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HTML Tutorial

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. It uses tags to define elements like headings, paragraphs, links, and images. An HTML document structure consists of nested elements between <html> and <body> tags. HTML pages are viewed in web browsers which use the tags to determine how to display the content but do not display the tags themselves.

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HTML Tutorial

Uploaded by

Not lady gaga

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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HTML: Hypertext Markup Language

HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages.

With HTML you can create your own Website.

What is HTML?

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is a link",
etc.

A Simple HTML Document

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained

 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in
the page's tab)
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such
as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them
correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Editors

A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.

However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).

 Then open a new document to place the code.

 Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for HTML files).

Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference; it is up to you.

View the HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or right-click - and choose "Open
with").

The result will look much like this:

HTML Basic Examples

HTML Documents

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages
correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example

<a href="https://www.lyceum.com">This is a link</a>

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images

HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:

Example

<img src="lyceum.jpg" alt="Lyceum.com" width="104" height="142">

How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

View HTML Source Code:

Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in Edge), or similar
in other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML source code of the page.

Inspect an HTML Element:

Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or "Inspect Element" to see what elements
are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the
Elements or Styles panel that opens.

HTML Elements

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.
HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

Examples of some HTML elements:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty
elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements (<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained

The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
The <body> element defines the document's body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
Then, inside the <body> element there are two other elements: <h1> and <p>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Never Skip the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.

The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:

Example

<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>

HTML is Not Case Sensitive

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.

The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but WE recommends lowercase in HTML,
and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

At Lyceum we always use lowercase tag names.

HTML Tag Reference

Tag Description

<html> Defines the root of an HTML document

<body> Defines the document's body

<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

HTML Attributes

HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

 All HTML elements can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about elements
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The href Attribute

The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:

Example

<a href="https://www.lyceum.com">Visit Lyceum</a>

The src Attribute

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path to the image to
be displayed:

Example

There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:

1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another website.

Example: src="https://www.lyceum.com/images/img_girl.jpg".

Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in
violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or
changed.

2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the
domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example:
src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example:
src="/images/img_girl.jpg".

Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.

The width and height Attributes

The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specify the width and height of the
image (in pixels):

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">

The alt Attribute

The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some
reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to a slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user
uses a screen reader.

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

Example

See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

The style Attribute

The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.

Example

<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>

The lang Attribute

You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare the language of the Web page.
This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.

The following example specifies English as the language:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute. So, the first two characters define
the language of the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.

The following example specifies English as the language and United States as the country:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

The title Attribute

The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.

The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:

Example

<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.

The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or lowercase like title or TITLE.

However, We recommend lowercase attributes in HTML, and demands lowercase attributes for stricter
document types like XHTML.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.

However, We recommend quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.

Good:

<a href="https://www.lyceum.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Bad:

<a href=https://www.lyceum.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly, because it
contains a space:

Example

<p title=About Lyceum>

At Lyceum we always use quotes around attribute values.

Single or Double Quotes?

Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also be used.

In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:

<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>

Or vice versa:

<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

HTML Headings

HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a webpage.
Example

Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5

Heading 6

HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example

<h1>Heading1</h1>
<h2>Heading2</h2>
<h3>Heading3</h3>
<h4>Heading4</h4>
<h5>Heading5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>

Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a heading.

Headings Are Important

Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.

<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings, then the less important <h3>,
and so on.

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Bigger Headings

Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for any heading with
the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:

Example

<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>

HTML Tag Reference

Tag Description

<html> Defines the root of an HTML document

<body> Defines the document's body

<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

HTML Paragraphs

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.

HTML Paragraphs

The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before
and after a paragraph.

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Display

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.

The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the page is displayed:

Example

<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.

The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>

The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.

Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:

Example

<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>

Solution - The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.

The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both
spaces and line breaks:

Example

<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>

HTML Tag Reference

Tag Description

<p> Defines a paragraph

<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content

<br> Inserts a single line break

<pre> Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Styles

The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
Example

I am Red

I am Blue

I am Big

The HTML Style Attribute

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

Background Color

The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.

Example

Set the background color for a page to powderblue:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Example

Set background color for two different elements:

<body>

<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Text Color

The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:
Example

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Fonts

The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Size

The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Alignment

The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>

<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

HTML Text Formatting

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.

Example

This text is bold

This text is italic

This is subscript and superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

 <b> - Bold text

 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Smaller text
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example

<b>This text is bold</b>

The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in
bold.

Example

<strong>This text is important!</strong>

HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically
displayed in italic.

Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship
name, etc.

Example

<i>This text is italic</i>

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis, using verbal stress.

Example

<em>This text is emphasized</em>

HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example

<small>This is some smaller text.</small>

HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:

Example

<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>

HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a
line through deleted text:

Example

<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will usually
underline inserted text:

Example

<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>

HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below the normal line,
and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H 2O:

Example

<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character above the normal
line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW [1]:

Example