SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3
Relative, Projectile and
Circular Motions
General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Relative, Projectile and Circular Motions
Second Edition, 2021

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 What I Need To Know
Establishing the perspective of motion will help you in understanding and
describing the movement of an object. You must not forget all the concepts learned
from the previous chapters or modules considering basic concepts and ideas were
already introduced. In this module, we will be incorporating these concepts to
establish another concept or idea in describing the motion of an object.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• understand the definition of frame of reference;
• use the concept of relative velocities in describing motion in 1-D and 2-D;
• analyze 1-D and 2-D motion problems using the position and velocity equations;
• deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical and horizontal
components of projectile motion;
• calculate range, time of flight and the maximum height of projectiles
• apply the concept of projectile motion in solving problems;
• establish a general definition of circular motion;
• differentiate uniform from non-uniform circular motion.

What I Know
Directions: Carefully read each item and choose the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1.A ferry boat is sailing at 9 km/h 30° W of N with respect to a river that is flowing at
3.0 km/h E. As observed from the shore, the ferry boat is sailing:
A.30° E of N B. due N C. 30° W of N D. 45° E of N
2. A river is flowing from W to E with a speed 0.08 m/s. A man can swim in still
waters at a velocity 0.167 m/s. In which direction should a man swim to take the
shortest path to reach to the south bank?
A.30° East of South B. 60° East of North C. South D. 30° West of South
3. An airplane is traveling at 90 m/s east, and the wind is pushing back west, moving
at 15 m/s. What is the velocity of the airplane relative to the ground?
A. 75 m/s east B. 75 m/s west C. 105 m/s east D. 105 m/s west
4. You are on an LRT that is moving at 80 m/s and decide to run towards the rear
of the train at 3 m/s. What is your speed relative to the train?
A.80 m/s B. 3 m/s C. 83 m/s D. 72 m/s
5. A boat attempts to move due East across a river at 2.5 m/s. If the river runs South
at 3 m/s, what will be the boat's resultant velocity?
A. 4 m/s at 40° SE C. 4 m/s at 40°
B. 4 m/s at 50° SE D. 4 m/s at 50°
6. A ball is thrown at a 30° angle above the horizontal with a speed of 10 ft/s. What
is the x – component of the velocity?
A. 9 ft/s B. 10 ft/s C. 12 ft/s D. 19 ft/s
7. A ball is thrown at a 40° angle below the horizontal at 8.0 m/s. What is the x –
component of the velocity?
A. 5.1 m/s B. 6.1 m/s C. 6.7 m/s D. 10.4 m/s
8. A stone is thrown at a 40° angle below the horizontal at 8.0 m/s. What is the
magnitude of the y – component of the stone after 0.40 s?
A.3.9 m/s B. 5.1 m/s C. 9.1 m/s D. 10.0 m/s
9. Two identical projectiles are fired at the same angle. The initial speed of the B is
twice that of A. What is the range of B (𝑅𝐵) compared to the range of A (𝑅𝐴)? _______
A. 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 B. 𝑅𝐵 = √2𝑅𝐴 C. 𝑅𝐵 = 2𝑅𝐴 D. 𝑅𝐵 = 4𝑅𝐴

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10. A basketball is thrown upwards on an arc at a 60-degree angle with the horizontal.
If the velocity of the ball is 5 m/s, how fast must the thrower run to catch it after
it is released?
A. 2.5 m/s B. 5.0 m/s C. 4.3 m/s D. 10 m/s
11. A 0.2 kg ball rotates at a constant speed of 3 m/s on the end of 1.2 m long string.
What is the centripetal acceleration of the object?
A. 1.2 m/s2 B. 3.0 m/s2 C. 3.2 m/s2 D. 7.5 m/s2
12. A child whirls a ball at the end of a rope in a uniform circular motion. Which of the
following statements is NOT true?
A. The radius is constant.
B. The speed of the ball is constant.
C. The velocity of the ball is constant.
D. the magnitude of the ball’s acceleration is constant.
13. What is the velocity of an object that moves around a circle with a radius of 1.65
m and an acceleration of 3.5 m/s2?
A. 2.4 m/s B. 3.6 m/s C. 3.9 m/s D. 4.2 m/s
14. A car moves at a constant speed around a circular path. Which of the following
statement is true?
A. The car’s velocity is constant.
B. The car’s acceleration is constant.
C. The car’s velocity is directed toward the center.
D. The car’s acceleration is directed toward the center.
15. A motorbike moves at a constant speed around Fuente Osmena Circle. When the
motorbike is at the top of the circular path, what is the direction of the velocity?
A. right B. down C. left D. towards the center
Lesson 1 Relative Motion
What’s In
Position, distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous
velocity, average acceleration, and instantaneous acceleration are terms used in
describing the motion of the object. Position, distance, and displacement talk
about how far an object is, however at some point these terms can mean the same but
mostly they are not. Speed, average velocity, and instantaneous velocity are
terms used to describe how fast an object is moving. Average acceleration and
instantaneous acceleration pertain to the rate of the change in velocity of an object.
Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity; direction is
the main difference of the two as well for speed and average velocity which are scalar
and vector quantities, respectively. Instantaneous means occurring at a specific or
instant or referring to a specific point of time. Instantaneous velocity is describing
the motion of the object at a specific point of time (e.g. looking at a speedometer of a
car moving on a straight road at 11:00 am). For average velocity, it describes the
motion of an object or a brief description of the entire trip from the starting point to
an endpoint.

What’s New
We have already established basic concepts in describing the motion of a
certain object. Let us say you will be joining a beauty pageant, or you are in a
humanities or social science class asking for your stand on the statement that says,
“beauty is relative”. For sure you have different answers for we came from different
walks of life and we are entitled to our own opinion. In connection to this subject,
what if we will combine the words relative and motion and gives you relative motion.

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Relative which talks about perception while motion pertains to describing a
movement of an object. Is there a concept of perceived motion or perceptions of motion.
Note: Before you will proceed to the next part, kindly perform an experiment by getting
a video of yourself throwing a ball or an object while you are walking straight at a
constant speed. If gadgets are not available, you let someone experiment for you, and
you will observe or the other way around or may exchange roles.

What Is It
You are done with your classes and want to go home. You walk towards the
street from the gate of school waiting for a jeepney or taxi to get a ride home. A pickup
truck with passengers at the back passes by at a constant speed and then you notice
one of them is throwing an object up. You have observed that the object is following a
curve track however the object landed on the hand of the one who has thrown the
ball. In your perspective, the ball is traveling to a curve path but from the perspective
of the passenger throwing the object, the object was just thrown straight up. This is
also supported by the experiment you performed before you reach this part (if you
have performed).
Describing motion may differ from every observer’s perspective. A certain object
may be far from you but near to someone’s perspective. Arguments may arise if two
people compare a quantity of something because they are looking or observing at
different perspectives or views.
Dealing with relative motion comes with defining the frame of reference. The
frame of reference means the established point or a setup basis for describing
motion. When we describe a certain motion (e.g. an object has a certain velocity), we
must say that the object has a velocity with respect to a frame of reference. In the
previous modules, the common frame of reference used in the examples and exercises
utilize ground or the Earth. If you say a person is sitting on a jeepney moving at 15
m/s to the right, then you will observe the person is also moving at the same rate with
respect to the ground which you the observer has the same observations because you
and the ground or Earth has the same state of motion. Taking the passenger’s
perspective or the jeepney as the frame of reference, you are moving to the right as
well and he is at rest.
Measurements or measured quantity must be made with respect to some
reference or frame of reference. It is usually taken as the origin of a coordinate
system. The point you refer to as the origin of a set of coordinate axes is subjective or
entirely a subject of preference. In evaluating motion from a new reference frame, you
do not have to change the physical condition or what is happening, only describe the
motion basing on the defined point of view. We define relative velocity as velocity
with respect to a frame of reference, we could say the object has this certain velocity
relative to an observer or a moving car. Velocity is a vector quantity; concepts of vector
addition and subtraction may come in handy in determining relative velocities.
Relative Velocities in One Dimension
Relative motion in one dimension means the movement of the object vertically
or horizontally. It has two possible directions; vertically moving objects have directions
either up or down (north or south) and for horizontally moving objects have directions
either left or right (east or west). Take the example of a person sitting in a moving bus
at a rate of 8 m/s. By convention, going to the right or east as the positive direction
and earth or ground as our reference frame, then we can write the velocity of the bus
with respect to the ground as vBG = 8 m/s east, subscripts BG refer to bus and ground.
Now, the passenger stands and decides to sit at the back part of the bus, then walks
towards the seat at a rate of 2 m/s. This implies that the velocity of the passenger
relative to the bus as the frame of reference. Since the passenger’s direction is opposite
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 to the bus’s direction, we write it as vPB = 2 m/s west or simply – 2 m/s. To get the
relative velocity of the passenger with respect to the ground, we can add the two
velocity vectors ( vBG and vPB ̅) which can be written as:
vPG = vPB + vBG

vPG =−2 m/s + (8 m/s/) = 6 m/s

vPG = 6 m/s or 6 m/s east
Note: The inner subscripts on the right side of the equation should be the same and the outer subscripts
should be the same subscripts on the left side of the equation.

Outer subscripts should be object to be described and its frame of reference

𝒗̅𝑷𝑮 = 𝒗̅𝑷𝑩 + 𝒗̅𝑩𝑮

Inner subscripts should be the common frame of reference

Sample Problem 1:
Car A is moving to the east with a speed of 15 m/s and car B is moving to the east
with a speed of 10 m/s (both cars’ frame of reference is the ground). Find the velocity
of car A with respect to car B and the velocity of car B with respect to car A.

Reminder:
By convention, positive (+)
denotes objects moving to the
right or east & up (North) and
negative (-) denotes left or west
Given: 𝑣𝐴𝐺 = 15 m/s or 𝑣𝐺𝐴 = -15 m/s
& down (South)
𝑣𝐵𝐺 = 10 m/s or 𝑣𝐺𝐵 = -10 m/s
Find: a. 𝑣𝐴𝐵 b. 𝑣𝐵𝐴
Solution:
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = 𝒗̅𝑨𝑮 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑩
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = 15 𝑚/𝑠 + (−10 𝑚/𝑠) = 5 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕
𝒗̅𝑩𝑨 = 𝒗̅𝑩𝑮 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑨
𝒗̅𝑩𝑨 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 + (−15 𝑚/𝑠) = −5 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕
Sample Problem 2:
Car A is moving to the west with a speed of 15 m/s and car B is moving to the east
with a speed of 10 m/s (both cars’ frame of reference is the ground). Find the velocity
of car A with respect to car B and the velocity of car B with respect to car A.
Given: 𝑣𝐴𝐺 = - 15 m/s
or 𝑣̅𝐺𝐴 = 15 m/s
𝑣̅𝐵𝐺 = 10 m/s
or 𝑣̅𝐺𝐵 = -10 m/s

