TOEFL Primary Handbook 2019

HANDBOOK
FOR THE
®
TOEFL Primary Tests
Copyright © 2019 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, TOEFL, TOEFL JUNIOR, and TOEFL PRIMARY are registered trademarks of
Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. Lexile is a registered trademark of MetaMetrics, Inc. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from ETS, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Contents
TOEFL Primary® Tests Overview........................................................................................................................................ 1
Test Delivery................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Test Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Reading and Listening Tests Overview.......................................................................................................................... 2

Communication Goals............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Test Structure................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Assessing Abilities...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Question Types............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Before the Test........................................................................................................................................................................ 5

How to Register for the TOEFL Primary Tests.............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Identification Document (ID).............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Consent Form............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Students with Disabilities or Health-related Needs.............................................................................................................................................................. 5
How to Answer Questions for the TOEFL Primary Tests....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Student Information for the TOEFL Primary Tests.................................................................................................................................................................... 6
On Test Day.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Answer Sheet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Procedures...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
During the Test............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Filling in Circles on the Answer Sheet.........................................................................................................................................................................................10
How to Get Ready for the TOEFL Primary Reading & Listening Tests................................................................11
Reading Question Types.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Listening Question Types....................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Answers to Example Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Test Scores and Score Reporting – Reading & Listening.......................................................................................18

Reading and Listening Scores..........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
CEFR Levels...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Lexile® Measures........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
TOEFL Primary Reading Scores Summary..................................................................................................................................................................................19
TOEFL Primary Listening Scores Summary................................................................................................................................................................................19
Reading and Listening Descriptors and Next Steps...........................................................................................................................................................20
i
Contents
Speaking Test Overview....................................................................................................................................................24
Test Structure..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Task Types......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Test Scores and Score Reporting – Speaking............................................................................................................25

Speaking Test Scores and Score Reporting..............................................................................................................................................................................25
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scores Summary................................................................................................................................................................................25
Speaking Descriptors and Next Steps.........................................................................................................................................................................................26
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scoring Guide – 3 Point.................................................................................................................................................................27
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scoring Guide – 5 Point.................................................................................................................................................................28
Test Scores and Score Reporting...................................................................................................................................29

How the Tests Are Scored....................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Reliability of Scores..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Policy and Guidelines for the Use of TOEFL Primary Test Scores........................................................................30
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Policies.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Certificates....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Release of Test Results...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Acceptable Scores....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Validity of Scores.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Test Score Data Retention...................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Testing Irregularities................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Test Fairness and Score Use................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Guidelines......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Normally Appropriate Uses and Misuses of TOEFL Primary Scores............................................................................................................................32
Appropriate Uses......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Misuses............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Comments....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Sample Consent Form.......................................................................................................................................................33
Practice Answer Sheet for Example Questions.........................................................................................................35
Notes........................................................................................................................................................................................37
ii
TOEFL Primary® Tests Overview
There are 3 TOEFL Primary® tests: Test Purpose
TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening
The purpose of the TOEFL Primary tests is to allow teachers
TOEFL Primary reading and listening tests assess and parents to learn about young students’ developing
students’ knowledge, skills, and abilities for fulfilling core English skills. Information on TOEFL Primary score reports
communication goals in English. Young learners are helps teachers and parents:
acquiring their English abilities at different times and in • Obtain accurate and reliable information about student
different ways depending on school curriculum and other abilities
factors. The TOEFL Primary reading and listening tests are
• Measure student progress
offered at 2 levels, Step 1 and Step 2, so that you may
• Identify students’ strengths and weaknesses in English
select an assessment that more closely matches what your
students have learned and the level of English-language • Plan future lessons to match student needs
proficiency they have acquired. • Place students in classes appropriate for their ability
levels
Step 1 Tests The TOEFL Primary tests are designed for students as young
These tests measure reading and listening proficiencies and as 8 years old who have been learning English for about a
are designed for young students at the beginning stages of year or more, though the tests may be appropriate for other
learning English. students as well. Decisions about the appropriateness of the
tests should be based on the English-language proficiency
Step 2 Tests of the students.
These tests measure reading and listening proficiencies and
The TOEFL Primary tests are not based on or limited to
are designed for young students who have acquired some
any specific curriculum. All TOEFL Primary tests assess
communicative skills in English.
students’ knowledge, skills, and abilities for fulfilling core
TOEFL Primary Speaking Test communication goals in English. These communication
goals are shared across curricula worldwide.
This test measures speaking proficiency and is suitable for
young English learners at various skill levels.
Refer to page 24 for information about the TOEFL Primary
Speaking test.
Test Delivery
The TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening tests are available
as paper-delivered or digitally delivered tests. Questions are
multiple choice. Students mark their answers on a separate
answer sheet or on a digital device.
The TOEFL Primary Speaking test is only available as a
digitally delivered test. Student responses are recorded
through a headset with microphone via computer or tablet.
1
Reading and Listening Tests Overview
Communication Goals Test Structure

The TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening tests measure The number of questions a student fills in on the answer
young learners’ abilities to understand written and spoken sheet is the sum of the number of questions and number of
English that they are learning in their classrooms and that examples.
is relevant to their daily lives. Test tasks require students to
read or listen to information, instructions, or stories that Step 1 Tests
reflect their experiences at school, home, and other age- The table below summarizes the structure of the Reading
appropriate contexts. Test tasks are designed to assess and Listening—Step 1 tests.
abilities for fulfilling particular communication goals
Number Number Number of
central to young students’ English-language proficiency
Test of of Questions Time
development. Questions Examples Answered
30
The communication goals assessed in Reading are: Reading 36 3 39
minutes
• Identifying people, objects, and actions About 30
Listening 36 5 41
minutes
• Understanding commonly occurring non-linear written
texts (examples: signs, schedules)
Step 2 Tests
• Understanding written directions and procedures
The table below summarizes the structure of the Reading
• Understanding short personal correspondence
and Listening—Step 2 tests.
(examples: letters, emails)
• Understanding simple, written stories Number Number Number of
Test of of Questions Time
• Understanding written informational texts about Questions Examples Answered
age-appropriate content-area topics 30
Reading 36 1 37
minutes
The communication goals assessed in Listening are: About 30
Listening 36 3 39
• Understanding simple descriptions of familiar people and minutes
objects
• Understanding spoken directions and procedures
(example: teacher directions in a classroom)
• Understanding conversations
• Understanding spoken stories
• Understanding short informational texts related to daily
life (example: a voicemail message)
• Understanding expository monologues about
age-appropriate content-area topics
2
Assessing Abilities
The TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening tests are offered in 2 levels: Step 1 and Step 2. The following describes the
difference between the Step 1 and Step 2 tests. It will help you decide which step is best for your students.
TOEFL Primary Reading TOEFL Primary Listening

Test questions that Test questions that
Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Step 2
specifically assess the specifically assess the
ability to: ability to:
recognize simple words √ recognize simple words √
understand simple sentences √ comprehend commonly used

√
expressions and phrases
understand a paragraph of
about 75 words on an everyday √ √ identify details in short social
√ √
topic conversations
understand 2–4 simple understand simple directions

√ √ √ √
sentences about a topic heard at home and at school
find information in menus, understand the purpose of

√ √
schedules and posters phone messages and classroom
√ √
announcements of about
locate and connect information 50 words
within a sentence or a √ √
paragraph understand conversations and
messages that contain less √
interpret information in menus, familiar vocabulary
√ √
schedules or posters
understand stories and simple
understand sentences that are academic texts of about √
more complex and include less √ 250 words
familiar vocabulary
connect information
understand a paragraph on an within teacher instructions,
√
academic subject messages, stories, dialogues, √
conversations, and simple
understand a sequence of academic texts
√
instructions
infer and draw conclusions
√
understand a story of about from spoken texts
√
250 words
connect information
√
throughout a text
infer and draw conclusions √
3
Question Types
The following describes the question types represented on the Step 1 and Step 2 tests. You can find examples of the types
of questions that students will experience on pages 11–17.
TOEFL Primary Reading TOEFL Primary Listening

Step Step Step Step
Contains the following question Contains the following question
1 2 1 2
types: types:
Match picture to text – Students Listen and match to a picture –

see a picture and 3 written options. Students see 3 pictures and listen
√
Students select the option that to a sentence. Students select the √
matches the picture. picture that matches the sentence
they heard.
Sentence clues – Students read
a short description and select Listen to directions – Students see
√ √
the option that matches what is 3 pictures and hear some directions.
described. Students select the picture that √ √
shows the person(s) who followed
Reading sets – Students read a passage the directions they heard.
(correspondence, telegraphic, instructional, narrative,
expository) and answer 2-4 questions about the passage. Basic conversations – Students
hear 3 versions of a 2-turn
The passage may be a single conversation. Only 1 of the 3 versions √
paragraph or may be of another makes sense. Students select the
√ √
type (menu, schedule, poster, set of correct version of the conversation.
directions, etc.).
Details in conversations – Students
The passage may be more than 1 listen to a conversation and answer
paragraph in the form of a narrative √ a question about a detail in the
or an informational text. conversation. The question and √ √
answer choices are both spoken on
the audio track and shown in the test
book.
Messages – Students listen to a

message and answer a question
about the message. The question
√ √
and answer choices are both spoken
on the audio track and shown in the
test book.
Listening sets – Students listen to

an academic or narrative passage
and answer 3-4 questions about
√
the passage. The questions are
both spoken on the audio track and
printed in the test book.
4
Before the Test
How to Register for the Consent Form

TOEFL Primary Tests A parent or legal guardian will be asked to sign a consent
The TOEFL Primary tests are available throughout the world. form before a student takes a TOEFL Primary test. Students
Schools may arrange for the testing of individual classes return the consent form to school or to the local ETS
or the entire school. Parents may arrange for testing by TOEFL Primary Associate before the test. If a student does
contacting a local ETS TOEFL Primary Associate to find out not have a signed consent form by test day, he or she will
when and where testing is available. not be able to take the test. (See page 33 for a sample
consent form.)
The fee to take the TOEFL Primary tests varies worldwide.
To inquire about pricing in your area, contact your local ETS By signing the consent form, the parent or guardian agrees
TOEFL Primary Associate. Go to www.ets.org/toeflprimary that all information they provide, including demographic
for more information about registration. and background information, answers to test questions, and
test scores, may be used for research, development, and
Identification Document (ID) marketing purposes relating to the TOEFL Primary tests. Data
may be transferred into and out of the United States and
If students are not taking the tests at school, they may be other countries worldwide.
required to provide identification (ID) before they take the The student and parent/guardian also agree that test
tests. A passport is the best ID document. If the student questions and answers will not be reproduced or disclosed
does not have a passport or other ID with a signature and in whole or part.
photograph, then an official letter from the school the
student attends is an acceptable ID document. The letter Students with Disabilities or
must have the student’s photograph glued (not stapled) to
it, and the title, signature, and seal of the official who issued
Health-related Needs
the letter must overlap the photograph. Student letters are ETS is committed to providing access to students with
valid for 1 year from the date of issue. disabilities and health-related needs by providing
reasonable accommodations whenever possible. The
TOEFL Primary Program and its local ETS TOEFL Primary
Associate will attempt to make arrangements with test
centers to administer the tests with accommodations.
Among the accommodations that may be provided are
extended testing times, extra breaks, large print, or other
aids customarily used by the student. See the TOEFL
Young Students Series Handbook Supplement for Test Takers
with Disabilities or Health-Related Needs, which contains
policies and instructions to request nonstandard testing
accommodations. All requests for accommodations
must be approved in accordance with ETS policies and
procedures located on the website at
www.ets.org/disabilities.
5
Before the Test
How to Answer Questions for the TOEFL Primary Tests

