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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
It consists of the skin, and accessory structures such as hair, glands, and nails.

Functions of the Integumentary S.

Skin
Epidermis
▪ Most superficial layer Dermis
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium ▪ Dense collagenous connective
▪ In deepest layers, mitosis occurs tissue, contains fibroblasts,
Keratinization adipocytes, macrophages
• cells change shape and ▪ Nerves, hair follicles, smooth
chemical composition; cells muscles, glands, lymphatic
become filed with the protein vessels
keratin (hard) Collagen (resist stretching) & elastic
• transformation of the living fibers – structural
cells of the stratum basale into strength
the dead squamous cells of the Cleavage lines/Tension
stratum corneum lines – collagen fibers are
Stratum basale – deepest; cuboidal & oriented in some
columnar cells, undergo mitosis every directions; skin is most
19 days resistant to stretch along
Stratum corneum – most superficial these lines
stratum; dead squamous cells filled
with keratin (structural strength); Stretch marks – skin is overstretched,
lipids (prevent fluid loss); joined by leaving lines that are visible
desmosomes Dermal papillae – contain blood
Callus – thickened area vessels that supply the epidermis with
Corn – bony prominence, thickened nutrients, remove waste products, and
corn shaped structure regulate body temperature
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Skin Color Hair follicle – where each hair rises
Melanin – pigments responsible for Shaft – above the skin
skin, hair, eye color Root – below the skin
Melanin pigments – yellow Hair bulb – site of hair cell formation
(Caucasian), brown (Asians), black Cortex – hard keratin
(African) Medulla – soft central core
Factors of Melanin Production Cuticle – single layer of overlapping
a. Genetic factors cells that holds the hair in the hair
b. Exposure to UV light follicle
c. Hormones Growth Stage
Albinism - recessive genetic trait that ▪ Hair is formed by epithelial
causes deficiency/ absence of melanin cells within the hair bulb
Cyanosis - bluish skin color; decreased ▪ Divide and keratinization
blood O2 ▪ Hair root + shaft = columns of
Carotene – yellow pigment in plants dead keratinized epithelial cells
(squash, carrots); source of vitamin A Resting Stage
Birthmarks – congenital disorder of ▪ Growth stops
the capillaries in the dermis ▪ Hair is held in the hair follicle
Subcutaneous Tissue Next growth stage
▪ Attaches the skin to underlying ▪ A new hair is formed
bones ▪ The old hair falls out
▪ Also called the hypodermis Eyelashes – grow for about 30 days;
▪ Loose connective tissue rest for 105 days
▪ Storage of our body’s fat Scalp hairs – grow for 3 years; rest for
(padding, insulation) 1 – 2 years
Accessory Skin Structure Arrector Pili – smooth muscles;
Hair contraction = hair to stand on end;
▪ Columns of dead, keratinized produces goose bumps
epithelial cells Glands
▪ Produced in the hair bulb I. Sebaceous Glands
▪ Simple, branched acinar glands
▪ Connected by a duct to the
superficial part of the hair
follicle
▪ Sebum – oily, white substance
rich in lipids; released by
holocrine secretion; lubricates
the hair/surface of the skin
(prevents drying and protects
against bacteria)
II. Sweat Glands
a. Eccrine Sweat Glands
➢ Simple, coiled,
tubular glands
➢ Release sweat by
melocrine
secretion
➢ Numerous in the
palms and soles
b. Apocrine Sweat Glands
➢ Simple, coiled,
tubular glands
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➢ Produce a think PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
secretion rich in INTEGUMENTARY S.
organic substances 1. Protection
➢ Released primary by ▪ Reducing water loss
melocrine secretion; ▪ Prevents microorganisms from
some glands entering the body
demonstrate ▪ Protects underlying structures
holocrine secretion against abrasion
➢ Open into hair ▪ Hair on head = insulator
follicles, in armpits ▪ Eyebrows = keep sweat out of
and genitalia the eyes
➢ Become active at ▪ Eyelashes = protects the eyes
puberty from foreign objects
III. Other Glands ▪ Hair in the nose, ears = prevents
a. Ceruminous glands – the entry of dust
cerumen (earwax) ▪ Nails = protect the ends of the
b. Mammary glands – fingers, toes from damage; can
milk be used in defense
2. Sensation
▪ Sensory receptors for pain,
touch, hot, cold, pressure
3. Vitamin D Production
▪ Skin exposed to UV light
produces cholecalciferol
(modified in the liver, then in
the kidneys to produce active
vitamin D)
▪ Best sources of Vit. D = fatty
fish, vit. D fortified milk
▪ Small amounts of Vit D = eggs,
butter, liver
▪ Active Vit. D stimulates the
small intestine to absorb
Nails calcium and phosphate
▪ Dead stratum corneum cells (normal bone growth, normal
▪ Contain a very hard type of muscle function)
keratin 4. Temperature Regulation
Nail body – visible part of the nail ▪ Normal body temp. = 37oC (98.6
oF)
Nail root – part of the nail covered by
skin ▪ Rate of chemical rxns within the
Cuticle – eponychium; s. corneum that body can increased of
extends onto the nail body decreased based on the body
Nail matrix – produces the nail temp.
