Mathematics in

the Modern
World
Course Material in Mathematics

Jenette C. Pangilinan
Course Instructor
2 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

LOGIC
7
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Here’s what I will teach you in this course material:

LESSON OUTLINE
• Recognize the difference between propositions and mere sentences.
PROPOSITIONS • Express compound propositions using appropriate connectives.
• Statements, • Give-real life situations in the form of compound propositions.
Unit Outline
Negations, and
Quantified
Statements

• Compound
Statements and RESOURCES NEEDED
Connectives
For this lesson, you would need the following resources:

• Textbook:

• Video:

• Website:
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 3
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PRE-TEST
Before you start, try answering the following:

I. Determine whether each sentence is a statement.

1. January 1, 2021, will be a Sunday.
2. Have a fun trip.
3. Do you like to read?
4. Mickey Mouse was the first animated character to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk
of Fame.
5. Social distancing helps lessen the spread of COVID-19.

II. Write the corresponding statement of each proposition if p stands for “Thermodynamics is a
branch of Physics”, and q stands for “Thermodynamics deals with the movement of heat”.
1.  p
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________
2.  q
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________
3. pq
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________
4 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

PRE-ACTIVITY
Direction: Determine whether each sentence is a statement. If it is a mere sentence justify your
answer.

1. The variables x, y, and z are all irrational numbers.

Answer: _________________________________________________
2. How do you spot fake news?
Answer: _________________________________________________
3. I exercise my right to vote.
Answer: _________________________________________________
4. 1 + √4 = 5
Answer: _________________________________________________
5. x+y  12
Answer: ________________________________________________
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 5
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LOGIC
Logic is generally labeled as the science of reasoning. In order for a
reason to be valid, a set of rules must be followed. It also provides forms and
CONTENT AND norms for the validity and acceptability of arguments. The study of logic helps

DISCUSSION
an individual to increase his or her proficiency in reasoning and make good
judgement.

One of the first mathematicians to make a serious study of symbolic

logic was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). On the other hand,
Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871) and George Boole (1815–1864),
contributed to the advancement of symbolic logic as a mathematical discipline.

Logic Statements
Key Point
The symbolic logic that Boole was instrumental in creating applies only to
sentences that are statements.
Statistics is the study of
data which are often
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both
relevance to our daily lives.
true and false.
Data is everywhere for
which you can observe and Example 1:
measure. a. Sta. Cruz is the capital of Laguna.
With the advancement of - this is a statement because it is true and is a declarative sentence.
technology, data can be
accessed anywhere and by Let us have other examples:
Determine whether each sentence is a statement.
anyone. When data is
b. How are you?
correct, valid analysis and
c. 99 + 2 is a prime number.
interpretation can be
d. x +1= 5.
generated to produce
valuable information. Solution:
b. The sentence “How are you?” is a question; it is not a declarative sentence.
Thus it is not a statement.
c. You may not know whether 99 + 2 is a prime number; however, you do know
that it is a whole number larger than 1, so it is either a prime number or it is
not a prime number. The sentence is either true or it is false, and it is not
both true and false, so it is a statement.
e. x + 1 = 7 is a statement. It is known as an open statement. It is true for
x = 6, and it is false for any other values of x. For any given value of x,
it is true or false but not both.
6 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

Simple Statements and Compound

Statements
A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement is a statement
that conveys two or more ideas.

Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if . . . then, and if and only
if creates a compound statement

Example:
“I will attend the meeting.”
“I will go to school.
Compound statements: I will attend the meeting, or I will go to school. The word or is a connective for the
two simple statements.

The following are the logic connectives and symbols used by George Boole:

Table 1.

NEGATION

In symbolic logic, the tilde symbol  is used to denote the negation of a statement. If a statement p
is true, its negation  p is false, and if a statement p is false, its negation p is true. Note that the negation
of the negation of a statement is the original statement. Thus (p) can be replaced by p in any statement.

Example: Write the negation of each statement.

p: Bill Norbert has a yacht.
q: Avengers was not selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony.

Solution:
p : Bill Norbert does not have a yacht.
q : Avengers was selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 7
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Compound Statements in symbolic

form.Statements
Consider the following simple statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.

Solution
a. p  q
b. q  r
c.  s  r
d. q → s

What about if we would like to translate symbolic statements into words? Here’s the example;
Consider the following statements.

p: The game will be played in Araneta.

q: The game will be shown on GNTV.
r: The game will not be shown on IBC.
s: Ginebra are favored to win.

Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.

a. q  p b.  r  s c. s  p

Solution
a. The game will be shown on GNTV and the game will be played in Araneta.
b. The game will be shown on IBC and Ginebra are favored to win.
c. Ginebra are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in
Araneta.

Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then parentheses are used to indicate which simple
statements are grouped together. See Table 2.

Table 2.
8 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

However, if a compound statement is written as an English sentence, then a comma is used to indicate which
simple statements are grouped together. Statements on the same side of a comma are grouped together. See
table below.
Table 3.

Note that, if a statement in symbolic form is written as an English sentence, then the simple statements that
appear together in parentheses in the symbolic form will all be on the same side of the comma that appears
in the English sentence.

Example:
Let p, q, and r represent the following.
p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.

a. Write (p  q) → r as an English sentence.

b. Write “If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a promotion and you will not
receive a bonus.” in symbolic form.

Solution:
a. Because the p and the q statements both appear in parentheses in the symbolic form, they are
placed to the left of the comma in the English sentence.

Thus, the translation is: If you get a promotion and complete the training, then you will receive a bonus.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 9
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b. Because the not p and the not r statements are both to the right of the comma in the English
sentence, they are grouped together in parentheses in the symbolic form.

Thus the translation is: q → (p  r)

QUANTIFIERS AND NEGATION

In a statement, the word some and the phrases there exists and at least one are called existential
quantifiers. Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the existence of something. On the other
hand, in a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal quantifiers. The universal
quantifiers none and no deny the existence of something, whereas the universal quantifiers all and every
are used to assert that every element of a given set satisfies some condition.

Table 4. Quantified Statements and Their Negations

Note: Recall that the negation of a false statement is a true statement and the negation of a true statement
is a false statement. It is important to remember this fact when forming the negation of a quantified
statement. For instance, what is the negation of the false statement, “All dogs are mean”? You may think
that the negation is “No dogs are mean,” but this is also a false statement. Thus, the statement “No dogs
are mean” is not the negation of “All dogs are mean.” The negation of “All dogs are mean,” which is a
false statement, is in fact “Some dogs are not mean,” which is a true statement. The statement “Some
dogs are not mean” can also be stated as “At least one dog is not mean” or “There exists a dog that is
not mean.”

Here’s another example:

Write the negation of each of the following statements.

a. Some airports are open. answer: No airports are open.

b. All movies are worth the price of admission. answer: Some movies are not worth the price of
admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2. answer: Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.
10 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

Proposition and Sentence in English Grammar

Proposition and sentence are two separate entities indicating their specific purposes, definitions
and problems. A proposition is a logical entity. A proposition asserts that something is or not the case, any
proposition may be affirmed or denied, all proportions are either true (1’s) or false (0’s). All proportions
are sentences but all sentences are not propositions.

READING : Proposition and Sentence in English Grammar

Read the Study on Proposition and Sentence in this link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337832248_A_Study_on_Proposition_and_Sentence_in_Eng
lish_Grammar

CRITICAL THINKING

CRITICAL THINKING

Write the following symbolic

statements in words. Use the given
below.
p: The tour goes to Italy.
q: We go to Florence.
r: The hotel fees are not included.

a. p q
b.  (pq)
c. p   q
d. p→ r
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 11
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ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
Direction:
Read article/s about SEA Games 2022 and write five propositions (statements)
about it. Write it in words and represent using appropriate symbols.

p: _________________________________
q: _________________________________
r: _________________________________
s: _________________________________
t: _________________________________

Then, on each item, construct compound statements using the given

connectives.
1. p and q
2. q or p
3. If r … then s
4. s if and only if t
5. p and (r or s)
6. (q if and only if s) or t
12 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

POSTTEST
Direction: Answer the following.
A. Write each sentence in symbolic form. Represent each simple statement in the
sentence with the letter indicated in the parentheses. Also state whether the sentence is a
conjunction, a disjunction, a negation, a conditional, or a biconditional.

1. If today is Wednesday (w), then tomorrow is Thursday (t).

2. I went to the post office (p) and the bookstore (s).
3. A triangle is an equilateral triangle (l) if and only if it is an equiangular triangle(a).
4. I will major in mathematics (m) or computer science (c).
5. If it is a dog (d), then it has fleas ( f ).

B. Write the negation of each statement.

1. The lunch was served at noon.
2. The game was not shown on ABC.
3. 5 is an odd number and 6 is an even number.
4. All classic movies were first produced in black and white.
5. Some actors are not rich.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 13
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ONLINE RESOURCES

VIDEO:
Logic Statements, Connectives and Quantifiers: https://youtu.be/1P4jPlqj-bE
RESEARCH LINK:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337832248_A_Study_on_Proposition_and_Sentence_in_Eng
lish_Grammar

REFERENCES

Auffman, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., Clegg, D. (2018) Mathematical Excursions (4th ed).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Auffman, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., Clegg, D. (2013) Mathematical Excursions (3rd ed).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning