A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
FORC 105

LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

 

 
College of Criminal Justice Education
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Module No. 6

THE EXAMINATION PROPER

Topic

2nd Semester 2021-2022

Ma. Diana F. Alcoseba

Instructor I

Leo L. Casilagan
Instructor I

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Table of Contents (Chapter Contents, Page)

Cover Page……………………………………………………….1
Title Page…………………………………………………………2
Table of Contents………………………………………………3
Instruction to the User………………….………………….4
Introduction

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about INVESTIGATION and INTELLIGENCE operations of
selected law enforcement agencies.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue
amidst this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU

Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning
experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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Four Phases of Polygraph Examination

1. Preliminary preparations- Initials Interviews with the investigator

handling the case or person requesting it.

The Groups Involved in the Case:

a. Victim/Complainant
b. Suspects
c. Witnesses
‘’the three groups in the case are all liars’’

This phase includes;

A. Obtaining and Evaluating facts
b. determining the areas, the subject needs to be asked
c. the investigator must furnish the examiner of the following:
a. Sworn Statement of the suspect/witnesses/ victim/ complainant.
b. Incident or Spot report
c. B.I of the suspect, witnesses, and victim/ complainants.
d. rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as;
1) Specific article and exact amount of money stolen.
2) peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set.
3) exact time the offense was committed.
4) known facts about the suspect’s action or movement.
5) facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim and
witnesses.
6) exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used.
7) result of laboratory test.
8) unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim, suspects and
the investigator.

2. Pre- Test Interview with the Subject- the primary purpose of the pre-test
interview is to prepare or condition the subject for the test.
a. The appraisal of subject’s constitutional right.
b. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test by signing a
statement of consent.
c. The taking of personal data of the subject.
d. Determining his/ her suitability as a subject
e. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject.
f. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case.
Four rights of the Subject;

1. The right to remain silent

2. Anything you say may be used in favor or against you
3. The right to have a lawyer of his/her own choice
4. Right to refuse
‘’When the blood pressure rises up to 150 over 100 do not conduct
examination’’

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Persons or subjects will not be scheduled for examination when

they:

a. Are obviously fatigued or in ill health.

b. Are physically injured or in pain.
c. Their judgment is obviously influenced by or impaired by drugs or
alcohol.
d. Have just suffered emotional trauma.
The examiner’s interview with the subject prior to the test is of
considerable importance, both of the purpose:

(1) Conditioning the subject for the examination and also

(2) In order to provoke and observe the helpful indications of guilt and
innocence which are often forthcoming at this time.
Following is the detailed outline of the pre-test interview which has been
found to be effective. (We are assuming in the case illustrated that the subject
has already been advised of the fact that he is to be given a lie- director test.)

a. As the examiner enters the waiting room to request the subject to

accompany him into the examination room, the greeting which the
examiner extends should be cordial, but firm.
b. Upon entering the examination room, the subject should be
requested to sit down in a chair alongside the instrument, and
immediately thereafter the examiner should proceed to the taking of
the consent of the subject.
c. Then fill up the necessary data asked in the interrogation log.
d. Afterwards inquire from the subject whether he has been on a lie
detector test before. No further comment should be made by the
examiner but he should listen carefully to whatever the subject
himself may say.
e. If the subject has not told of the purpose of his appearance in the
testing laboratories, the examiner should explain that a lie detector
test is desired of him as part of the investigation regarding the case.
Much time should be spent in the preliminary interview as the
circumstances reasonably warrants.
The Examination/ instrumental test – the conduct of
instrumentation and actual test.

After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to

place the attachment on the subject. The first to be attached is
Pneumograph, then the Cardiosphymograph and the Galvanograph.
Review all the questions with the subject before the actual examination
is made. The examiner should discourage any comments or statement
by the subject. Test instrument must be given to the subject.

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a. Upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparation, the

transducers are attached to the body of the subject.
b. The blood pressure pulse cuff is wrapped around snugly around the
subjects upper arm and the pneumograph tube adjusted around the
chest.
c. If female subject/s or around the body, if male subject/s or around
the torso of male
d. The cuff is then inflated to a point approximate midway between the
systolic and diastolic blood pressure. That is midway between the
pressure produced by the output action of the heart and that
maintained at time of the hearts intake action.
e. The synchronous motor carrying the paper upon are made is then
set in motion, the motor being so timid that the paper moves along
at the rate of an out six inches per minute, then ten to fifteen
seconds after the instrument has been set in motion, the inked filled
pens of the instruments are permitted to make their blood pressure
pulse respiration tracings before the question are asked of the
subject.
f. During the test period the subject is informed that he answered by
either yes or no answer, and that they are so brief and to the point.
g. Approximately five to ten seconds after this instruction first
question is asked and then the other questions follows after or at the
interval of fifteen or twenty seconds.

5. Post interview/ interrogation

This includes all consideration that bears on the examination.
This is done just after the instrument is turned off. If the
polygraph test result indicates deception, the examiner will then
proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of which is
to obtain confession. However, if the polygraph indicates that
the subject is innocent; the examiner will just release the subject
cordially and thanks him/her for his/her cooperation.

The purpose of further questioning after the test are:

a. To clarify the findings;
b. To learn of there are any other reasons for the subject’s
responding to a relevant question, other than the knowledge
of the crime; and
c. To obtain additional information and an admission for law
enforcement purposes, if the results suggest deception.
General and Specific Rules to be followed in the formulation of
questions:

1. Questions must be simple and direct.

2. They must not involve legal terminology such as rape, murder, etc.
3. They must be answerable by yes or no only.

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4. Must be short as possible.

5. Their meaning must be clear and unmistakable phrase in a language that
the subject can easily understand.
6. They must not be in the form of accusation.
7. Question must never contain an inference which presupposes knowledge
on the part of the subject.
8. All questions must refer to one offense only.
9. All questions must refer to only one element of an offense.
10. They must not contain interference to one’s religion races or belief.

A. Test Question
The phraseology of the test question is an extremely important
aspect of the examination. The questions, and every word used in the
questions must be unambiguous, unequivocal, and thoroughly
understandable by the subject.
The questions must be states as simple as possible, and with a
complete avoidance of such double inquiries as ‘’did you shoot him and
then run into the house’’?
All questions must have only a single, unambiguous meaning.
There should be an avoidance of lengthy questions.
Simplify questions. Avoid legal terms such as rape, murder,
embezzlement, etc.

Different Types of Questions

1. Irrelevant Questions- these questions are formulated without

any specific relationship with the case under investigation. They are
assigned to established subject’s physiological norm and to reduce
excitement level created by a relevant question, in this question by
the examiner usually refer to dates, names of place, subjects’
position etc.
2. Relevant Questions- these are the primary or key questions
asked by the examiner in order to resolve a specific subject matter.
Its purpose is to detect deception, as a result of this type of question
in the polygraph examination via between chart probing and
interrogation.

Relevant questions are further classified as to their stimulation

effect. This strong or primary or crucial question is a relevant
question having and intense and specific relationship with the crime
or problem being considered. It is designed and constructed to test
for direct involvement for direct involvement only and specifically
designed to produce emotional response in guilty subjects.
Secondary or weak questions concern some secondary element of
the crime or problem and deal mostly on guilty knowledge and
partial involvement. The different types of weak relevant questions,
some of which are capable of becoming strong relevant are further
classified as follows.

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a. Sacrifice or DYAT Questions

This is designed to absorb the responses generally generated by
the introduction of the first relevant question in the series. It
reveals the subject norm plus stimulus and excitement level.
Construction of this question is regarding the matter under
investigation, as ‘’Do you intent to answer truthfully all the
questions about them’’.
Example: regarding the stolen wristwatch, you intend truthfully
to answer each question about that?

b. Knowledge Questions
This is the question designed to prove whether the subject
possess information regarding the identity of the
offender, or as to the location of the evidence or other
secondary elements of the case under investigation. The
knowledge question is framed ‘’Do you know who
committed the offense’’ in the formulation of the question
and review.

Example: do you know for sure who stole the wristwatch

of Hazel?

c. Evidence Connecting Questions

This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus
his attention on the probability of incriminating proof
that would tend to establish his guilt. In formulating the
questions, the examiner must secure information from
the investigator as to whether or not fingerprints,
footprints, tools or other evidences where collected from
the crime scene. The examiners proceed in asking the
question ‘’Was the evidence found in (crime scene)
yours?’’

d. Control Question (Probable Lie)

This is a question designed to produce a response in the
innocent subject and serve as a basis for evaluating the
subject perceptual set. Control questions would either be
a primary or secondary. the primary control question is
based on a known lie. It must concern about events that
transpired within three to five years period before the
case under investigation (present) occurred, in example of
the question is ‘’before reaching the age of 20, have you
stolen anything’’
The secondary control question is of more specific in
nature and is based upon another experience or wrong
doing which will enhance the opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope covers up to the present period.
The question of responsiveness must not be related to the
case under investigation for example, ‘’have you ever

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committed any crime in your community or have you ever

stolen anything?’’
e. Sympathetic Questions
These questions are designed to detect and evaluate the
presence of the outside issue factor is neither a case which
he is involved, but is nor a subject matter under
investigation. An example of this is ‘’Are you now
convinced that I will not ask you any questions aside from
those which we have reviewed? Or ‘’Are you afraid that I
will ask you about something which I told you I would
not’’?
f. SKY Questions
These three questions grouped together by Backster
confirm the previous charts and may detect indirect
involvement or guilty knowledge. The ‘’S’’ stands for
suspect; ‘’K’’ stands for know; and the ‘’Y’’ stands for you.
The ‘’Y’’ question is the same as the strong relevant
question.

Example: do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing

Hazel’s wristwatch?

B. Test Procedures
The polygraph test consists of asking the subject/person through the
transducer of the instrument, a list of prepared questions in a planned
sequence; comprising of not more than twelve. At least 3 test charts are
taken, each lasting not more than four (4) minutes with a rest interval
of five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts.

‘’What Takes Place on a Polygraph Chart During the Test?’’

During the test, the examiner asks questions, this question
becomes verbal stimulus, and the message is received by the air and
transmitted to the brain. The brain analysis the question, if the
question is not a threat to the well-being of the subject the thought
central center discards it and the body continue to function normally.
However, chain reaction takes place within his/her body, which is
recorded by the polygraph instrument and can be evaluated by the
polygraph examiner.

Test Construction Applied is of Two (2) main Types:

1. General Question test – most commonly applied.
2. Peak-of- tension test - usually used as supplementary test.
TYPES OF TESTS TO BE APPLIED:

General Question Test:

This test is about the case under investigation. These are sequence or
relevant, irrelevant, and control question asked is a designed order. The
questions are arranged in order to contrast the subject’s responses

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between relevant questions and control questions. The answer to the

questions is restricted to yes or no only.

The sequence and sample of general question test are as follows:

1Q- Irrelevant-Is your first name Raine?

2Q- Irrelevant- Do you know that today is Thursday?

3Q- Weak relevant -between 7:30 Am to 10:30 Am of October 25,

2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?

4Q- Irrelevant- Are you married?

5Q - Strong Relevant — Were you the one who actually Stole the
missing P50, 000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?

6Q - Control - Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen

anything?

7Q - Irrelevant - Do you know how to read?

8Q - Evidence Connecting - Were the bunch of keys recovered under

the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours?

9Q - Knowledge = Do you know who stole the cash of Reynaldo Suave?

10Q - Secondary Control -Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?

Purpose:

1. To get the standard tracing of the subject.

2. To establish a truth telling pattern for the initial part of the record.

THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST (General Series)

- This consists of a series of Relevant & Irrelevant Questions asked in a

planned order. Questions are so arranged as to make possible a
comparison of responses to relevant questions with a subject’s norm
made during the answering of irrelevant questions

OTHER TYPES OF QUESTIONS ASKED IN THE GENERAL

QUESTION TEST

Weak Relevant Question - it concerns some secondary element of

the crime or problem and deals with mostly in guilty knowledge and
partial involvement.

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Strong Relevant Question - it is defined as verbal stimulus of

primary important projected in the form of 4 question which overcome
a psychological excitement level and causes changes from the subject’s
physiological norms.

Evidence Connecting question - it is designed to stimulate the

guilty subject and focus his attention on the probability of
incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt.

knowledge question — this question is designed or begun to probe

whether the subject possess information regarding the identity of the
offender, the location of evidences or items of secondary element of the
case.

Number Test (Psychological Test):

Upon finishing of the first test, here is another part of the test, the
examiner will show to the subject (7) variously numbered cards, face
down. The cards are set in such a way the examiner will right away
know which card has been chosen by the subject. The numbers 7, 11,
and 13 should need to be used because other subjects are too
superstitious and numbers 6 and 9 should not be included to avoid
confusion on the part of the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3,
4, 14, and 12 are used.

The subject is given an instruction to get a card, look at it and

memorize the number of the card that was chosen and return it without
showing it to the examiner or telling the number. After the selection is
finished, the examiner shuffles the cards and will instruct the subject to
answer “no” to each question regarding cards, even if the number of the
card he has chosen is asked. In short one of the subject’s answers to the
question will be lie.

The verification test is intended to assure the innocent examinee, the

accurateness of the test, and of the competency of the polygraphist. It
further serves to arouse the guilty examinee.

Purpose:

1. To check the possible deliberate distortion when the chosen number

is asked.

2. To obtain a chart wherein the subject is not under stress.

Spot Responder:

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This test contains question previously asked questions in General

Question Test (GQT). With the same number of the same question on
the earlier test, the sequence would be:

1Q-Irrelevant- Is your first name Raine?

3Q - Weak Relevant — Between 7:30 AM to 10:30 AM or October 25,

2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?

2Q — Irrelevant — Do you know that today is Thursday?

5Q —Strong Relevant — Were you the one who actually Stole the
missing P50, 000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?

4Q —Irrelevant — Are you married?

6Q — Control — Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen

anything?

7Q — Irrelevant — Do you know how to read?

8Q -Evidence Connecting — Were the bunch of keys recovered under

the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours?

9Q — Knowledge — Do you know who stole the cash of Reynaldo

Suave?

10Q — Secondary Control — Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?

Purpose:

1. To determine the responsiveness of the subject to crucial/critical

questions and also serve as a check on possibility of spot responses.

Mix Question:

The test is the same with test III but question of GOT is again
mixed and the sequences of the question are as follows:

4Q — Irrelevant — Are you married

1Q— Irrelevant — Is your first name Raine?
9Q — Knowledge — Do you know who stole the cash of Reynaldo
Suave?
6Q — Control — Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen
anything?
2Q — Irrelevant — Do you know that today is Thursday?
3Q- Weak Relevant — Between 7:30 AM to 10:30 AM of October 25,
2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynalldo Suave?

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10Q - Secondary Control — Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?

5Q - Strong Relevant - Were you the one who actually stole the missing
P50, 000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?

6Q- Control — Before attaining the age of 25 have you were stolen
anything?

2Q - Irrelevant — Do you know that today is Thursday?

8Q - Evidence Connecting — Were the bunch of keys recovered under

the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours?

10Q - Secondary Control — Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?

Purpose:

To compare the degree of reaction between control and relevant

question.

Silence Answer Test (SAT):

In this test the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from

giving any verbal answer to the questions that are to be asked of him
during the test. The subject is instructed to pay attention of each
question only to himself, silently. In short, the subject should “sub
vocalize” his answer, in addition he should think of the truthful answer
and give the truthful answer silently to himself.

Two important points was found to be essential in order to achieve the

outmost benefits from the test: First, the subject should understand
clearly that on the Silent Answer Test (SAT) he will be asked of the
same question just like on his previous test and exactly in the order
they were asked before. Secondly, it is significant for the subject to
understand that though he is not to answer Verbally the test question,
he should answer all test questions silently in his mind with truthful
answer only.

Purpose: it is a confirmatory test or affirmative check with the silence

answer test.

Other Questions Asked:

1. Check Question -last question asked in the lie teat. It is direct

question that relates to the fact that the subject has told the truth to all
questions asked in the he test.

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2. Fishing Expedition Test Question —Used to vagrants or loiters

for routine interrogation. No idea about what offense has been
committed. Examples:

a. Have you ever been arrested before?

b. Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?

c. Have you stolen anything since you have been in tour?

C. SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS Aside from the standard tests described

above, the following special tests may be performed and incorporated as part
of the procedure or may be used as supplementary tests depending upon the
result of the standard test in order to draw a better conclusion.

Peak-of-Tension Test:

The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the
offense for which he is being interrogated by the investigator, or by other
persons or from other sources like the print media.

This valid test is only made possible when there is no widespread publicity
about a crime where intimate details as to the methods of commission or
certain facts of the case is known from the victim and investigator.

The questions formulated are similar in nature and construction, only one of
which is true and the perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of
such unpublicized; knowledge will usually exhibit a rise in the tracing up to
that particular question followed by a decline thereafter, caused by the relief of
knowing that a dreaded question dangerous to his well-being, is past.

Examples of Peak-of-Tension Test:

a. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Allan is a Seiko? (This is an
introductory phrase plus padding question)

b. Is it an Omega? (Padding)

c. Is it a Rolex? (Padding)

d. Is it Timex? (Relevant question)

e. Is it Alba quartz? (Padding)

f. Is it a Citizen? (Padding)

Guilt Complex Test:

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This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions which
are similar in degree and in consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot
determine whether the subject is telling the truth or not.

The subject asked questions aside from the irrelevant, relevant and control
questions, a new series of relevant questions dealing with a real incident and
that which the subject could not have committed.

If the subject does not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates
that the subject was being deceptive to the primary issue under investigation.
However, no conclusion can be drawn if the response to added guilt complex
is similar to the real issue questions.

Silent Answer Test (SAT): This test is conducted in the same manner as
when relevant and control questions are asked but the subject is instructed to
answer the questions silently, to himself, without making any verbal response
causes distortion in the tracing such as sniff or clearing the throat.

D. KINDS OF SPECIFIC TESTING

Known Solution Peak of Tension
This is administered when a fact relating to the event is known only to the
perpetrator of the offense and the victim, police and client. This material
fact, whether it be particular sum of money, a particular make of weapon,
etc. is inserted into test comprising a list of similar items, the examinee is
tested to determine his guilty knowledge.

Proving Peak of Tension

This is administered to obtain information that might prove valuable to an
investigation. It is designed to determine the location, disposition, modus
operandi and amounts on the list of possibilities.

Pre-employment Test
This test seeks to verify information contained in a job application and
develop relevant information deliberately committed by the subject.

Periodic Testing
This is conducted for the purpose of determining the honesty of employees
assigned to sensitive position. It also acts as a constant deterrent to
employees’ dishonesty.

Characteristics of a Good Polygraph Examination Room

1. Lie detector test should be conducted in quiet private room.

2. Select a room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no
distraction within the subject view.
3. Select a room without any windows at all.
4. The interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures or other
subject which would distract the attention of the person being tested or
interviewed.

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5. This suggestion refers to the presence within the subject’s reach of small
loose objects such as papers, clips or pencils that he may be inclined to
peck up and further distract the course of the interrogation.
(EFFECT)- Tension relieving activities of this sort detract from the
effectiveness of this interrogation, especially during the critical phase when
a guilty subject may be trying desperately to suppress an urge to confess.
6. Estrange noise such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation of
person outside the examination room, of the presence of the arresting
officers or other spectators in the room itself, may produce disturbances
and distractions which will interfere with a satisfactory diagnosis of
deception.

General Considerations
When conducting Polygraph examination:

1. In order to conduct a satisfactory lie-detector test, kit is advisable for

the examiner to obtain form the investigators interested in the case, all
the available facts and circumstances forming the basis of the
accusation or suspicion directed against the person to be examined.
2. This will include, of course, the case of the detail itself. Such
information is essential to the examiner so that he will be in a position
to know questions should be asked of the subject during the test.
3. The subject who is about to be tested should be informed of the nature
of the test and purpose of it. The instrument should be pointed out to
him as one which is capable of determining whether or not a person is
telling the truth about a given matter. He should be informed that it
records certain bodily changes and that the instrument will not cause
any physical pain except for a slight temporary discomfort occasioned
by the blood pressure cuff.
4. The writer made it practice, at this point in the proceeding to tell to the
subject somewhat as follows. ‘’ if you are telling the truth you have
nothing to worry about, this instrument will indicate you are telling the
truth, and I’ll report the fact to the officers who requested me to make
the test. The machine itself will show it; and I’ll tell you so, and then I’ll
ask you to let me hear the truth. That is fair enough, isn’t it? And you
don’t mind taking the test, do you?’’
5. Experienced has indicated that such statements tend to relieve the
emotional tension in a person who is telling the truth, and at the same
time they offer no relief to the liar. Moreover, the asking of as regarding
the subject’s consent has proved worthwhile in those cases where the
criminal confessions are obtained as a result of the test.

Important Reminders

1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test.
2. Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or
about him.
3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the
test.
4. If for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must
continue investigating the case.

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5. Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real

or the guilty one.
6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether one is
innocent or guilty. The court will make the decision.
7. If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person
confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is over.

REFERENCE/S

Adra, M.J. Q., &Tantangco, D. L. (2013). The essentials of

polygraphy.Manila. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc
Caballero, N. S. & Manwong, R. K. (2012). Polygraphy: The art and science of
lie detection. Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
San Diego, G. C., et. al. (2012). Compendium on criminal justice education.
Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading.

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Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)