Mathematics in

the Modern
World
Course Material in Mathematics

Jenette C. Pangilinan
Course Instructor
2 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

Reasoning: Deductive
and Inductive 3
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Here’s what I will teach you in this course material:

LESSON OUTLINE • Understand different types of reasoning to justify statements and
arguments made about mathematical concepts.
• Inductive and • Utilize inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning to solve various
Deductive problems.
Reasoning • Use estimation technique to arrive at an approximate answer to a
Unit Outline
problem.
• Estimation, • Develop mathematical models that estimate relationships between
Graphs and variables.
Mathematical
Models
RESOURCES NEEDED
For this lesson, you would need the following resources:

•• Textbook:

• Video:

• Website:
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 3
LAGUNA

PRE-TEST
Before you start, try answering the following questions briefly.

A. Determine whether each of the following is arguments is an example of inductive reasoning or

deductive reasoning.

1. 1 is an odd number. 11 is an odd number.21 is an odd number. Therefore, all numbers ending
with 1 are odd numbers.

2. All birds have feathers. Ducks are birds. Therefore, ducks have feathers.

3. No man can stop the passage of time. Noel is a man. Therefore, Noel cannot stop the passage of
time.

4. It is usually hot during summer season in the Philippines. It is summer now in the Philippines.
Thus, it is hot now in the Philippines.

5. Essay test is difficult. Problem solving test is difficult. Therefore, all tests are difficult.

B. Choose the image that completes the pattern.

A B C D E
4 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

PRE-ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the following problems.

A. What are the next five terms of the sequence:

-1, 4, 21, 56, 115, 204, ...
Answer: _________________________________________

B. What is the last figure in the sequence? Justify your answer.

Answer: ______________________________________________
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 5
LAGUNA

The Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Deeper understanding of problems lead to better solutions. The
problems and solutions alike vary and may range from simple to difficult.
CONTENT AND Thus, in this lesson we will study how mathematical concepts provide the

DISCUSSION
central piece that allows one to discover ways to come up with a practical
solution.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

- This is the process of making general conclusions founded on detailed

examples. The conclusion formed is called conjecture. Conjecture is an idea
based on incomplete information which maybe be true or false. In this case,
counterexamples are very useful to prove the validity of conjectures.
Counterexamples are the statements that contradict the claims of conjectures.
Key Point
Examples of inductive reasoning:
Deductive reasoning
1. Consider the list of numbers below. Predict the next number.
involves more analysis than a. 4,8,12,16, ?
inductive reasoning. Solution: Add 4 to the preceding number. Therefore, the next number
Theories from past in the list is 20.
learnings are needed to
prove a certain conjecture. b. 1, 6, 16, 31, 51, ?
However, knowing them to Solution: The first two numbers have a difference of 5. The second
be already true can give and third numbers have a difference of 10. Continuing the process,
more valid conclusions than the difference of consecutive two numbers is a multiple of 5.
inductive reasoning. Therefore, the next number in the list is 76.

2. Ms. Lim is pretty. She is my math teacher. Therefore, all math

teachers are pretty.
3. EDSA is a major thoroughfare which has a speed limit of 60km per
hour. Therefore, all major thoroughfares have a speed limit of 60km
per hour.

Examples of counterexamples:
Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by finding a
counterexample.
For all numbers of x:
a. |𝑥 | > 0
b. 𝑥 2 > 𝑥
c. √𝑥 2 = 𝑥
Solution: A statement may have many counterexamples, but we need only
find one counterexample to verify that the statement is false.
Let x = 0, then |0| = 0. Because 0 is not greater than 0, we have a
counterexample. Thus, “for all numbers x, |𝑥 | > 0” is a false statement.

* Give your own answer for letters b and c.

6 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

- This is the process of making specific and truthful conclusions based on general principles.

Examples:
1. All math teachers know how to play sudoku. Resty is a math teacher. Therefore, Resty
knows how to play sudoku.
2. If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be even. 12 is divisible by 2.
3. ∠A and ∠B are supplementary angles. If m∠A = 100º, then m∠B = 80º

Note :
➢ the essence of deductive reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a given
statement.
➢ the deductive reasoning works best when the statements used in the argument are
true and the statements in the argument clearly follow from one another.

