CALCULUS 2

TOPIC 1: TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

In this topic, we will study the various integration techniques in solving integration problems that
cannot be determined directly by using the basic integration formulas or by u-substitution.

A. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

THEOREM: Integration by Parts

If u and v are functions of x and have continuous derivatives, then

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du .
Guidelines for Integrating by Parts
1. Try letting dv be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a basic integration rule. Then u
will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.

2. Try letting u be the portion of the integrand whose derivative is a function simpler than u. Then dv will
be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.

Note that dv always includes the dx of the original integrand.

EXERCISE 1: Evaluate each integral.

1. ∫ x e2x dx 4.
∫0 ln ( 4 +x 2) dx
5x
∫ ex dx 4
∫2 t arc sect dt
2. 5.
2 ln z
∫ y sec y dy
2 ∫1 z3
dz
3. 6.

B. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Guidelines for Evaluating Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine

1. If the power of the sine is odd and positive, save one sine factor and convert the remaining factors to
cosines. Then expand and integrate.

k k
∫ sin 2k + 1 x⋅cosn x dx = ∫ ( sin2 x ) cosn x sin xdx = ∫ ( 1−cos2 x) n
cos x sin xdx

EXERCISE 2: Evaluate the integral ∫ sin3 x cos4 x dx .

2. If the power of the cosine function is odd and positive, save one cosine factor and convert the remaining
factors to sines. Then expand and integrate.
 k k
∫ cos2k + 1 x⋅sinn x dx = ∫ ( cos2 x ) sinn x cos xdx = ∫ ( 1−sin 2 x ) sinn x cos xdx
cos 3 x
∫ √ sin x dx
EXERCISE 3: Evaluate the integral .

3. If the powers of both sine and cosine are even and nonnegative, make use of the following identities
repeatedly to convert the integrand to odd powers of the cosine.

1−cos 2 x 1+cos 2 x
sin2 x = cos 2 x =
2 and 2

EXERCISE 4: Evaluate the integral ∫ cos4 x dx .

Guidelines for Evaluating Integrals Involving Powers of Secant (Cosecant) and Tangent (Cotangent)

1. If the power of secant (cosecant) is even and positive, save a secant-squared (cosecant-squared) factor
and convert the remaining factors to tangents (cotangents). Then expand and integrate.

k −1 k−1

a)
∫ sec x⋅tan x dx = ∫ ( sec x )
2k n 2
tan x sec xdx = ∫ ( 1+tan x )
n 2 2 n
tan x sec xdx
2

k−1 k −1
b) ∫ csc2 k x⋅cotn x dx = ∫ (csc2 x ) cot x csc xdx = ∫ ( 1+cot x )
n 2 2 n
cot x csc xdx
2

EXERCISE 5: Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ sec4 3x tan3 3 x dx 2. ∫ csc4 x cot x dx

2. If the power of the tangent (cotangent) function is odd and positive, save a secant-tangent (cosecant
cotangent) factor and convert the remaining factors to secants (cosecants). Then expand and integrate.
k
a)∫ secn x⋅tan2 k + 1 x dx = ∫ sec n − 1 x⋅( tan2 x ) k ⋅sec x tan xdx = ∫ sec n − 1 x⋅(sec2 x−1) ⋅sec x tan xdx
k
∫ ∫
b) csc n x⋅cot 2k + 1 x dx = csc n − 1 x⋅( cot 2 x ) k ⋅csc x cot xdx =
∫ csc n − 1 x⋅( csc2 x−1 ) ⋅csc x cot xdx
EXERCISE 6: Evaluate the following integrals.

x x
∫ tan3 x √sec x dx ∫ cot 3 2 ⋅csc6 2 dx
1. 2.
3. If there are no secant (cosecant) factors and the power of the tangent (cotangent) is even and positive,
convert a tangent-squared (cotangent-squared) factor to a secant-squared (cosecant-squared) factor, then
expand and repeat if necessary.

a) ∫ tann x dx = ∫ tann − 2 x⋅tan 2 x dx = ∫ tann − 2 x⋅(sec2 x − 1 ) dx

b) ∫ cot n x dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x⋅cot 2 x dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x⋅( csc2 x − 1 ) dx
EXERCISE 7: Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ tan4 x dx 2. ∫ cos6 x csc6 x dx

4. If the integral is of the form ∫ sec

m
x dx ∫ sec n
x dx or ∫ cscn x dx , where n is odd and positive, use
integration by parts.

EXERCISE 8: Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ sec3 x dx 2. ∫ csc5 x dx

5. If none of the first four guidelines applies, try converting the integrand to sines and cosines.

EXERCISE 9: Evaluate the following integrals.

2
∫ sec
tan x
x
dx
∫ ( tan4 x−sec4 x ) dx
1. 3.

3 1−sect
∫ csc x cot x dx ∫ cost−1 dt
2. 4.
 C. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION (a > 0)

This integration technique is used to eliminate the radicals of the forms √ a2−u2 , √ a2+ u 2 , and
√ u2−a2 in the integrand.

1. For integrals involving √ a −u ,

2 2
√ a2−u2 :
π π
Let
u=a sin θ .
u=a sinθ . Then √ a −u2 2
= acosθ , where
− ≤θ≤
2 2 .

2. For integrals involving√ a +u ,

2 2
√ a2+ u 2 :
π π
Let
u=a tan θ .
u=a tan θ . Then √ a2+ u2 = asec θ , where − 2 ≤ θ ≤ 2 .
3. For integrals involving√ u −a ,
2 2
√ u2−a2 :

Let
u=a sec θ .

u=a sec θ . Then

2 2
{ π
√u −a = ¿ atanθ, if u>a where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 ¿ ¿¿
EXERCISE 10: Evaluate the following integrals.

dx x2
∫ ∫ dx
3

∫0 5 √9−25 t2 dt
x √ 4−x
2 2
√ 2 x−x 2

1. 3. 5.

1
∫ 3
dy
∫
x
dx −√ 3
∫−2 √ z2−3 dz
( 16+ y 2 ) 2
√ x 2−6 x +5 z
2. 4. 6.

D. PARTIAL FRACTIONS
This technique shows how to decompose a proper rational function into simpler rational functions to
which the basic integration formulas are then applied.

N (x)
N ( x )/D ( x )
Guidelines for Decomposition of D ( x ) into Partial Fractions:
1. Divide if improper: If the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator,

N (x) N (x)
= Polynomial + 1
divide the numerator by the denominator to obtain D ( x ) D ( x ) , where the degree of
 N 1 ( x ) N 1 ( x ) is less than the degree of D( x ) D ( x ) . Then apply steps 2, 3 and 4 to the proper rational
N (x )
N 1 (x) 1
expression D(x ) D ( x ) .

( px + q )m
2. Factor denominator: Completely factor the denominator into factors of the form and
2
( ax 2 + bx + c ) n a x +bx+ c ax
2 + bx + c
, where is irreducible.

3. Linear factors: For each factor of the form( px+ q )

m
( px + q )m , the partial decomposition must include
the following sums of m fractions
A1 A2 A3 Am
+ + + . . . +
( px + q ) ( px + q )2 ( px + q )3 ( px + q )m .

4. Quadratic Factors: For each factor of the form( a x +bx +c )

2 n
( ax 2 + bx + c ) n , the partial
decomposition must include the following sums of n fractions
B1 x + C1 B 2 x + C2 B3 x + C3 Bn x + Cn
+ + + . . . +
ax 2 + bx +c ( ax 2 + bx +c ) 2 ( ax 2 + bx + c ) 3 ( ax 2 + bx +c ) n .

EXERCISE 11: Evaluate the following integrals.

2
3−x
∫ 3 x 2−2 x−1 dx ∫ y −4
3
y−4
y −1
dy
1. 5.

2 3 2
∫ y +12 y+12
y 3 −4 y
dy ∫ y y−4 y+ 5+y42 y+ −4 7 dy
2. 6.

2
∫ z3z−+43zz2 +−44 z dz
3 2
t + t +4t −1
∫ t 4 + 2t 2 + 1
dy
3. 7.

2 t2
∫1 t 3 −+ t1 dt
4.