Find: a. 𝑣𝐴𝐵 b. 𝑣𝐵𝐴

Solution:
(A) 𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = 𝒗̅𝑨𝑮 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑩
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = −15 𝑚/𝑠 + (−10 𝑚/𝑠) = −35 𝑚/𝑠
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = −𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕
(B) 𝒗̅𝑩𝑨 = 𝒗̅𝑩𝑮 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑨
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 𝒗̅𝑩𝑨 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 + (15 𝑚/𝑠) = 35 𝑚/𝑠
𝒗̅𝑩𝑨 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕
Relative Velocities in Two Dimensions
Relative motion of two-dimension involves the movement of objects that do not
have the same line of action. This means that they are neither moving in the same
directions nor moving in opposite directions. In solving problems on relative velocities
in two dimensions, we must first establish the frame of reference that is common to
both objects, which is the ground or earth. Knowing how to use rectangular
components to add or subtract vectors, we can solve problems involving relative
velocities in two dimensions.
Sample Problem 3:
Let us say car A is going south with a speed of 15 m/s and car B is moving east with
a speed of 10 m/s (both cars’ frame of reference is the ground). Find the velocity of
car A with respect to car B and the velocity of car B with respect to car A.

Given: 𝑣𝐴𝐺 = - 15 m/s or 𝑣𝐺𝐴 = 15 m/s

𝑣𝐵𝐺 = 10 m/s or 𝑣𝐺𝐵 = -10 m/s
Find: a. 𝑣𝐴𝐵 b. 𝑣𝐵𝐴
Solution:
(A) Making a diagram for vectors helps you to
understand relative motion Reminder:
By convention, the arrow
pointing up and pointing right
are positive while the arrow
pointing down and pointing left
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 𝒗̅𝑨𝑮 are negative.

𝒗̅𝑮𝑩
The frame of reference that is common to both cars is the ground or earth which is
denoted by G.
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = 𝒗̅𝑨𝑮 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑩
Note: Since the two vectors have different lines of action, using the Pythagorean
theorem is appropriate in solving for relative velocity. So:
𝒗̅𝑨𝑩𝟐 = 𝒗̅𝑨𝑮𝟐 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑩𝟐

𝒗̅𝑨𝑩𝟐 = √𝒗̅𝑨𝑮𝟐 + 𝒗̅𝑮𝑩𝟐

𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = √(−15 𝑚/𝑠)𝟐 + (−10 𝑚/𝑠)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

What’s More
Directions: Carefully examine the illustration below. Complete the table by supplying
the correct answers for each item. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 A lady crossing
ng
the street at
0.7 m/s

𝒗̅ = 20 m/s

𝒗̅ = 25 m/s

Questions Symbol Answer

1. What is the velocity of car A with respect to the kid?
2. What is the velocity of car B with respect to the ground?
3. What is the velocity of car A with respect to car B?
4. What is the velocity of car B with respect to car A?
5. What is the velocity of the kid with respect to car A?
6. What is the velocity of the kind with respect to car B?
7. What is the velocity of the female crossing the street with
respect to the kid?
8. What is the velocity of the kid with respect to the
female?
Relative Motion in 1D and 2D
Direction: Solve the problem below and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. At an airport, Anna is stationary, Bert is walking at a speed of 1.0 m/s, Carla is
standing while Dodong is walking on a platform that moves with a speed of 2.0 m/s.
Anna observes Bert, Carla, and Dodong be moving away from her in the same
direction. Anna observes Dodong be moving away from her at a speed of 3.0 m/s.
a. What is Anna’s velocity relative to the ground or earth?
b. What is Dodong’s velocity with respect to Carla?
c. What is Dodong’s normal walking speed?
d. What is Carla’s velocity relative to Bert?
2. A boat is heading north as it crosses a wide river with a speed of 8.00 km/h relative
to the water. The river has a uniform velocity of 6.00 km/h dues east. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the boat’s velocity with respect to an observer on the
riverbank. (Note write all the possible direction of the motion)

What I Have Learned

`
Instructions: Complete the paragraph below by supplying the correct words. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
(1)__________ is about relating the measurements done by two different observers, one
moving with respect to the other. (Note that the “observer” does not need to be a
person). The measurements depend on the (2)__________of the observer. Reference
frames are just (3)__________that allow us to say where and when something
happened. Relative motion in (4)__________ implies a vertical or horizontal movement
of the object that will have two possible directions; (5)__________ moving objects have
directions either up or down (north or south) and for (6)__________ moving objects have
directions either left or right (east or west). Relative motion in (7)__________infers that
objects are moving in a different line of action or dimension. Relative motion utilizes
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the concept of the vector (8)__________ and (9)__________ of linear motion and two-
dimensional motion. Relative motion in two dimensions uses the (10)__________
function (tangent function to be specific) in getting the angle for the direction of the
motion.

What I Can Do

Copy the table below and supply the appropriate answers. Use a separate
sheet of paper.
1D 2D
1. Description of relative
Motion
2.Description of the direction
of motion
3. Formulas used in:
Problem Solving and Conceptual Questions
1. A ball is dropped by a passenger on a jeepney that is moving with a constant
velocity.
Describe the path of the ball as seen by the passenger.
Describe the path of the ball as seen by a stationary observer outside the jeepney.
2. Two boats are initially next to each other. Relative to the riverbank, Boat A is
moving 2.00 m/s North of East while Boat B is moving 3.00 m/s South. a. What is
the velocity of boat B relative to boat A?
How far will the boats be from each other after 10.00 s?
Lesson 2 Projectile Motion
What’s In
The previous lesson talked about a relative motion which means describing the
motion of an object at a specific frame of reference. It is very important to establish a
frame of reference to describe relative motion. In this module, you are expected to
grasp all the basic concepts of motion. Ideas of relative motion in two dimensions will
be used in projectile motion. The addition and subtraction of vectors are used as the
basic operation for relative velocity. Specifically, in two-dimensional motion, you have
learned that Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric functions (tangent function) are
utilized in getting the relative velocity of an object with respect to a frame of reference.
In getting the magnitude of the relative velocity, you will use 𝒗̅ = √𝒗̅𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗̅𝒚𝟐 . To get
the angle for the direction, the inverse tangent function,
𝒗̅
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒚) is used.
𝒗̅𝒙

What’s New
While sitting comfortably on a couch or chair, throw an object straight up and
catch it on its way down. Then get up, try to walk at a constant velocity and throw the
same object upward. Observe that the object will still land on your hand, not behind
you. The motion of the object thrown upward is a projectile motion. What do you mean
by projectile motion? How will you be able to know that the motion is a projectile?
Prepare two identical coins. Raise them at the same height. Drop coin 1 to the floor
and throw horizontally coin 2 at the same time. Which coin will hit the floor first?
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 What Is It
Projectile motion is a motion wherein objects are projected or dropped will
continue its motion and is affected only by gravity. This applies when air resistance is
neglected. The horizontal component of the velocity remains constant because
there is no acceleration along the horizontal line of action. The motion along the
vertical line of action follows the concept of free-falling bodies (motion is accelerated
due to gravity) which means that formulas will be used are the same with free-falling
bodies. Projectile motion can be described as the superposition or sum of two
independent motion in the x and y axes.
As to the situation of the two identical coins, neglecting air resistance, the coins
just hit the floor at the same time. Although there was a horizontal component of
velocity on the second coin, it did not affect the motion along the y-axis because
horizontal components do not affect vertical components. Only gravity affects the
motion along the y-axis on both coins. Only the x-axis was affected by the horizontal
component of the motion of second coin which resulted to the horizontal displacement
from the origin called range.
Conventionally, the positive x-direction is horizontal and to the right, and
the y direction is vertical and positive upward. The most important experimental
point about projectile motion in two dimensions is that the horizontal and vertical
motions are completely independent of each other. This means that motion in a
specific line of action will have no effect on the motion of the other line of action. If a
ball is tossed in a parabolic path, the motion in the y-direction would look like being
tossed straight up under the influence of gravity.
Below are the equations developed on one-dimensional motion with constant
acceleration. In the x-axis, with ax constant, we have
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥𝑡
∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑡+ ½ 𝑎𝑥𝑡2
𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥2 + 2𝑎𝑥(∆𝑥)
where: 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃
In the y-axis, we have,
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦𝑡
∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + ½𝑎𝑦𝑡2
𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦2 + 2𝑎𝑦(∆𝑦)
where 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃
and 𝑎𝑦 is constant.
The kinematic equations are easily adapted and simplified for projectiles near to
the surface of the Earth. Theoretically, air resistance will be neglected, thus, the
acceleration in the x-direction is 0. This means that ax = 0, and the x-component of
the projectile’s velocity remains constant. If the initial value of the velocity component
in the x-direction is 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃, then this is also the value of v at any later time, so
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃
whereas the horizontal displacement (range) is simply
∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑡 = (𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃) 𝑡 ,
For the motion in the y-direction, we make the substitution 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 and 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin𝜃
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − ½𝑔𝑡2
𝑣𝑓𝑦2 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃2 − 2𝑔∆𝑦
The object’s speed (v) at a point can be calculated from the components of the velocity
using the Pythagorean theorem:
V V

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 where 𝑣𝑖𝑦 is y-component of the velocity at that a specific point. For the direction, the
𝒗̅
angle that the velocity vector makes with the x-axis is given by: 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒚)
𝒗̅𝒙
This formula for, must be used with care because the inverse tangent function
returns values between 0° and 90°. The table of values or the summation of
components in the table of values will be a great help to identify the expected quadrant
the resultant vector will be located. Below is the list of directions of each quadrant in
a plane coordinate system:
Quadrant Expected Directions x-component y-component
When the angle is between the x-axis and the vector
Quadrant I North of East + +
Quadrant II North of West - +
Quadrant III South of West - -
Quadrant IV South of East + -
When the angle is between the y-axis and the vector
Quadrant I East of North + +
Quadrant II West of North - +
Quadrant III West of South - -
Quadrant IV East of South + -
The special case when the angle vector is 45°
Quadrant I Northeast (NE) + +
Quadrant II Northwest (NW) - +
Quadrant III Southwest (SW) - -
Quadrant IV Southeast (SE) + -
A projectile is launched from the ground with speed 𝑣𝑖 at an angle 𝜃 above the
horizontal. Assuming the ground is flat and horizontal, the following are the general
equation for:
𝒗̅𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
The maximum Height reached by the projectile, ∆𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉 =
𝟐𝒈
𝟐𝒗̅𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Time of flight of the projectile, 𝑻 = 𝒕 =
𝒈
𝒗̅𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
Range of the projectile, 𝑹 = 𝑹 =
𝒈
Sample Problem:
1. A bartender slid a beverage mug at 1.50 m/s toward a customer at the end of a
frictionless bar that is 1.20 m tall. The customer tried to grab the mug but missed,
and the mug sailed off the end of the bar.
How far away (horizontal distance) from the end of the bar did the mug hit the floor?
a. Let us compute for the velocity of the mug at impact.

Given : 𝑣𝑖 = 1.50 𝑚/𝑠 ∆𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.20 𝑚

: Find: Range (R) and the final velocity (𝒗̅𝒊) before impact
11
 Solution:
a. To find the range, we use the formula ∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑇. However, time is not given, we can
use the formula ∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − ½𝑔𝑡2 in this scenario, the T is equal t. Since there is
no initial velocity along the y-axis, so the formula will become:

𝑡
Since T is equal t, we can substitute the formula of t to the formula of range;

R = 0.74 m or 0.74 m east

b. To find the final velocity right before the impact, we use the formula:

𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡

since the initial velocity is zero, so: 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = −𝑔𝑡

substitute 𝑡 , so 𝑣𝑓𝑦

𝑣𝑓𝑦 = −𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚/𝑠

𝒗̅𝒇𝒚 = −𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒉

For the angle: 𝜃 = tan−1( 𝑣𝑦) = tan−1( 4.85) = 72.7°

𝑣𝑥 1.5

The table of values

value quadrant direction angle
𝑣𝑖𝑥 1.50 m/s
𝑣𝑓𝑦 -4.85 m/s Quadrant IV South of East 72.7°
Resultant 5.08 m/s
𝒗̅f = 5.08 m/s, 72.7° South of East

What’s More
Rank and Explain
Complete the table below by supplying the correct answer. Write your answers
on another sheet of paper.
The table below shows the projectiles that are launched simultaneously from the
ground at a particular speed and launching angle.

12
 Projectile Name Initial Speed Launching Angle
A 1.0 m/s 90°
B 2.0 m/s 60°
C 2.0 m/s 90°
D 2.0 m/s 45°
E 3.0 m/s 60°
Arrange the five projectiles A, B, C, D, and E in increasing order in terms of:
Quantity Arrangement Explanation/Solutions
Time of flight
Range
The speed at the
maximum height
Speed before landing

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Complete the paragraph below by supplying the correct words. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
Projectile motion is a (1)___________ of two independent motion in the x and y axes. It
follows and applies the concept of motion of (2)___________. So, the motions that are
launched at a certain angle, thrown with a (3)__________ velocity, and simply
(4)___________ from a certain height are projectile motion when the following
conditions are met:
Air (5)___________ should be neglected.
The horizontal component of the motion is (6)________ or remains the same
throughout the flight.
The motion is only acted by (7)___________.
Projectile motion with the horizontal component of velocity results in a horizontal
displacement called (8)_______.

____. What I Can Do

Derivation
Derive the formula below for time of flight, range, and maximum height and use the
given conventions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
𝒗̅𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝟐𝒗̅𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒗̅𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝑹= , 𝒕= , 𝒉=
𝒈 𝒈 𝟐𝒈
• the upward direction is the +y direction,
• the rightward direction is the +x direction,
• g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity (g is positive and has
the approximate numerical value of 9.8 m/s2)
• The initial position coordinates of the projectile are xi = 0 and yi = 0
Guide questions:
1. What are the initial velocity components vix and viy in terms of the initial speed vi
and angle?
2. What are the x- and y-components of the acceleration? ax and ay
3. What is x(t)? What is y(t)?
13
4. What is vx(t)? What is vy(t)?
5. What do we know about the velocity of the projectile when it is at its maximum
height?
6. What do we know about the position of the projectile when it returns to the ground?
Lesson 3 Circular Motion
What’s In
Projectile motion is a type of 2-dimensional motion which means a superposition
of two independent motion along the x and y axes. It is considered as projectile motion
when the following conditions are met. Initially, air resistance or air friction should be
neglected. Secondly, the horizontal component of the velocity is constant or remains
the same throughout the flight. Finally, the motion is acted only by gravity. Given
these conditions, free-falling bodies are considered as projectile motion. All the
formula used along the y-axis are the formula from free-fall. Since projectile motion
has two independent motion of the two axes, the horizontal component of the velocity
results to a horizontal displacement called range.

What’s New
Have you ever tried to tie a stone with a string and constantly move the end of
the string up and down using your hand? What happened to the stone? Did the string
stone system move? In what manner did it move? What would happen if the movement
of your hand is slowing at a particular time and moving it faster at a certain time? Is
it consistent or inconsistent?
Suppose you are on a moving car and the driver turns the steering wheel to
follow a circular path with a constant radius. This scenario is described as circular
motion. Quantities like the radius of curvature, tangential velocity, tangential
acceleration, and centripetal acceleration are used to describe this type of motion.