Nail bed – contributes to nail formation ▪ Factors that raise body
Lunula – white, crescent-shaped area; temperature
part of the nail matrix visible through ➢ Exercise
the nail body ➢ Fever
➢ Increase in
environmental
temperature
▪ The skin controls heat loss from
the body through dilation and
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constriction of blood vessels ▪ S. basale remains viable;
▪ Sweat glands produce sweat, ▪ Regeneration of the epidermis
which evaporates and lowers occurs within the burn area
body temperature a. First-degree burns
▪ Heat is lost by radiation ➢ Epidermis
(infrared energy), convection ➢ Red and painful
(air movement), conduction ➢ Slight edema
(direct contact) (swelling)
b. Second-degree burns
➢ Epidermis, dermis
➢ Epidermis
regenerates from
the epithelial
tissue
➢ Dermal damage is
minimal;
❖ Redness, pain,
edema, blisters
❖ Healing = 2
weeks
❖ No scarring
➢ Deep into the dermis
❖ Red, tan, or
white
5. Excretion ❖ Takes several
▪ Skin glands remove water and months to heal
salt ❖ Might scar
▪ Also removes small amounts of II. Full-thickness Burns
urea, uric acid, ammonia a. Third-degree burns
INTEGUMENTARY S. AS A ➢ Epidermis, dermis,
DIAGNOSTIC AID and underlying
Cyanosis – bluish color to the skin tissues are
caused by decreased blod O2 content completely
destroyed
Jaundice – yellowish skin color caused ➢ Recovery occurs
by liver damage (viral hepatitis) from the edges of the
Rashes & lesions - symptoms of burn wound
problems elsewhere; ➢ Region of the 3rd
e.g. Scarlet fever causes reddish rash, degree burn is
allergic reaction to food or drugs can painless (sensory
develop rashes receptors have been
Vitamin A Deficiency – excess keratin; destroyed)
sandpaper texture characteristic ➢ White, tan, brown,
Iron Deficiency Anemia – nails become black, deep cherry
flat or concave red
Lead Poisoning – high levels of lead in ➢ Take a long time to
the hair heal
Burns ➢ Form scar tissue
Burn – injury to a tissue caused by heat, ➢ Skin grafts are used
cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, and to prevent
radiation complications and to
I. Partial-thickness Burns speed healing
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II. Squamous cell carcinoma
▪ Immediately superficial to the
s. basale
▪ Cells continue to divide as they
produce keratin
= nodular, keratinized tumor confined
to the epidermis
▪ Can invade the dermis,
metastasize, and cause death
III. Malignant melanoma
▪ Rare form of skin cancer
that arises from
melanocytes; usually from a pre-
SKIN CANCER existing mole
▪ Most common type of cancer ▪ Mole – an aggregation or nest
▪ Exposure to UV light from the of melanocytes
sun ▪ Large, flat, spreading
▪ Usually on face, neck, hands lesion or deeply
▪ Most like to have skin cancer = pigmented nodule
fair skinned or older than 50 ▪ Metastasis is common
▪ Limiting exposure to sun, ▪ Often fatal
using sunscreen; FX OF AGING ON THE
reduces the likelihood of developing INTEGUMENTARY S.
skin cancer ▪ Epidermis thins
▪ Ultraviolet light ▪ Amount of collagen in the
➢ UVA dermis decreases
❖ Longer ▪ Skin infections are most likely
wavelength ▪ Repair of skin occurs slower
❖ Causes most ▪ Decrease no. of elastic fibers in
tanning of the the dermis and loss of fat
skin (sagging of skin, wrinkles)
❖ Development ▪ Decrease of activity of sweat
of glands = reduced ability to
malignant regulate body temp.
melanoma ▪ Decrease sebaceous gland
activity = skin becomes drier
➢ UVB ▪ Decrease no. of melanocytes
❖ Most burning of ▪ Some areas, the no. of
the skin melanocytes increase = age
❖ Development of spots
basal cell and ▪ Increased melanin production =
squamous cell freckles; also, gray/white hair
carcinoma ▪ Skin that is exposed to sunlight
I. Basal cell carcinoma = shows signs of aging more
▪ Most frequent type rapidly
▪ S. basale and extends into the
dermis to produce an open
ulcer
▪ Cure; surgical removal or
radiation therapy
▪ Little danger of cancer to
spread, metastasize