Logic Puzzles can be solved by deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to display the
given information in a visual manner.

Example: Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different occupation
(editor, banker, chef, or dentist).
From the following clues, determine the occupation of each neighbor:
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.

Solution:
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 7
LAGUNA

Estimation, Graphs and Mathematical Models

If the present trends continue, is it possible that our descendants could live to be 200
years of age? To answer this question, we need to examine data for life expectancy and develop
estimation techniques for representing the data mathematically. In this section, you will learn
estimation methods that will enable you to obtain mathematical representations of data displayed
by graphs, using these representations to predict what might occur in the future.

ESTIMATION

-It is the process of arriving at an approximate answer to a question. You can make use of
rounding numbers to as an estimation method. Here rounding whole numbers depends on knowing
the place values of the digits.

To round off whole numbers,

Step 1: Look at the digit to the right of the digit where rounding is to occur.
Step 2:
a. If the digit to the right is 5 or greater, add 1 to the digit to be rounded. Replace all digits to the
right with zeros.
b. If the digit to the right is less than 5, do not change the digit to be rounded. Replace all digits
to the right with zeros.

Note: The symbol  means “is approximately equal to”. We will use this symbol when rounding numbers.
8 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

Examples:
1. Round world population (7,058,746,857) as follows:
a. to the nearest hundred million
b. to the nearest million
c. to the nearest hundred thousand.

Solution:
a. nearest hundred million

b. 7, 058, 746, 857  7, 059, 000, 000

c. 7, 058, 746, 857  7, 058, 700, 000

2. Round 3.141592, the first seven digits of , as follows:

a. to the nearest hundredth
b. to the nearest thousandth.

Solution:
a.

b. 3.141592  3.142

3. A carpenter who works full time earns Php595 per day. What is the estimated weekly salary of the
carpenter?
Solution:
In order to simplify the calculation, we can round the daily rate of Php595 to Php 600. The work
week is 7 days per week. Therefore,

7𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑃ℎ𝑝600 4200

𝑥 =
𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘

Therefore, the carpenter earns approximately Php 4200 a week, written  Php 4200.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 9
LAGUNA

ESTIMATION WITH GRAPHS

Graphs are often used to display numerical information in a visual format that allows the reader to see
pertinent relationships and trends quickly. Three of the most common types of graphs are the bar graph,
the broken-line-graph, and the circle graph.

Example: Figure 1 shows a circle graph or pie chart that uses circular sectors to display the percentage of
the 180,000,000 U.S. Facebook users in selected age groups as of January 2014.

Fig. 1
Source: iStrategylabs

Problem: Use Figure 1 to estimate the number of U.S. Facebook users in the 18–24 age group. Round to
the nearest hundred thousand.
Solution: Figure 1 indicates that 23.3% of the 180,000,000 U.S. Facebook users were in the 18–24 age
group;

0.233 • 180, 000, 000 = 41, 940, 000  41, 900, 000

Therefore, rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, the number of U.S. Facebook users in this age group
was 41,900,000 in January 2014.

Bar graphs are convenient for comparing some measurable attribute of various items. The bars may be
either horizontal or vertical, and their heights or lengths are used to show the amounts of different items.

Example: Figure 2 is an example of a typical bar graph. The graph shows life expectancy for American men
and American women born in various years from 1950 through 2010.
10 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

Fig. 2
Source: National Center for Health Statistics

Problem: Use the data for men Figure 2 to estimate each of the following:

a. a man's increased life expectancy, rounded to the nearest hundredth of a year, for each subsequent
birth year.
b. the life expectancy of a man born in 2020.

Solution:
a. One way to estimate increased life expectancy for each subsequent birth year is to generalize from
the information given for 1950 (male life expectancy: 65.6 years) and for 2010 (male life
expectancy: 76.2 years). The average yearly increase in life expectancy is the change in life
expectancy from 1950 to 2010 divided by the change in time from 1950 to 2010.