What Is It
As you move your hand up and down of the string-stone system, the system
moves in a circular motion because it follows a circular path. Circular motion is a
movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular
path. The two types of circular motion are uniform circular motion and non-uniform
circular motion.
Uniform circular motion is a type of circular motion that has a constant speed
where the movement is consistent. The radius of the circular path is also known as
the “radius of curvature”. In this type of motion, an object or a particle completes
one revolution or cycle for a given time or period (T). The speed can be calculated
using the radius of curvature and the period. Since the speed is constant, the
component of the acceleration along the path (tangential acceleration) is zero.
However, the acceleration is not zero because in a circular motion, the direction is
changing in every point of the circle or it is continuously changing. So, the component
of acceleration perpendicular to the path (radial acceleration or centripetal
acceleration) is not zero. Centripetal acceleration is directed towards the center of the
circular path and can be calculated by: 𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑽𝟐/𝑹, where v is the speed of the
revolving body, and R is the radius. To get the speed and centripetal acceleration of
circular motion in terms of radius and period will be 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹/𝑻 and 𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹/𝑻𝟐,
respectively.
Non-uniform circular motion is a type of circular motion that slows down and
speeds up at any point in the path. The speed is not constant or inconsistent and
14
varies along the circular path. The same with a uniform circular motion, the
component of acceleration perpendicular to the path (radial acceleration or centripetal
acceleration) is not zero because the direction is changing continuously and can be
calculated by 𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑽𝟐/𝑹. Since the speed is varying, the component of acceleration
parallel to the path (tangential acceleration) and be calculated by
𝒂𝒕 = |𝒅𝒗̅/𝒅𝒕|. The object is speeding up when the direction of the tangential
acceleration and velocity are the same and slows down when the opposite. The total
acceleration is calculated by getting the sum of centripetal and tangential
accelerations.
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒕 or 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = √𝒂𝟐𝒓 + 𝒂𝟐𝒕
Sample Problem 1: (Uniform Circular Motion)
A satellite moves at a constant speed in a circular orbit almost touching the surface
of an Earth-like planet, where the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is
g = 9.8 m/s2. Radius (Re) of the planet is 6,370 km. Let us find the speed of the satellite
(𝑽), and its period (𝑻).
a. 𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝑽/𝑹𝟐 𝑽 7. 𝟗0𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎/𝒔

b. 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹/𝑻 𝑻= 𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟐(𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔)(𝟔,𝟑𝟕𝟎,𝟎𝟎0 m) = 5.06 x 103 𝒔

V 7.901 x 103 m/s

Sample Problem 2: (Non-uniform Circular Motion)

A test-tube sample is placed on a centrifuge. The sample is 0.10 m from the rotation
axis. When the centrifuge is turned on, the test-tube experiences a constant tangential
acceleration of 1000 m/s2 so that it could spin from rest to its maximum rate. What
is the magnitude of the total acceleration of the test-tube when its speed is 10 m/s?
Given: 𝒂r = 1000 m/s2 R = 0.10 m V = 10 m/s
Solution:
𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 / 𝒔 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + ( ) = √ ( 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 / 𝒔 𝟐 ) 𝟐 + ( )
𝑹 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏.0 𝒙 𝟏𝟎4 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

What’s More
Similarities and Differences
Directions: Copy the table below and write the appropriate answers. Use a separate
sheet of paper.
A. Compare and contrast in terms of:
Quantities Uniform Circular Non-uniform Circular
Motion Motion
1. Velocity
2. Tangential acceleration
3.Centripetal acceleration
4. Total acceleration
Practice Problems
Directions: Read and understand the problems. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper. Show your solutions or write an explanation to support your answer.
1. Assume that all other parameters stay constant. Estimate the magnitude of the
centripetal acceleration of an object moving in circular motion given the following
conditions. Arrange them from lowest to highest magnitude.
a. The speed of the object doubles d. The radius of the motion is reduced to half
15
 b. The radius of the motion triples e. The mass of the object is reduced to half
c. The mass of the object triples f. The speed of the object is reduced to half
2. A 900-kg car is running at 10 m/s around a circle with a radius of 25.0 m.
Determine the acceleration of the car.
3. A 60-kg runner makes a turn on the circular track. The runner sweeps out a path
of a circle with a radius of 12 m. The runner makes a quarter of a turn around the
circle in 2.1 seconds. Find the speed and acceleration of the runner.

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Complete the paragraph below by supplying the correct words. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Circular motion is a movement of an object along the (1)____________ of a circle or
rotation along a circular path. The two types of circular motion are
(2)__________ and (3)__________. The main difference between the two types is
(4)__________. Constant speed results to a zero (5)__________ (component of
acceleration along the path) while varying speed has. (6)__________ is also called as
radial acceleration. This the component of acceleration is (7)___________ to the path
and directed towards the (8)__________ of the circle. (9)__________ is the term pertaining
to the time it takes to complete one revolution. (10)___________ is the distance from
the center to the position of the object in the circle.

What I Can Do
Conceptual and Problem Solving
Directions: Read and understand the problems. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper. Show your solutions or write an explanation to support your answer.
1. Two cars are racing on a circular track. Car A is as twice as far from the center of
the track as Car B is. They started simultaneously and completed one revolution
of the track exactly at the same time. Assuming each car moves with constant
speed, what is the ratio of the magnitude of their accelerations?
2. An ant is 0.100 m from the center of a revolving center table. As the center table
turns around, the ant experiences a tangential acceleration of 2.0 m/s 2. What
speed would the ant have if the total acceleration is 3.00 m/s2?

Assessment
Directions: Read each item and choose the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A bus is moving East at 20.0 m/s, while a car moves toward it at 20.0 m/s. If a
man walks from the back to the front of the bus at 5.0 m/s, what is the velocity of
the man relative to the car?
A. 35 m/s E B. 35 m/s W C. 45 m/s E D. 45 m/s W
2. What is the opposite of the following vector: 25 km 30° N of E?
A. 25 km 30° E of N C. 25 km 60° E of N
C. 25 km 30° S of W D. 25 km 60° S of W
3. Which of the following vectors is the same as 26 m/s 78° W of S?
A. 26 m/s 78° E of N C. 26 m/s 78° S of W
B. 26 m/s 12° S of W D. 26 m/s 12° W of S
4. Truck A is traveling North at 14 m/s while directly behind it, truck B is traveling
South at 8 m/s. What is the velocity of truck B relative to truck A?
A. 6 m/s N B. 6 m/s S C. 22 m/s N D. 22 m/s S
16
5. Three identical boats set out to cross a river that has a current. Boat A points
directly across the river, boat B points 20º downstream from a point straight across
the river, and boat C points 20º upstream from a point straight across the river.
Which boat will arrive on the opposite shore first? A. all three boats will
A. arrive at the same time C. boat B
B. boat A D. boat C
6. A marble rolls off a table of height h and travels with a horizontal velocity v.
Neglecting air resistance, how much time does it take to hit the ground?
A. h/v B. ½ h/v C. √ℎ/𝑔 D. √2ℎ/𝑔
7. A baseball player throws a ball horizontally. Which statement best describes the
ball’s motion after it is thrown? Its vertical speed __________________
A. and horizontal speed increases.
B. and horizontal speeds remain the same.
C. remains the same, and its horizontal speed increases.
D. increases and its horizontal speed remains the same.
8. Coin A is thrown horizontally, and coin B is dropped from the same height at the
same time, which of the following statements is correct?
A. Coin A reaches the ground first.
B. Coin B reaches the ground first.
C. Coin A has the greater speed when it reaches the ground.
D. Coin B has the greater speed when it reaches the ground.
9. Which of the following is NOT true about the path of a cannonball launched
horizontally from the earth’s surface if air resistance is neglected?
A. The cannonball has a uniform horizontal velocity.
B. The distance the cannonball travels is dependent on its mass.
C. The total velocity of cannonball increases as a function of time.
D. The vertical velocity of cannonball increases as a function of time.
10. Two objects are thrown vertically upward, one with an initial velocity twice that of
the other. How high does the object with greater initial velocity reach compared to
the other?
A. half as much B. twice as much C. 4 times D. 8 times
11. When the car is at the top of the circular path, what is the direction of the
acceleration?
A. right B. down C. left D. towards the center
12. An object moves in a circular path at a constant speed. Which of the following
statements is true? The car’s acceleration is ______________________.
A. zero because it has a constant speed.
B. not zero and causes the car to speed up.
C. not zero and causes the car to slow down.
D. not zero and causes the change in the direction of its velocity.
13. An object is traveling in a circular path of radius r at a constant speed v. What
happens to the object’s acceleration if the speed is doubled? It __________.
A. doubles C. is cut to half
B. quadruples D. stays unchanged
14. An object travels in a circular path of radius r at a constant speed v. What happens
to the object’s acceleration if the radius is quadrupled and the speed is doubled?
A. doubles C. is cut to half
B. quadruples D. stays unchanged
15. An object moves around a circular path at a constant speed and makes 5 complete
revolutions in 20 s. What is the period of rotation?
A. 4 s B. 5 s C. 15 s D. 20 s

17
References:
Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual physics.,10th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,2006, pp.
82-85, 131-133.
Serway, Ramond A. and Vuille, Chris, “College Physics”, 8th edition, 2006, pp. 54-73.
Wilson, Jerry D. and Buffa, Anthony J., Physics, Singapore, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2003,
pp. 82-89, 190-205, 210-224.
https://www.johnbowne.org/ourpages/auto/2018/10/21/57521302/Projectile%
20 Motion%20Multiple%20Choice%20Answer%20KEY.pdf
http://grove.ea.dundeecity.sch.uk/ourschool/departments/sciences/physics/d
epartmentdocuments/national5/dynamics/homework/homework-5
http://www.questionpapers.net.in/MHT-
CET/question papers/physics/circular_motion-3.html
https://www.npsd.k12.nj.us/cms/lib04/NJ01001216/Centricity/Domain/473/
%20Circular%20Motion%20Multiple%20Choice.pdf
http://menzella.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/0/7/29072945/ucm_mc.pdf
https://www.phys.ksu.edu/personal/wysin/GPI/fall09/q2.pdf
https://study.com/learn/circular-motion-questions-and-answers.html
https://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys117/Griffin/117F05/IMAGESF05/
E xIF04.pdf
https://www.physics-prep.com/index.php/practice-problem-

Answer Key

-0.7 m/s female? 𝒗̅𝑲𝑭

8. What is the velocity of the kid with respect to the
0.7 m/s with respect to the kid? 𝒗̅𝑭𝑲
7. What is the velocity of the female crossing the street
20 m/s 6. What is the velocity of the kid with respect to car B? 𝒗̅𝑲𝑩
- 25 m/s 5. What is the velocity of the kid with respect to car A? 𝒗̅𝑲𝑨
- 45 m/s 4. What is the velocity of car B with respect to car A? 𝒗̅𝑩𝑨
45 m/s 3. What is the velocity of car A with respect to car B? 𝒗̅𝑨𝑩
20 m/s ground? 𝒗̅𝑩𝑮
2. What is the velocity of car B with respect to the
- 25 m/s 1. What is the velocity of car A with respect to the kid? 𝒗̅𝑨𝑲
Answer Questions Symbol
Brain Teaser
What’s More
Lesson 1 Relative Motion

