SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Surigao City
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Name: Lourdes E. Ferol

Course Code/Description: MAEd-English
Professor: Dr. Carmelin P. Mosa

SYNTHESIS NO. 5
LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR, SYSTEMATIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR,
REFERENCE GRAMMAR, DEPENDENCY GRAMMAR, MONTAGUE GRAMMAR
COGNITIVE GRAMMAR

Lexical Functional Grammar

Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan founded the Lexical Functional grammar theory of
language structure that deals with the syntax, morphology, and semantics of natural
languages. Lexical functional grammar is a discipline-based theory of language and is a non-
derivational unification model. It defers from other theories by having several parallel
representations for sentences, respectively with its own architecture and vocabulary, and
subject to its own organizational constraints. The interdependent representations are
connected by principles of correspondence could mappings which are not extrapolate from
one another.

The goal of Lexical Functional Grammar’s central is to create a model of grammar

with a depth which appeals to linguists but at the same time being efficiently passable and
having the rigidity of formalism which computational linguists require. The aim is to explain
the native speaker's knowledge of language by specifying a grammar that models the
speaker's knowledge explicitly and which is distinct from the computational mechanisms that
constitute the language processor.

LFG views language as being made up of multiple dimensions of structure. Each of

these dimensions is represented as a distinct structure with its own rules, concepts, and form.
The primary structures that have figured in LFG research are: the representation of
grammatical functions (f-structure) and the structure of syntactic constituents (c-structure).
LFG analyzes what as having two functions: question focus and object. It occupies the
position associated in English with the question-focus function and the constraints of the
language allow it to take on the object function as well.

Systematic Functional Grammar

The Systemic functional grammar is an essential portion of a social semiotic approach

to language that is term systemic functional linguistics. This is relating to the view of the
language as “a network of systems, or interrelated sets of options for making meaning”, this
theory bears to Halliday’s assimilation that language is as it is because of what it has evolved
to do. What it relates is the multidimensional nature of human experience and interpersonal
relations. Grammar represent as systems not as rules, on the basis that every grammatical
construction involves a choice from a describable set of options. These grammatical systems
play a role in the construal of meanings of different kinds.

As stated by SFG, functional bases of grammatical phenomena are distributed into

three broad areas, called metafunctions: the ideational (relates to the field aspects of a text, or
its subject matter and context of use), the interpersonal (relates to a text's aspects of tenor or
interactivity) and the textual (relates to mode, the internal organization and communicative
nature of a text). It is concerned primarily with the choices that the grammar makes available
to speakers and writers. These choices relate speakers' and writers' intentions to the concrete
forms of a language.

Reference Grammar

An ordinary language people use in speaking and writing that is major grammatical
constructions in a language is called the reference grammar. This is intended to teach
someone about the language and to give readers a basis tool for looking up specific details of
the language. It is structured according to the universal structure categories. This is written
for individuals who have some understanding of language as a universal phenomenon and
who wish to learn how the particular language described fits into universal understanding of
human language. It also organized in terms of the forms that the readers already know how to
use but are not aware of their significance to the grammar as a whole.

Dependency Grammar

The dependency grammar refer to a class of modern grammatical theories that are all
based on the dependency relation and that can be traced back primarily to the work of Lucien
Tesnière. This is a method that anatomizes the orderly system of natural languages that has a
long and dateless tradition. It is based on the reliance dealings as an opposed to the
constituency relation of phrase structure. It is the inclusive general concept that linguistic
units like words are linked together. Syntactic units are either directly or indirectly links to
the verb in terms of the straight off connections, which are called dependencies. The bounded
verb is taken to be the structural focus of clause structure.

Moreover, dependency grammar is diverse from phrase structure grammars, since it

lacks phrasal nodes, although they acknowledge phrases. It is determined by the relation
between a word (a head) and its dependents. Dependency structures are flatter than phrase
structures in part because they lack a finite verb phrase constituent, and they are thus well
suited for the analysis of languages with free word order. Dependency is a one-to-one
correspondence: for every element (e.g. word or morph) in the sentence, there is exactly one
node in the structure of that sentence that corresponds to that element. The result of this one-
to-one correspondence is that dependency grammars are word (or morph) grammars. All that
exist are the elements and the dependencies that connect the elements into a structure.

There are types of Dependencies:

1. Semantic dependencies are understood in terms of predicates and their arguments.
2. Morphological dependencies obtain between words or parts of words.
3. Prosodic dependencies are acknowledged in order to accommodate the behavior of
critics.
4. Syntactic dependencies are the focus of most work in DG, as stated above. How the
presence and the direction of syntactic dependencies are determined is of course often
 open to debate. In this regard, it must be acknowledged that the validity of syntactic
dependencies in the trees throughout this article is being taken for granted.

Montague Grammar

The term Montague grammar generally denotes to the theories outlined in Universal
Grammar, English as a formal language, and PTQ. Using formal logic and a model-theoretic
view, Montague creates a system where the syntactic structure and semantic structure of
natural language are connected in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the
semantic meanings of sentences. The Montague grammar is based on mathematical logic,
especially higher-order predicate logic and lambda calculus, and makes use of the notions of
intentional logic, via Kripke models. Montague pioneered this approach in the 1960s and
early 1970s. Additionally, it is an approach to natural language semantics, named after
American logician Richard Montague.

Montague does not infer expressions of English directly, but he translates English
words and phrases into expressions of a logical language IL which are interpreted in the usual
model-theoretic way. PTQ employs some of the most advanced logical instruments: the
sentences of English are generated by a categorical grammar, the syntactic counterpart of
type logic, the logical language IL is a combination of intentional logic and type logic with
lambda-abstraction which is interpreted relative to a model containing possible worlds and
moments of time, and crucial use is made of meaning postulates. The range of constructions
and phenomena treated in PTQ includes quantifier scope, opaque contexts, conjunction,
infinitival complements and relative clauses.

Cognitive Grammar

The cognitive approach to language developed by Ronald Langacker, which

hypothesizes that grammar, semantics, and lexicon exist on a continuum instead of as
separate processes altogether is what we called cognitive grammar. In this system, grammar
is not a formal system operating independently of meaning. Rather, grammar is itself
meaningful and inextricable from semantics. Likewise, it highlights the study of cognitive
principles that accelerate linguistic organization. The semantics aspects of cognitive grammar
are modeled as image schemas rather than propositions, although these schemas are only
demonstrative, and are not intended to reflect any actual visual operation occurring during the
production and perception of language.

Cognitive grammar highlights the study of the cognitive principles that give rise to
linguistic organization. Langacker argues not only that cognitive grammar is natural by virtue
of its psychological plausibility, but also that it offers conceptual unification and theoretical
austerity. It considers the basic units of language to be symbols (i.e. conventional pairings of
a semantic structure with a phonological label). Grammar consists of constraints on how
these units can be combined to generate larger phrases. A consequence of the interrelation
between semantic structure and phonological label is that each can invoke the other. The
semantic aspects of cognitive grammar are modeled as image schemas rather than
propositions, although this schema are only demonstrative, and are not intended to reflect any
actual visual operation occurring during the production and perception of language.
Reference:

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, edited November 20, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?

curid=1411106

https://www.britannica.com/browse/Languages/3https://collins.co.uk/blogs/collins-elt/collins-
cobuild-english-grammar-a-functional-grammar

http://home.hum.uva.nl/fg/home.html

https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22167/