of larger territories into provinces for equal distribution of
resources.
• Allocation of salaries for minorities in conquered areas.
• Enlargement of the Masjid ul Haram.
Basic Principles of Hazrat Umar’s Reign
O Self Accountability
O No Private Business for Government Officials
O Same LAW for all
O Umar would walk through the streets of Madina at night carrying his whip in his hand.
The whip would freely descend on any one found guilty, regardless of his status.
O Umar ensured that the faith of Islam should remain pure and should have no
characteristic of idolatry about it. The tree under which the Holy Prophet PBUH took
the oath of allegiance i.e Hudaybiah pact came to he regarded by the people as sacred.
Umar had the tree uprooted to avoid idolatrous veneration.
O Construction O He introduced a system of collecting
O Canals, roads direct information concerning the
O Populated Cities
State.
O He established a secret intelligence
O He was also the first to make use of the
whip for corporal punishment and set service.
up a prison. O He had wells bored, built houses
O Fixed a daily payment for the destitute
among the Christians and the Jews.
 Introductions
O Hijri Calendar
O Fixed Salaries for Men involved in voluntary service
O Census system
O Measuring of the land and keeping its record
O He was first to allow traders of rival countries to enter Muslim territories for the
purpose of business.
O Formal Taraweeh Prayers
 Stratification Of People
O He preferred those who had priority in accepting Islam over other Muslims.
O Muhajirun of the Quraysh over other Immigrants.
O All the Muhajirun over all the Ansar.
O The Aws of the Ansar over the Khazraj.
O Mudar of the Arabs over those of Rabiah and Yaman.
O Arabs over non-Arabs.
O Freeman over their slaves or clients (mawali).
 Martyrdom
O On 27th of Zil Haj 23 AH, he (RA) was stabbed with a poisoned dagger
by Abu Lolo Feroz, when he (RA) was leading the morning
congregational prayers. The deadly attack upon Hazrat Umer created an
outcry in all of Madinah. Medicines, cures and treatment were tried but to
no avail. He (RA) was injured and five days later on 1st Muharram 24
A.H he (RA) embraced martyrdom. His glorious caliphate lasted for 10
years and five months.
O After this he called his son and said: “Abdullah, go find out how much I
owe.’ He worked it out to be close to 86,000 dirhams. He said: If this debt
can be repaid from our family wealth then complete it from that else ask
from the children of Adee bin Kaab and if their wealth is not enough then
complete it from Quraish. Do not go anywhere out of Quraish.”
O On Death Bed:
O Final request: He said to his son Hazrat Abdullah: “Go to Ummal-
Mumineen Hazrat Aisha R.A. and after giving my salaams to her say that it
is my heart filled wish that I be buried with my companions. If this would
cause you trouble or grief in anyway then Jannatul-Baqee is fine for me.’’
 Issue of choosing next caliph
O One of the uncertainty to Umar (RA) was that, he should appoint next
caliph or not.
O The issue of selecting his successor was a problem for him because there
was no generally accepted Prophetic precedence or clear Quranic saying for
the community to follow in choosing a successor.
O He wished to give first priority to Banu Hashim for high administrative
positions, but hesitated because he recalled that the Prophet had not
appointed any of his close relatives to such posts.
O Umar(RA) said that “ If I do not appoint a successor, neither did the messenger of
God; and If I do, then I see that Abu Bakar (RA) did appoint his successor”
O Umar (RA) appointed a committee of six persons. It was decided to choose a caliph
from among them. All of the six were amongst the ten people promised paradise.
O Abdur Rahman bin Awf
O Saad ibn Abi Waqqas
O Talha ibn Ubaidullah
O Uthman ibn Affan
O Ali ibn Abi Talib
O Zubayr ibn al Awwam
 Departure
By Allah, if I had so much gold that the world could be filled
O ‘

then I would give it in exchange of Allah’s punishment without

even looking at it.’
O In another narration he was stating: ‘By Allah, if I had the whole
world then I would give it in exchange.’
 Janaza Prayer
O When his body was brought Hazrat Ali R.A. said: ‘I already knew that you
both would be buried with the prophet PBUH , because I used to hear the
prophet mentioning you two everytime when mentioning himself in
conversation.’
O Hazrat Suhaib performed Janaza and his grave was dug next to Hazrat
Abu Bakr’s in the Rawda.
O Umar’s blessed grave is by the foot of the prophet.
O The political and social order that Umar set up by applying the principles of
Islam was more democratic than the democracies of today and more
socialist than the socialist countries of today. That order has remained the
ideal for all Muslim countries to revive.
O The non-Muslim writers also accept and acknowledge Hazrat Umar (RA) as
a great conqueror and successful administrator who gave zenith to Islamic
Empire.
O Throughout his life he (RA) exhibited extra ordinary level of fear of Allah
and piety. He (RA) used to say, “A man is not known by his worship but
by his dealing with other people”.
 OAbdallah ibn Masood said: "Umar's becoming a Muslim
was a victory, his migration was a support, and his rule was
a mercy.“
OIn Michael Heart’s famous book “The 100” he has discussed
lives of 100 personalities who have left indelible effects on
human history from the time of Moses to this age. In this
book, only two great Muslim personalities the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and Hazrat Umar (RA) have been mentioned.
 Hazrat Muhammad‫ﷺ‬

O “Were a prophet to come after me, he would have been Umar"

“Tirmidhi”
O "Amongst the nations before your time, there have been inspired
people (who were not Prophets), and if there is one amongst my
Ummah, he is Umar“ Bukhari and Muslim