Rational behind DBMS Lab

Database managcment has evolved from a specialized computer application to a central component

database system has become

a modcrn com putling environment and as a result knowledge about
O
an essential part of computer science. The course serves as a visual guide to the material presentcd

introduction to Database management

during our lectures. The aim of this course is to provide an
foundational material the fundamental concepts and algorithms
3ystem, with an emphasis on

database systems. Our

COvercd are based on those used in existing commercial or experimental
aim is to present these concepts and algorithms in general seting.

Software and Hardware Requirements

Software Required:
1. VB, ORACLE and/or DB2

2. VB, MSACCESS

3. ORACLE, D2K

4. VB, MS SQL SERVER 2000

Hardware Required
Processor: Pentium II

RAM: 128 MB

Hard Disk: 40 GB

PCS 503 Database Management System Lab Page 4

 Practical 1

the Questionnaires in SQL.

Objective: Create tables and specify
is a nonprocedural language, you
Introduetion about SQL-SQL (Structured Qucry Language)
words is used
format of English key
specily what you want, not how to get it. A block structured
in this Query language. It has the following components.

DDL (Data Definition Language)-

relations and moditying
The SQL DDI. provides command for defining relation schemas, deleting
relation schema.
DML (DATA Manipulation Language)-
tuples in the database.
It includes commands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from and modify
View definition-

The SQL. DDL includes commands for defining views.

transactions.
Transaction Control- SQL includes for specifying the beginning and ending of

Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL-

be embedded with in general
Embedded and Dynamic SQL define how SQL statements can

such C, C++, JAVA, COBOL, Pascal and Fortran.

purpose programming languages, as

Integrity constraints that the data stored in the

The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity
database must specify. Updates that violate integrity

Constraints are allowed.

Authorization-
rights to relations and views.
The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying access

Data Definition Language-

of not only a set of relations but also information about cach
The SQL DDL allows specification
relation, including-

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Lab
PCS 503 Database Management system
 Schema for cach relation
The domain of values associated with cach attribute.

The integrity eonstraints.

The set of indices to be maintained lor each relalion.

The SQt. DIDI. includes commands for delining views.

The physical storage structure of cach relation on disk.

Domain ty pes in SQL

The
SQl. standard supports a varicly of built in domain types, including
Char (n)- A fixed length character length string with user specified length.
Varchar (n)- A variable character length string with user specilicd maximum length n.

Int-An integer.
Small integer- A small integer.
Numeric (p. d)-A Fixed point number with user defincd precision.

R e a l . double precision- Floating point and double precision floating point numbers with

machine dependent precision.

Float (n)- A Noating point number, with precision of at least n digits.
Date- A calendar date containing a (four digit) year, month and day of the month.

Time The time of day, in hours, minutes and seconds Eg. Time '09:30:00.
.Number- Number is used to store numbers (fixed or floating point).

DDL statement for creating a table-

Syntax
Create table tablename (columnname dalatypc(sizc), columnname datatype(size));

Syntax-
CREATE TABLE TABILENAME

(columnname, columnname, . .
AS SELECT columnname, columnnam.FROM tablename;

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PCS S03 Database Management System
 Insertion of data inte tables-

Syntax
INSERT INTO tablenume

l(columnname, columnname,. . )
Values(expression, expression);

Inserting data into a table from another table:

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname,..
FROM tablename;

Insertion of selccted data into a table from another table:

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname...
FROM tablename

WHERE columnname= expression

Retrieving of data from the tables-

Syntax
SELECT FROM tablename;
The retrieving of spccifie columns from a table

Syntax
SELECTcolumnname, columnname,..
FROM tablename;
Elimination of duplicates from the selcet statement-

Syntax-
SELECT DISTINCT columnname, columnname

PCS 503 Database Management System Lab Page 7

 FROM tablename;

Selecting a data set from table data-

Syntax-
SELECT columnname, columnname

FROM tablename

WHERE scarchcondition;

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 Practical #2
Objective:- To Manipulate the Operations on the table.
DMIL Data Manipulation Language) Data manipulation is
The retrieval of information stored in the databasc.
The insertion of new information into the
database
The deletion of information from the database.

The modilication of information stored

by the appropriate data model. There are basically two

pes.
(i)Proccdural DML:i- require a user to specity what data are needed and how to get thosc dala.
(i)Non Procedural DML: require a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how
to get those data.

Updating the content of a table: In creation situation we may wish to change a value in table
without changing all values in the tuple. IFor this purpose the update statement can be used.

Update table name

Set columnname expression, columnname expression...
Where columnname = expression.

Deletion Operation:

A delete query is expressed in much the same way as Query. We can delete whole tuple (rows) we
can delete values on only particulars attributes.

Deletion of all rows

Syntax:
Delete from tablename:

Deletion of specified number of rows

Syntax:
Delete from table namec
Where scarch condition;

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PCS 503 Database Management System Lab
 Computation in cxpression lists used to select data

+Addition - Subtraction

multiplication * exponentiation
/ Division Enclosed opera

The default output column names can be

Renaming columns used with Expression Lists:
renamed by the user if required

Syntax:
Select column name result _columnname,
Columnname result_columnname,
From table name.

Logical Operators:
The logical operators that can be used in SQL. sentenced are

AND all must be included

OR any of may be included

NOT none of could be included

Range Searching:
Between operations is used for range searching.

Pattern Searching:
The most used operation on string is paltern matching using the operation "like' we describe

two special characters.

patterns by using

Percent (%); the % character matches any substring we consider the following examples.

with pery
.Perry 6' matches any string beginning
. % idge % matches any string containing' idge as substring.

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PCS 503 Database Management System
 matches any string exactly three characters.
% matches any string of at least of three eharacters.

Oracle funetions:

Functions are used to manipulate data items and relurn result. function follow the format of
function name (argunentl, argument2 .). An arrangement is user delincd variable or constant.

The structure
offunetion is such that it accepts zero or more arguments.

Examples:
Avg Telurn average value oln

Syntax:
Avg (ldistinct/all]n)

Min relurn minimum value of expr.

Syntax:
MIN((distinc/all )expr)

Count Returns the no of rows where expr is not null

Syntax:
Count ([distinct/all expr]
Count () Returns the no rows in the table, incuding duplicates and
those with nulls.
Max Relurn max value of expr

Syntax:
Max (distinct/allJexpr)

Sum Returns sum of values of n

Syntax:
Sum ([distinc/allin)

Sorting of data in table

PCS 503 Database Management System Lab Page 12