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Environmental Management: The Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Built
Environment

Conference Paper · January 2018

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 Environmental Management: The Role of Remote Sensing and
GIS in the Built Environment
Adewuyi Gbola Kehinde, Oyekola Martins A., Babatunde Akeem A., Iyanda Gbemisola O.
Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Complicated environmental challenges increasingly demand sophisticated solutions. GIS is a powerful tool for
environmental data analysis. It allows better viewing and understanding physical features and the relationships
that influence in a given critical environmental condition. GIS helps in planning and managing the
environmental hazards and risks. In order to plan and monitor the environmental problems, the assessment of
hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for mitigation activities. GIS Applications
in Environmental Management outlines the ways that GIS is fulfilling the need of humanity to better manage,
protect, and preserve the environment. This study focused on the use of remote sensing satellite imagery and
geographical information system in identification and classification of land cover and land use of an
environment and how such environment are or can be properly planned and managed. Two approaches were
adopted in showing how environment can be managed. Landsat 7 TM satellite imagery was used to identify and
classify land use/land cover types. Analysis was done using GIS application software ArcGIS 10.2.1 (ArcMap
10.2.1) to identify and classify the land cover and land use types. The results showed that soil, vegetation and
water were identified and distinguished from one another and other features such as roads, waterways,
residential and commercial centre‘s, religious centre‘s, academic areas etc. are cited at different location that
will not affect the other. The correlation analysis showed strong correlation between the epoch period of the
study. The results also showed the proper management of the environment in which one activity does not affect
the others. It can be concluded that modern day technologies using satellite imagery and GIS application for
Environmental Management can help in understanding the effects of human activities and interaction on the
environment and how such an environment can be transformed for meaningful use.

Keywords: Environmental management, Satellite imagery, Human activities, Technologies, Image

classification and identification.

1. Introduction
The term ‗environment‘ as a term is widely used and means different things to different people.
Ecologically, environment refers to the sum of all external conditions and influences affecting the life and
development of organisms (Webster, 1961). The environment of the human being includes abiotic factors –
land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odor, and taste; biotic factors – animals, plants, bacteria and
viruses; and social factors like aesthetics (Krishnamurthy, 2010). Environmental Management is a
―purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource affected
by human activities‖ (Environmental Management, 2012). It can also be defined as ―the optimal utilization
of the finite resources between different possible uses‖. These resources include land, water, ozone layer,
flora and fauna, biodiversity etc which should be protected from degradation and conserved.

Remote Sensing Satellite and Airborne image/ maps/ data has been become a most common tool in the
analysis of different fields in Earth and Environmental sciences. This technology has the capability of
acquiring in-formation about the earth and its natural resources for global, regional and local assessments.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is becoming a vital tool in Conservation and Environmental
Management. GIS permits the digital mapping of species locations, transect routes, reserve boundaries,
features (such as ponds) and reserve management (such as coppiced areas). NGOs are using digital
programmes to develop and link with GIS, as a vital component of more robust methods of planning
management and recording. According to WLIP (1991), Environmental Information includes information
related to topography, soil, geology, minerals, vegetation, land cover, wildlife, land use, land use controls
and restrictions, jurisdictional boundaries, historic and prehistoric sites, and economic projections.
Environmental Management is defined as ―process ensuring sustainability in utilization of natural
resources components to ensure that selected areas of the environment, which are considered particularly
fragile or endangered, are accorded special protection; and ensures that interests of the present generation
are met without jeopardizing the needs of future generations.‖ (Institute for Law and Environmental

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Governance, pg.7). Environmental data involves a clear description of physical characteristics and the
precise location of what is being described.

In the early years, researchers used manually drafted maps, whose main use was as exploratory guides.
This has evolved gradually to maps being used for exploring spatial relationships. Prior to computerization,
spatial analyses were limited due to manual processing but with the introduction of use of GIS, the
technology is able to handle voluminous data and effective spatial analysis capabilities. GIS applications
have also been used to map urban air pollution in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague (UK) using
regression-based approach. Briggs et al. (1997) conducted a study using GIS to determine the cause of
increased air pollution levels (NO2) between 1970 and 1990 and the results attributed this to the transport
sector which contributed 40-45% of the total emissions during the period. Forestry Planners can use
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to monitor impacts of deforestation and the wildlife manager can
use it to determine the size and locations of animal populations or to determine high food or habitat
potential for specific species, thus providing information on food security issues (Muhammad Mansur,
2013).

1.1 Definition of environmental management

Environmental management is an attempt to control human impact on and interaction with the environment
in order to preserve natural resources. Environmental management focuses on the improvement of human
welfare for present and future generations. Environmental management is ―a purposeful activity with the
goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource affected by human activities.
Environmental Management can be defined as ―the management of the interaction and impact of human
activities on the natural environment‖. Environmental management further aims to ensure that ecosystem
services and biodiversity are protected and maintained for equitable use by future human generations, and
also, maintain ecosystem integrity as an end in itself by taking into consideration ethical, economic, and
scientific (ecological) variables. Environmental management tries to identify the factors that have a stake
in the conflicts that may rise between meeting the needs but protecting the environment.
i. Identification: Via complaints/concerns from the community we identify a certain environmental
problem
ii. Evaluation: Inspections with relevant Government Departments (Provincial and National) we
determine the extent of the problem
iii. Control: The problem is brought to the attention of the transgressor/polluter and the
person/company who is informed to stop the illegal activity and address the problem or concerns
which include the rehabilitation of the area(s).

If GIS is to play a role in environmental management, then GIS functions must be applied to data in such a
way that environmental managers are able to reach better decisions or undertake better actions – where
―better‖ is defined broadly in terms of attributes such as effectiveness, cost-efficiency, social and political
acceptability, equity and sustainability. This application of GIS principles to environmental management
practice involves a hierarchy of technical processes:
i. Data acquisition and management: survey, data conversion, data quality control, metadata, data structure.
ii. Data integration (multiple layer approaches) and visualization (―mapping‖) – including the combination
of variables into representational and diagnostic indices.
iii. Multi criteria approaches (synthesizing and relating data sets).
iv. Spatial and temporal interpolation and extrapolation.
v. Analysis (including area norms and residuals, trends and rates of change).
vi. Spatial and temporal modeling. An example of spatial modeling is predicting what soil chemistry will
be like from analyzing data on plant cover. Temporal modeling would be looking at the erosion on a steep
hillside which has been caused by overgrazing of the plant cover and predicting how it will develop in the
future given various different grazing use scenarios.
vii. Decision support (including the handling of fuzzy and uncertain elements)
viii. Environmental management is not the same as physical geography, environmental science or
environmental social science, though it embodies elements of each. Disciplines such as geography and
environmental science (often using GIS as a tool) provide useful information or insight to managers, but
they are not in themselves ―management‖ even if they are studying physical processes that impinge on
people.
Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
ix. Environmental management is fundamentally about ―doing‖ – specifically, it is concerned with
intervention in the relationship between different stakeholders and environmental resources or processes,
and works either by modifying the environment or by adjusting the people or their expectations.

This is where we want to put GIS to work.

1. Decisions precede actions, so most people would regard environmental decision making as being
an integral part of environmental management (though purists would argue that decisions that are
not followed by actions do not actually create management).
2. GIS can also be used to help us to understand the processes and procedures of environmental
management (which are wholly different to understanding the processes of physical geography or
environmental science). This is not the same as actually managing the environment, but is
sufficiently closely related for it to be a part of the agenda of this course module.
3. Strictly speaking, anyone who makes a decision or undertakes an action that represents an
intervention in the relationship between people and environmental resources or processes could be
called an ―environmental manager‖. For the purposes of this course module, however, it is
convenient to adopt a narrower definition within which environmental managers are those who
play some formal, professional or institutional role in the procedures of environmental decision
and action, while other people (including ―the public‖) are viewed as stakeholders but not
managers.

2. Literature Review
Following an increase of Landsat applications in the 1970s, in the early 1980s, the question was raised
whether the market could recover the costs of earth observation. The Landsat program, which was
commercialized in 1982 (a decision reversed in 1992 for military reasons) resulted in a fall back of the
utilization of and the non military societal benefits obtained from remote sensing ( Johnston,
2003). GIS is the primary analytical platform for spatial planning, remote sensing plays an important
subsidiary role. Remote sensing (including aerial photography) can supply baseline information for
land-use and other forms of spatial planning in areas where maps are not available, such as in
developing countries (Bocco et al, 2001). Remote sensing also fills a gap in areas with a mapping
record by providing the data to update maps, because planning starts with a review of the current
situation, which cannot be assessed from outdated maps. Urban landscapes are typically a complex
combination of buildings, roads, parking lots, sidewalks, garden, cemetery, soil, water, and so on. Each of
the urban component surfaces exhibits a unique radiative, thermal, moisture, and aerodynamic properties,
and relates to their surrounding site environment to create the spatial complexity of ecological systems
(Oke 1982). To understand the dynamics of patterns and processes and their interactions in heterogeneous
landscapes such as urban areas, one must be able to quantify accurately the spatial pattern of the landscape
and its temporal changes (Wu et al. 2000).

The quality of life in the urban area largely depends on the availability of infrastructure (such as, water
supply, waste disposal, road rail infrastructure, communication facility, house types and availability of
various other basic services, health and education (Rajeshwari, 2006).
An area within an urban settlement, in the absence of these basic services and infrastructure, may
inevitably be a slum. Hence, in order to prevent total anarchy in matters of utilities and services, the
planning of facilities/ infrastructure becomes absolutely vital. With the help of RS, GPS and GIS, one can
update more easily location of facilities. One can obtain area wise availability of services, their
concentration and dispersal (Rajeshwari, 2006). It can assist in the automation of interpretation, change
detection, map compilation and map revision functions. One major part of the GIS is the ability to overlay
various layers of spatially referenced data, which allow the users to determine graphically and analytically
just how structure and objects (e.g. roads, water distribution and community zoning) interact with each
other (Rajeshwari, 2006).

The use of the term Geographical Information Systems (GIS) dates back to the mid-1960s where it seems
to have originated from two quite different contexts (Goodchild, 1990). However, within the last 30 years,
the GIS field has evolved with rapid theoretical, technological and organizational development. As an
Information System, GIS has greatly contributed towards business process development by providing
means of handling voluminous data and offering effective spatial data analysis capabilities (Coppock and

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Rhind 1991). The term ‗environment‘ as a term is widely used and means different things to different
people. Ecologically, environment refers to the sum of all external conditions and influences affecting the
life and development of organisms (Webster, 1961). Aronoff (1991) defines GIS as ―any manual or
computer-based set of procedures used to store data and manipulate geographically referenced data.‖ GIS
gives people the geographic advantage to become more aware, more productive and more responsive
citizens of the environment (Maguire, 1991).

GIS model could be used to represent a spatial landscape at different time periods (Stow 1993). GIS to
combine the distribution of natural vegetation, mapped from satellite imagery and other data sources, with
distributions of vertebrate and other taxa as indicators of biodiversity (Scott et al. 1993). Maps of species-
rich areas, individual species of concern, and overall vegetation types are generated and compared with
land ownership and protection status. GIS tools have become important in management of urban
environment. A number of studies have demonstrated this (Rashid and Sokhi, 1995; Sokhi and Maithani,,
2001; Subudhi, 2001; Roy, 2000, 2002). Remote sensing has been recognized worldwide as an effective
technology for the monitoring and mapping the urban growth and environmental change. The scientists of
IIRS have shown it beautifully using the images with a very high spectral and spatial resolution like IRS-
1D, LANDSAT and IKONOS images (Roy, 2000). Remote sensing technology can be put to best use if it
is incorporated with GIS (Longley, 1999).

General Purpose GIS offer many tools for acquisition, analysis, management and presentation of geospatial
data. They are usually applied in fields like telecommunications, cartography, traffic and landscape
planning or water management in big municipalities or governments (GIITA, 2010). Many applications
(e.g., Thenkabail et al., 2006) in environmental monitoring require frequent coverage of the same area.
This can be maximized by using data from multiple sensor.. However, since data from these sensors are
acquired in multiple resolution (spatial, spectral, radiometric), multiple bandwidth, and in varying
conditions, they need to be harmonized and synthesized before being used (Thenkabail et al., 2004). This
will help normalize for sensor characteristics such as pixel sizes, radiometry, spectral domain, and time of
acquisitions, as well as for scales. Also, inter-sensor relationships (Thenkabail, 2004) will help establish
seamless monitoring of phenomenon across landscape. he majority of remote sensing work has been
focused on natural environments over the past decades. Applying remote sensing technology to urban areas
is relatively new. With the advent of high resolution imagery and more capable techniques, urban remote
sensing is rapidly gaining interest in the remote sensing community. Driven by technology advances and
societal needs, remote sensing of urban areas has increasing become a new arena of geospatial technology
and has applications in all socioeconomic sectors (Weng and Quattrochi, 2006).

Both Ridd (1995) and Mather (1999) maintained that identification/description/quantification, rather than
classification, should be applied in order to provide a better understanding of the compositions and
processes of heterogeneous landscapes such as urban areas. Impervious surfaces are anthropogenic features
through which water cannot infiltrate into the soil, such as roads, driveways, sidewalks, parking lots,
rooftops, and so on. In recent years, impervious surface has emerged not only as an indicator of the degree
of urbanization, but also a major indicator of urban environmental quality (Arnold and Gibbons, 1996).
Various digital remote sensing approaches have been developed to estimate and map impervious surfaces,
including mainly: image classification, multiple regression, sub-pixel classification, artificial neural
network, classification and regression tree algorithm, and so on (Briggs et al., 2010).

3. Methodology
Two approach was employed which is the use of satellite imagery (Remote Sensing) and GIS to show how
we can manage our environment. These can be done by determining how the environment can be
transformed to a developed environment. Satellite imagery can be used to generate data for a particular
environment and this data can be used to show the nature (topography) and the land cover/land use type
which can help in planning our environment. The imagery can help us in categorizing features that is on
the ground without prior knowledge of such features. For the first approach in this study, Landsat 7 TM
satellite imagery containing band 3(Green) and 2(Blue) and 4(red) was used to differentiate one feature
from the other (Figure 1). Figure 2 showed the Extracted/Clip region of Landsat 7 TM image which was
used in categorizing land use into land cover types. Figure 3 below showed the Composite of Landsat 7 TM
clipped region from the imagery and with the help of GIS application, feature like water, soil and
Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
vegetation were classified and distinguished using unsupervised method, and also, land use/land cover
types were categorized using supervised method. Area covered by each feature was shown and separated
with different colour (figure 4).

Figure 1: Generation of true colour composite using bands 4(Red), 3(Green) and 2(Blue)

Figure 2: Extracted/Clip region (513 x 513) pixels

Result of the first Approach

The results presented here is as a result of processed imagery landsat 7 TM of different location. Figure 3
is the composite of the clipped region of an environment. Figure 4 showed the Side-by-side
comparison/identification of spectral signature.

Figure 3: Composite region clipped out

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
 Figure 4: Identification of spectral signature with Magenta as soil, Red as vegetation and Yellow as deep-shallow water.

From the above figure, the classification showed that water had the highest percentage in volume. The
above environment requires adequate planning due to water that has taken larger percentage. Looking at
the images, it shows that water spread all over the entire environment and even other area identified were
affected with little water. Building houses within this kind of an enviroment will be a risk because flooding
will be a major hazard to the environment and make if not condusive to live or for other economic
activities unless proper control and management is done. Agricultural activities such as farming, fishing
will be the major activity in an environment like this and also and serve as the source of generating
drinkable portable water for to both the rural and urban areas. Therefore, environment of this type requires
proper planning and monitoring.

The second approach is the land use/land cover of The Polytechnic Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria in which
some important features and the remaining uncovered was used to show how the institution is being
properly planned and managed in such a way that one human activity does not affect the other. Figure 5
below showed carved area and figure 6 and 7 showed the processed area covered by each feature using
Landsat 7 TM satellite imagery and GIS application software ArcGIS 10.2.1

LANDSAT TM 2018
LANDSAT TM 2015

Figure 5: The Polytechnic Ibadan environment carved in Landsat 7 TM 2015 and 2018

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Figure 6: Landsat TM 2015 and 2018 image of The Polytechnic Ibadan Clipped in ArcGIS environment.

Figure 7: Landsat TM Image of The Polytechnic Ibadan Raster processing in ArcGIS Environment

Result of the Second Approach

The results from the second approach described below showed the environment of The Polytechnic Ibadan
in 2015 and 2018. Figure 8 is a process of the landsat image in ArcGIS environment. Table 1 decscribed
the land use in both year. It showed some changes exists. Figure 9 (a & b) showed the result of the processed
image 2015. Figure 10 (a & b) showed the result of the processed image 2018

Figure 8: Vector Image processing in ArcGIS 10.2 (ArcMap 10.2) Environment

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Table 1: Land use/Land cover result Analysis for the study
Land Use/Land Cover Categories 2015 Area (m2) Area (%) 2018 Area (m2) 2018 Area (%)
Residential 612745 25.01 612745 25.01
Commercial 14455 0.59 16660 0.68
Academics 417480 17.04 439775 17.95
Road 142590 5.82 151900 6.2
Religion 21805 0.89 21805 0.89
Sport 112945 4.61 112945 4.61
Shop 17885 0.73 18375 0.75
Power House 4165 0.17 6860 0.28
Waterways 70805 2.89 73500 3
Medical 21315 0.87 22050 0.9
Services 42875 1.75 62720 2.56
Vacant 970935 39.63 910665 37.17
TOTAL 2450000.000 100 2450000.000 100

Land Use/Land Cover Categories Change in Area between 2015_2018 (m2) % Change in Area between 2015_2018
Residential 0.000 0.000
Commercial 2205 1.83
Academics 22295 18.49
Road 9310 7.72
Religion 0.000 0.000
Sport 0.000 0.000
Shop 490 0.41
Power House 2695 2.24
Waterways 2695 2.24
Medical 735 0.61
Services 19845 16.46
Vacant 60270 50.000
TOTAL 120540 100

Figure 9a: Trend and Categorical Distribution of Land Area Covered and Used

Figure 9b: 2D AND 3D Distribution of Land Area Covered and Used

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Figure 9c: Percentage (%) Distribution of Land Area Covered and Used

Figure 9d: Percentage (%) Distribution of Land Area Covered and Used

Figure 10a: Result of the processed image 2015 Figure 10b: Result of the processed image 2015
Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Figure 11a: Result of the processed image 2018 Figure 11b: Result of the processed image 2018

Figure 12: Result of the processed image of land use/cover for each feature using in ArcGIS 10.2.1 (ArcMap 10.2.1)
Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
From the above figure 12, it shows that vacant land has the highest percentage in volume which shows that
more land is available that can be used for other purposes now and in the nearest future. In 2015 it
occupied a total of 970935 m2 (39.63%) and 910665 m2 (37.17%) in 2018 which showed a decrease in area
covered and increase in area used with a decrease of 60270 m2 (2.46%) which implies that more areas has
been used for other development. Residential (Hostels, quarters etc.) with a total of 612745m2, Religion
centre‘s (Church, Mosque) with 218805m2 and Sport (football pitch) with 112945m2 remain the same area
covered and area used in both 2015 and 2018. It implies that no additional area is used for the purpose of
residential, religion centres, sport activities.

Academics (lecture theatre, classroom etc.) covers a total of 417480m2 in 2015 and 439775m2 in 2018
which showed a decrease in land cover and increase in land use with 22295m2 (0.91%) decrease which
showed that more areas had been used for academic purposes. Commercial covers a total area of 14455m2
in 2015 and 16660m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in land cover and increase in land use with 2205m2
(0.09%). It implies that there is an increase in commercial activities within the institution which is of
benefits to the students as well as staff of the institution.

Road covers a total of 142590m2 in 2015 and 151900m2 which showed a decrease in land cover and
increase in land use with 9310m2 (0.38%). It shows that more roads has been constructed within the
institution. Shops covers a total of 17885m2 in 2015 and 18375m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in
land cover and increase in land use with 490m2 (0.02%). Power house covers a total of 4165m2 in 2015
and 6860m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in land cover and increase in land use with 2695m2 (0.11%).
Waterways covers a total of 70805m2 in 2015 and 73500m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in land cover
and increase in land use with 2695m2 (0.11%).

Medical covers a total area of 21315m2 in 2015 and 22050m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in land
cover and increase in land use with 735m2 (0.03%). Services covers a total of 42875m2 in 2015 and
62720m2 in 2018 which showed a decrease in land cover and increase in land use with 19845m2 (0.81%).
The changes in land use/ land cover can be linked to the human and natural activities. (Jaiswal et al.,
1999). Land use data are needed in the analysis of environmental processes and problems, which must be
understood, if living condition and standards are improved or maintained at current level (Khorram and
John, 1991).

Table 2: Result of correlation coefficient analysis carried out between 2015 and 2018
2015 Area m2 2018 Area m2
2015 Area m2 1 0.999
2018 Area m2 0.999 1
Using 1percent (%) significant level (99% confidence level)

Correlation test was run at two tailed to test for the significant relationship between 2015 and 2018.
Degree of freedom = N – 2 (where N represent number of category of land use/land cover for both year =
12)
Degree of freedom = 12 – 2 = 10
From the Pearson‘s critical table at 99% confidence level (‗r‘ at 10) = 0.708
Then since the computed value 0.999 is greater than Pearson‘s critical value (‗r‘ 0.708), then we can say
that there is strong and positive relationship/correlation between the land use/land cover within the period
study. It simply means that it is significant at 99% confidence levels. Therefore, high correlations that exist
between 2015 and 2018 shows that the land cover/land use are derived from the same source (Edet et al.,
2011).

Table 3: Descriptive analysis between the year 2015 and 2018

2015 Area m2 2018 Area m2
Mean 204166.7 204166.7
Median 56840 68110
Maximum 970935 910665
Minimum 4165 6860

Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
Std. Dev. 306545 293063.9
Skewness 1.608 1.491
Kurtosis 4.302 3.859
Jarque-Bera 6.015 4.813
Probability 0.050 0.090
Sum 2450000. 2450000.
Sum Sq. Dev. 1.03E+12 9.45E+11
Observations 12 12

From the descriptive statistics in table 3 above, the same average mean 204166.7 exists between the
periods of the study which shows that landed area are the same between the periods of the year studied.
The median value of 56840 in 2015 and 68110 in 2018 which shows a difference in the median value of
11270. Maximum value of 970935 in and 910665 in 2018 with a difference of 60270 which can be
attributed to the landed area that was not used while the minimum value of 4165 in 2015 and 6860 with a
difference of 2695 which can also be attributed to power house with lowest landed area used between the
periods of the studied. The probability value of 0.050 in 2015 and 0.090 in 2018 which gives a difference
of 0.040.

Generally from the study, the results showed that the institution environment has greatly experience a rapid
change in terms of development. From the map produced, it showed that no area developed for a particular
purpose affect the other in term of their location. The academic area does not affect the commercial area,
services/offices, residential area, religion area etc. It also shows that the development is as a result of
increase in number of student admitted into the institution yearly as well as employment of more workers.
The correlation analysis showed that there is perfect and strong significant relationship between the epoch
periods of the year studied.

Conclusion
The use of remote sensing and GIS in production of image identification and classification and Land Use
Land Cover maps for an environment is very important and this can be achieved through a process known
as Image Classification. The use of Landsat satellite imagery like Landsat 7 TM imagery and application
of GIS cannot be overemphasized in Image Classification and identification in the production of surface
land cover map at regional, national and international scale. Multiple use of remote-sensing features
information with spectral, spatial, multi-temporal, and Multi-sensor, building and use of an complex
classification algorithms, such as pre-field, sub-pixel, and knowledge-based classification algorithms, and
lastly embodied of ancillary data into classification processes, such as topography, soil, road, and census
data will help in knowing which area needs to be develop or requires an attention..For this study, it can be
concluded that Landsat 7 TM image with GIS software application are effectively used to classify and
identify image such as soil, water and vegetation, and other physical artificial and natural features and
categorised them into land use/land cover types. These categories of features and land use/land cover types
can be transformed by an individual, private and government to a better environment without one activity
affecting the other.

Recommendations
The following are recommended for this paper;
i. Imagery especially, Landsat 7 TM imagery should be employing in image analysis such as in land
use/land cover map for the purpose of environmental development and management.
ii. The use of Geographical Information System and application software in production of new thematic
map showing land cover/land use cover should be encouraged so that know of our environment is properly
planned and how it can be planned and managed.
iii. Applications of Land use cover should be encouraged by government, public, private, and national
security to support regional landscape planning and resource management of our environment.
iv. Every individual should endeavor to manage their landed properties so that it will not affect other
woman activity.
v. Government should enforce law that will guide the conduct of every human activity within our
environment
Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.
vi. In geological applications method such as environmental management the use of accurate satellite
imagery should be employed.

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Being a paper presented at the 6th National Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria, August 7th – 9th, 2018. Theme: Innovations, Transformation and Integration of the Built Environment in Nigeria: Putting Ideas into
Actions.

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