18
 19
What I Can Do
A. 1D 2D
1. Relative Motion Relative motions in one Relative motions of
dimension mean the two dimension means
movement of the object movement of the objects are
vertically or horizontally and not in the same or
have two possible directions; opposite directions or they do
vertically moving objects have not have the same line of
directions either up or down action.
(north or south) and for
horizontally moving objects
have directions either left or
right (east or west).
Angle rotation of the vector
about its “tails” from either
east, west, north, and south.
Considered answers (make
2. The direction of sure
the motion they have written at least
four of the most common)
Left or right, up or down and
-North of East or East of
North or South
North
-North of West or West of
North
-South of East or East of
South
-South of West or West of
South
3. a. Formulas 𝒗̅AB = 𝒗̅AG + 𝒗̅GB
used for relative
motion in: 𝒗̅AB 2 = 𝒗̅AG 2
+ 𝒗̅GB2
𝒗̅AB = 𝒗̅AG + 𝒗̅GB
𝒗̅𝒚
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒗̅ )
𝒙
Relative Motion in 1D and 2D
1.a. 0 m/s
b.The velocity of Dodong relative to Carla can be obtained by subtracting
Carla’s velocity relative to Anna from Dodong’s velocity relative to Anna. In
symbols: 𝒗̅𝑷𝑪 = -2.0 m/s from 𝒗̅𝑪𝑷 = 2.0 m/s
𝒗̅𝑫𝑪 = 𝒗̅𝑫𝑷 + 𝒗̅𝑷𝑪 = 3.0 m/s + (-2.0 m/s) = 1.0 m/s
c.Since it is stated that Dodong is walking at his normal walking speed on
the platform (P). His normal walking speed is just 𝒗̅𝑫𝑷. We can calculate this
because we know how fast both the platform and Dodong are moving away
from Anna. The velocity of Dodong relative to the platform is 𝒗̅𝑫𝑷 = 𝒗̅𝑫𝑨 + 𝒗̅𝑨𝑷
= 3.0 m/s + (− 2.0 m/s)= 1.0 m/s.
d.The velocity of Carla relative to Bert is 𝒗̅𝑪𝑩 = 𝒗̅𝑪𝑨 + 𝒗̅𝑨𝑩 = 2.0 m/s + (-1.0 m/s)
= 1.0 m/s.
2.10.00 km/h, 36.9° N of E or 10.00 km/h, 53.1 E of N
 20
B. Problem Solving and Conceptual Questions
1. A ball is dropped by a passenger on a train that is moving with a constant
velocity.
a. Describe the path of the ball
as seen by the The ball is just moving in one direction and
passenger going down
b. Describe the path of the
ball as seen by a The observer will observe the ball as following
stationary observer a trajectory path or it is not moving in a
outside the train. straight line.
2. Two boats are initially next to each other. Relative to the riverbank, Boat A is
moving 2.00 m/s North of East while Boat B is moving 3.00 m/s South.
a. What is the velocity of boat 4.63 m/s 72.3° N of W or 4.63 m/s, 17.7 W of
B relative to boat A? N
b. How far will the boats be
from each other after 21.24 m
10.00 s?
Lesson 2 Projectile Motion
What’s More
Rank and Explain
Quantity Arrangement Explanation/Solution
Range A = C, B, D, E
The speed at the A = C, B, D, E
maximum height
Speed before landing A = B, D, E, C
Concept Checking
Variables 𝜃 Explanation/Solution
the highest maximum height 90
the longest range 45
the largest time of flight 90
equal values of the range and maximum height 76
Lesson 3 Circular Motion
A. Compare and Contrast in terms of:
Quantities Uniform Circular Motion Non-uniform Circular
Motion
1.Velocity constant varying
2.Tangential acceleration zero Non-zero
3.Centripetal Non-zero and can be Non-zero and can be
acceleration calculated by calculated by
arad = V2/R arad = V2/R
4.Total acceleration Equal to centripetal atotal = ar + at
acceleration
 21
B. Establishing ideas
5.What are the similarities of the two types of circular motion?
- the two types of motion follow a circular path and the centripetal
acceleration is due to the changing direction at every point.
6.What differences between the two types of circular motion?
-In terms of speed, the uniform circular motion has a constant
speed while non-circular motion has a varying speed.
- Uniform circular motion has zero tangential acceleration while
non-nonuniform circular motion has.
- Total acceleration of uniform circular motion is equal to the
centripetal acceleration while non-uniform circular motion is the
vector sum of radial and tangential accelerations.
7.In your own words, establish a general definition of circular motion.
Circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a
circle or rotation along a circular path.
Practice Problems
1. a,d,e & c,b,f
a. the acceleration quadruples
b. the acceleration is reduced to 1/3
c. there is no change in the acceleration
d. the acceleration doubles
e. there is no change in the acceleration
f. the acceleration is reduced to ¼
2. a = 4 m/s2
3. v = 8.97 m/s, a = 6.71 m/s2
What I Have Learned
1. Circumference 6. speed
2. Circular 7. Centripetal acceleration
3. Uniform circular motion 8. perpendicular
4. Non-uniform circular motion 9. Period
5. Tangential acceleration 10. Radius
Conceptual and Problem Solving
1. Car A’s acceleration is twice as much as car B.
2. 0.473 m/s
Problem Solving
1. a. 49.5 m/s b. 87 m/s
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Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: Imus Street, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
Email Address: [email protected]

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