76.2−65.6
= = 0.1767
2010−1950
 0.18
Therefore, for each subsequent birth year, a man's life expectancy is increasing by approximately 0.18
year.

b. We can use our computation in part (a) to estimate the life expectancy of an American man born
in 2020. The bar graph indicates that men born in 1950 had a life expectancy of 65.6 years. The
year 2020 is 70 years after 1950, and life expectancy is increasing by approximately 0.18 year for
each subsequent birth year. Thus,

 65.6 + (0.18 𝑥 70)

= 65.6 + 12.6
= 78.2

Therefore, An American man born in 2020 will have a life expectancy of approximately 78.2 years.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 11
LAGUNA

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

We have seen in Fig 2 that American men born in 1950 have a life expectancy of 65.6 years, increasing
by approximately 0.18 year for each subsequent birth year. We can use variables to express the life
expectancy (E), for American men born x years after 1950. Here, we can express the formula in finding the
life expectancy (E) using the mathematical model below;

A formula is a statement of equality that uses letters to express a relationship between two or more
variables. Thus, E = 65.6 + 0.18 x is a formula describing life expectancy, E, for American men
born x years after 1950. Be aware that this formula provides estimates of life expectancy, as shown
in Table 1.

Mathematical modeling is the process of finding formulas to describe real-world phenomena. Such
formulas, together with the meaning assigned to the variables, are called mathematical models.
12 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

FOR ENRICHMENT

For more information about the lesson, you may watch the video on the
following links:

https://youtu.be/GEId0GonOZM
https://youtu.be/VMEV__2wW3E
https://youtu.be/ZSsBh4Ybbj8
https://youtu.be/MnQ7Lizkpqk

CRITICAL THINKING
CRITICAL THINKING

Problem: Brianna, Ryan, Tyler, and Ashley

were recently elected as the new class officers
(president, vice president, secretary, treasurer)
of the sophomore class at Summit College.
From the following clues, what position does
each of the students hold?

1. Ashley is younger than the president but

older than the treasurer.
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the
same age, and they are the youngest
members of the group.
3. Tyler and the secretary are next-door
neighbors.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 13
LAGUNA

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
Directions:

A.1 Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture. Consider the procedure below:
1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 8,
3. add 6 to the product,
4. divide the sum by 2, and ;
5. subtract 3.
6. Complete the above procedure for several different numbers.

What conjecture can you make about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number?

A.2 Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure always produces a
number that is equal to the original number.

Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 6 and add 8. Divide the sum
by 2, subtract twice the original number, and subtract 4.

Answer:

B. The following circle graph shows the percentage of the 10.4 billion dollar box office
revenue attributed to each of the various movie ratings in 2014.
a. Which movie rating brought in the largest share of the 2014 box office revenue?
b. Determine the 2014 box office revenue produced by the PG-rated films. Round to the
nearest tenth of a billion dollars.
 14 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU LAGUNA

POSTTEST
DIRECTIONS:
A. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each list.
a. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, _________
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, _________
3 5 7 9 11 13
c. 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , _______

B. Determine whether the argument is an example of inductive reasoning or deductive

reasoning.
1. Emma enjoyed reading the novel Finders Keepers by Stephen King, so she will enjoy
reading his next novel.

2. Every English setter likes to hunt. Duke is an English setter, so Duke likes to hunt.

3. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The contractor estimated that my
home improvement will cost P350,000. Thus, my home improvement will cost more
than P350,000.

C. Movie Theatre Admissions. The following bar graph shows the number of U.S. and
Canada movie theatre admissions for the years from 2007 to 2014.

1. Estimate the number of admissions for the year 2009. Round to the nearest tenth of a billion.
2. Which year had the least number of admissions?
3. Which year had the greatest number of admissions?
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD • NU 15
LAGUNA

ONLINE RESOURCES

VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GEId0GonOZM
https://youtu.be/VMEV__2wW3E
https://youtu.be/ZSsBh4Ybbj8
https://youtu.be/MnQ7Lizkpqk

BOOK SECTION:
https://moreland747.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/6/9/56694911/section_1.2.pdf

REFERENCES

Auffman, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., Clegg, D. (2018) Mathematical Excursions (4th ed).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Auffman, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., Clegg, D. (2013) Mathematical Excursions (3rd ed).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning