5

THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument used in Polygraph Examination is often called as

Polygraph. It was defined as an instrument or device capable of producing
recordings of physiological phenomena that may be used as the basis for the
application of reliable technique for diagnosing truth or deception. The
instrument itself does not detect lies or deception; it only records the
physiological changes that occur when the subject tells a lie or deception. It is
the Examiner who determines deception through the use or aid of the polygraph
instrument.

STOELTING
DECEPTOGRAPH
(‘ULTRASCRIBED”)

A. THE PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT

A device that records respiration and one of the three traditional
channels of the modern polygraph used in PDD. Most contemporary
polygraphs use two Pneumograph recordings: abdominal and thoracic. The
sensors are the traditional convoluted rubber tube, the mercury strain gauge,
or the newer piezoelectric. Krapohl and Sturm Polygraph, 2002, 31(3) 205

Figure 2

This Component records changes occurring in the Respiratory or Breathing

system

#1. The Pneumographic Tube - is a corrugated and stretchable rubberized

tube or apparatus that is to be attached to the Subject’s chest or stomach (or

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both). Inhalation will cause the tube to stretch and subsequently create an
upward tracing or movement of the pneumo-pen unto the polygraph chart.
Exhalations are the downward tracings, thereof.

#2. The Beaded Chain - is a freewheeling string of stainless beads with a

hook which fastens the pneumographic tube unto Subject’s chest or stomach.

Figure 3

The Pneumograph Tube

B. THE CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT

The Cardiographic Component records the changes occurring in the
human circulatory system, such as the blood pressure and pulse rates.

Cardiograph - General term for any recording of heart activity. In PDD the
use of a blood pressure cuff to monitor relative arterial blood pressure changes
and pulse wave is more precisely described as sphygmography (recording of the
arterial pulse) or occlusion plethysmography (partial blockage of circulation to
measure volume changes in a body part). While cardiograph is not incorrect in
this context, it lacks precision in denoting the actual phenomenon being
recorded in PDD. The term cardiograph in the psychophysiological and
medical literature most often refers to the electrocardiograph. Terminology
Reference Polygraph, 2002, 31(3)166

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Figure 5, 6 and Figure 7

The Arm Cuff — shall be attached to the Subject’s arm.

The Hand Pump Bulb - causes the arm cuff to inflate in order to produce _
blood pressure and pulse rates.
The Aneroid Blood Pressure Meter Gauge — measures and monitors B/P
reading while the polygraphic testing is going on.

The attachment of the cuff to the Subjects arm must be centered so we can have
a normal recorded pattern of the blood. As to produce clearer and precise pressure.

C. The Galvanograph Component

The Galvanographic Component, sometimes called the Galvanic-Skin-Reflex
(GSR) Component, records’ the changes occurring in the Nervous-Excretory
systems. It has been studied that brain’s activities and electrical charges have been
recorded thru the epidermal skin reflexes passed through the different nerves of
the human body.

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Figure 10

The Finger Electrodes - are special types of sensitive metal plates to be attached
to the Subject’s end-joints of both the Index and Ring Fingers for the recording of the
electrical charges (ohms from the brain through the skin.

Figure 11 and figure 12 shows the proper attachment procedure using both the
Index and Ring fingers for the recording of the Galvanic Skin Reflex responses.

D. THE KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT

Motorized mechanism that moves strip chart paper at a specified rate. The
current standard in PDD is 6 inches per minute, though historically there have
been other speeds.

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Figure 13

INKING PROCESS
1. Completely remove cap and capillary tube from bottle
2. Using filler pipette/dropper provided extract ink from supply bottle.
3. Fill ink container to approximately ¼ % full. Do not overfill. Overfilling the ink
bottles will increase the possibility of spillage during transit.
4. Grasp the bottle by the cap and tighten by rotating bottle with your free hand.
5. Squeeze the bottle until the ink is forced to the end of the pen.
6. Loosen the caps open ¼ % again by rotating the bottle.
7. Release the pressure on the bottle.

Resuming Capillary Ink after Storage

1. Loosen bottle cap to relieve any pressure build-up in bottle.
2. Remove protective pen cap/s.
3. Start chart drive and check for proper ink flow.
4. Adjust bottle height as required.
Adjusting Ink Flow
In order to maintain a constant flow of ink through the capillary tube,
the level of ink in the bottle must be kept at a higher level than the pen for
proper siphoning. The ink bottle can be adjusted by pulling it upward in the

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well. The bottle should “cling” to the sides of the well, allowing for adjustment
of the flow.
To Clean the Pens, Follow the Steps Listed Below:
1. Remove the pen together with capillary tube and ink bottle. Do not
disconnect the total inking system. Doing so will eventually stretch the
capillary tube seal or the seal of the ink bottle.
2. Remove the ink bottle cap and pour all excess ink from the bottle.
3. Fill and rinse the bottle cap and pour excess ink from the bottle.
4. from the bottle. Fill with clear water and apply pressure using the same
procedure as for inking pens, until clear water flows from the pen tip. Flush for
several seconds.
5. If the tap water in your area has a high mineral content, flush the pens a final
time with distilled water or alcohol.

Figure 14

The STEPS (Plug in the Unit to a 110-Volt Power outlet; Put Inks in the Ink-
Containers)

1. The Upper Pneumograph - attach the Pneumograph Tube to Subject’s chest;

lock the Beaded Chain; close the Vent; adjust Sensitivity and Pen-Centering Controls;
align Pen-Cradle and Pen to the Chart; finally check the GREEN Ink tracing

2. The Lower Pneumograph - attach the Pneumograph Tube to Subject’s stomach;

lock the Beaded Chain; close the Vent; adjust Sensitivity and Pen-Centering Controls;
align Pen-Cradle and Pen to the Chart; finally check the GREEN Ink tracing.

3. The Cardiograph-wrap the Arm Cuff around Subject’s right or left arm; close the
vent; pump the Hand-pump bulb to inflate Arm Cuff; check the B/P reading at the
Aneroid B/P Meter Gauge; clip Pinch-Clamp to close pneumatic pressure; adjust
sensitivity and Pen- Centering Controls; align Pen-Cradle and pen to the Chart; finally
check the RED Ink Tracing.

4. The Galvanograph/GSR- attach the Fingers Electrodes to the Subject’s right or

left Index and Ring Fingers; adjust Sensitivity and Pen-Centering Controls; align Pen-
Cradle and pen to the Chart; finally check the BLUE Ink Tracing.

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(NOTE: When Polygraph Testing is over, please return all knob-controls to Off
Positions; detach accessories ad apparatus form subject’s body; Plug OFF the whole
Instruments.)

B. THE SIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS

The Attachments

Figure 15

Figure 16

Figure 17

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The LX4000 computer polygraph system records, stores and analyzes

physiological changes during a polygraph examination. The LX4000 system combines
conventional polygraph procedures with a sophisticated state of the art computer.
Results are derived from the following traditional computer. Results are derived from
the following traditional physiological parameters:

Pneumo -Two Respiration Input Channels

EDA-Galvanic Skin Response
Cardio-Blood Volume/Pulse Rate
Charts are recorded in much the same manner as conventional polygraph
instrumentation with smooth scrolling display moving from right to left. The
tracings recorded are in real-time and are truly rectilinear, so charts can be easily
interpreted.

See polygraph software page for a sample can be operated using a mouse/pointing
device or the keyboard.

A. CHART MARKINGS
Mankind has used signs and symbols since the beginning of time. The
absence of sign can cause a great deal of confusion. As an illustration, a stranger
on a crossroad without any sign will not know the right road to take in order
that he will reach his destination. By the simple experience of adding signs and
markings to indicate the location, will eliminate confusion. The same situation
confronts the polygraph examiner. Without marking of any kind, it is
impossible to evaluate the chart and arrive at any conclusion.
Chart marking is a very important part of the polygraph technique. The
examiner may have the best training, used the most advance method and run
miles of chart tracing yet the value if his endeavor is not without proper chart
markings. One or two seconds that he is off on chart marking can easily create
misinterpretation. To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test charts,
markings are made with the use of signs and symbols to enable the examiner to
determine the following:
1. Exact time the test commenced and terminated;
2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanograph readings;
3. Particular point where each question asked started and ended.
Corresponding identification of the question, and the type and time of
answer given by the subject;
4. Duration and amplitude of reaction patterns.
5. Any instruction given or repetition of question made;
6. Any movement, cough tracing by the suspect or outside distractions
that occurred;
7. Mechanical adjustment or re-adjustment made;
8. Extraneous factors affecting test chart such as paper jams;
9. Time Interval Between questions; and
10. Chart number. Name of subject, time, date, and place taken and the
name and signature of the examiner.

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B. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (COMMONLY USED)

X/ 60 /1.5 A First marking of the examiner on the
chart
XX / 60 / 1.5 A Examiner’s mark after the test
X Start of the test
XX End of the test
60 Millimeter of mercury shown in
sphygmomanometer dial
1.5 Ohms of the skin electrical resistance
A or M Refers to the automatic or manual
galvo amplifier used.
|| Particular point where each question
begins and end (also called stimulus
mark)
+ Yes, answer to the question
No, answer to the question
A Adjustment
T Subject talked instead of answering
with single Yes or No
R Subject request for repetition of
question
C Coughing
N Noise
S Sigh by the Subject
PJ Paper Jam
SN Subject Sniffed
BI Breathing Instruction
OS Tracing change caused by outside
stimulus
M Movement
IM Movement Instruction
L Laugh
B Used to signify belch
C+ Increase in galvo Sensitivity
C- Decrease in galvo sensitivity
Y Yawn
IS Ink stop
CT Clearing of throat

CHART INTERPRETATION

The most important single factor in polygraph testing is chart interpretation.

The accuracy of instrument detection of deception is dependent upon the examiners
ability to diagnose truth or deception by reading ang interpretation of subject’s chart.

The changes or deviation from the normal recording of the pneumo, cardio and
galvo tracings which appears as the subject answers at test question is referred to as
response, A “response” constitutes a deviation from the subject norm. The most

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significant and dependable indicator of deception is a stimulus response and when

such response occurs in two or more charts, these responses are referred to as “specific
response”.

“THE GENERAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION”

1. There must be specific response.
2. To be specific, it must form a deviation from the norm.
3. The specific response must appear in at least two (2) test charts.
4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneously specific in the three (3)
tracings of the chart.
“WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE OF THE TEST CHARTS?”

It is the basis of the examiner’s findings. It contains the reaction of the

subject during the tests.

A. CHANGE IN PNEUMO TRACING

Changes in the Pneumo Tracing which may fall into the category of
specific response when accompanied by a response in the cardio or even the
galvo tracing are as follows.

1. Change in Rhythm or Regularity

The rate normal breathing is 18 cycle per minute. Usually a change in
rate will be either a decrease with increase amplitude causing an irregularity in
the respiration pattern of varying duration. These rate volume changes are due
to the need for oxygen to compensate for an accelerated heart action or for
previous suppression of breathing.
2. Change in Amplitude or Volume
In normal respiration, an average of about one point of air is inhaled and
exhaled during a single cycle known as tidal air. But the lungs are not
completely deflated during normal exhalation, there still remaining the residual
air. In what is known as a sigh, there is an increase in the residual volume
causing the recorded inspiration stroke to go higher and the expiration stroke
lower than the normal breathing.

3. Change in Inspiration, Expiration Rate

In normal respiration, the time consumed in inspiration and expiration has a

ratio of three to five which means the inspiration takes only 3/5 as long as the
expiration. Researcher especially Benussi and Burt established that this change
with emotion, the simplest method for determining such changes is the vertical line
through the apex of the pneumo cycle before and after question stimuli and then
measure the distance between the vertical lines. Actual measurement may not
necessary, however, as the changes are usually rendered discernible by the drawing
of the line.

4. Notch or Serrated Inspiration or Expiration Stroke

These are frequent occurrence; serration may record in the case of the
subject in an intense nervous state as a result of tremendous breathing. A notch

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on either stroke may indicate catching of the breath when surprised or shocked,
talking, coughing, crying, swallowing may affect the tracing. The customary
“YES” OR “NO” answer may be rendered as a small notch in the expiration,
seldom in the inspiration stroke for the reason that we do not normally speak
during inspiration. This is easily discernable when the base of the inspiration
tracing represented the guideline. The baseline may either fall below or rise
above this line during or after — relevant question. The rate and volume may or
may not be altered. This part caused by the subjects sensing of the importance
of the stimulus and braced the body not to exhibit any external manifestation.

5. Hyperventilation
The subject usually attempts to befuddle the examiner from making an
interpretatlo pneumo pattern, he resorts to a regular deep breathing in an
attempt to beat the test. Hyperventilation may appear when stimulus is of
which an impact upon the plight mechanism of the body, which it stores up
oxygen, it may be caused by prolonged suppression of the breathing such that
the deficit oxygen has to be compensated when the danger has passed.
6. Suppression
Suppression or shallow breathing may a sort of bracing against
anticipated shock on an attempt to control the reaction to a shock just received.
When suppression of breathing correlates closely with the crucial question, it
became highly significant particularly when accompanied by similar in the
blood pressure tracing.
7. Respiratory Block
Respiratory block is easily identified of the respiratory changes. It is an
exaggerated form of suppression in which there is a usual shortening of both
the inspiration and expiration stroke that appears as straight line. Respiratory
block or holding of breath through more than or two cycles usually indicates an
attempt to beat the test.

B. THE GALVO TRACING

Two galvo tracing which may be indicative of deception are the vertical
rise point of deception only, double saddle responses, long duration and or
degree of response following the point of deception and the plunging of the
galvanograph tracing. In most cases, the galvo tracing which is a measure
of increase or decrease of the subject’s skin resistance, rise and falls with
each stimulus. The highest or the lowest or absence of such rise or fall in
the crucial question may also be indicative.
GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION RESPONSES

1. Double Saddle Response

2. Rise from the Baseline
3. Vertical Rise Point
4. Long Duration
5. Plunging of the Tracing

C. THE CARDIO TRACING

The Cardio which takes the Form of Specific Response and Considered
Indication of Deception.

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1. Increase and Decrease of the Blood Pressure

This easily learned by the trend of the cardio tracing an increase in blood
pressure is indicative by a rise in the cardio tracing and a decrease by a fall. With
every stimulus, the blood pressure tracing tends to have a slight increase and
decrease of the Magnitude and duration of the rise and fall of the cardio tracing
that is taken into consideration in comparison most particularly between the
relevant and control question.

2. Increase in Blood Pressure Only

This indicated by a sustain rise in the blood pressure tracing during a
crucial question and return to the norm when the subject is released from that
stimulus by the introduction of irrelevant question.
3. Decrease Only in Blood Pressure
When there is a fall of the cardio tracing or after a crucial question from
a level of smooth tracing, a decrease in blood pressure is indicated, this
necessitate mechanical adjustment when the tracing fails to return to its former
level.
4. An Increase or Decrease Pulse Rate
Increase in pulse rate is easily recognize c and with a cardio pattern becomes
close together, decrease in pulse rate result, the cardio pattern becomes far
apart.

5. Increase or Decrease of Amplitude

When the cardio pattern becomes taller, there is an increase in
amplitude; a decrease in height in the pattern is a decrease of amplitude.

6. Change in the Position or Disappearance of Diacrotic Notch

The diacritic notch tends to change position depending upon the blood
pressure in the system. Too much air will have the notch at the bottom, and too
little air will place it at the top of the diastolic stroke during rise in blood
pressure. The diacrotic notch tends to go top of the diastolic and upon return of
the tracing to its original level, the diacrotic notch may change its position, at
times it disappeared entirely.
7. Extra Systole
The premature contraction s of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental
rhythm of the heart is maintaining cause of extra systole to appear, this is highly
indicative of deception, except when the entire cardiac tracing has it, which may
indicative of cardiac trouble.

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