When taking the Reading and Listening tests (Step 1 and Step 2), students will read passages and questions and will mark
their answers on a separate answer sheet or on a screen. For paper testing, a sample answer sheet is shown on pages 7–8,
and instructions for marking the answer sheet are on page 10. For testing in schools, the teacher will help students
understand how to mark the answers before they take the test.
Student Information for the TOEFL Primary Tests

On test day, and sometimes before test day in schools, students will need to enter some personal information on an answer
sheet or on screen. The information students may need to provide is shown below.
Review this information with the student. Doing so will help him or her complete this information on the answer sheet
quickly and correctly on test day. Students must use a pencil on the answer sheet. Questions 12, 13, and 14 are only asked
on the TOEFL Primary Speaking test.
1. Given (First) Name (in English): ______________________________________________________________________

2. Family (Last) Name (in English): ______________________________________________________________________
3. Birth Month (Jan-Dec): ________________ 4. Birth Day (2 Digits) ________________ 5
. Birth Year: _______________
6. Gender (Boy/Girl): ____________ 7. _Birth Country: ___________________ 8. Language Spoken Most: _____________
9. At my school, I am in:
¡ Grade 1 10. Studied English for: 11. Tests Taken Before?
¡ Grade 2
¡ 1 year or less ¡ TOEFL Primary Step 1
¡ Grade 3
¡ 2 years ¡ TOEFL Primary Step 2
¡ Grade 4
¡ 3 years ¡ Both
¡ Grade 5
¡ 4 years ¡ None
¡ Grade 6
¡ 5 years
¡ Grade 7
¡ 6 years or more
¡ Grade 8
¡ Grade 9
¡ Other
12. Each week, at my regular 13. Each week, at my afterschool 14. Each week, outside the
school, I have ____of English program, I have ____of English classroom, I study English for
classes. classes. _____.
¡ 0 hours ¡ 0 hours ¡ 0 hours
¡ 1 hour ¡ 1 hour ¡ 1 hour
¡ 5 or more hours ¡ 5 or more hours ¡ 5 or more hours
6
On Test Day
Answer Sheet 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
63 63
EXAMPLE
62 YES NO NO NO
62
NO
61 A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C 61
60 60
59 59
Print your name in your first language: Test Center Name: Form Code:
58 58
57 57
56 56
55 55
54 54
53 SCHOOL USE ONLY 53
Test Date:
52 Is Consent Form on file? Yes No 52
51 51
50 1. NAME: Print your name. Using one box for each letter, first print your Given (first) name, then your Family (last) name. 50
2. STUDENT NUMBER
49 Below each box, use a No. 2 pencil and fill in the circle matching the same letter. 49
Start here
GIVEN (FIRST) NAME FAMILY (LAST) NAME
48 48
47 47
46 46
45 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45
E
44 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44
L
43 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 43
P
42 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 42
41 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41
M
40 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40
SA
39 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 39
38 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 38
37 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 37
BOOKLET FOLD/PERF EDGE
36 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 36
35 35
CRITICAL EDGE
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
34 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L 34
3. DATE OF BIRTH 4. GENDER
33 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 33
Month Day Year
32 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N BOY 32
31 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Jan 31
30 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Feb GIRL 30
29 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 29
28 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Apr 1 1 1 1 1 1 28
27 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S May 2 2 2 2 2 2 27
26 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Jun 3 3 3 3 3 26
25 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Jul 4 4 4 4 25
24 V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Aug 5 5 5 5 24
23 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Sep 6 6 6 6 23
22 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Oct 7 7 7 7 22
21 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Nov 8 8 8 8 21
20 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Dec 9 9 9 9 20
19 19
18 18
5. COUNTRY 6. LANGUAGE 7. 8. 9. 10. GROUP CODE 11. CODE SETS (if assigned)
17 At my school, I have studied What test(s) have you (if assigned) 17
CODE CODE CODE SET CODE SET CODE SET
I am in: English for: taken before? 1 2 3
16 16
15 Grade 1 1 year or less TOEFL Primary 15
Step 1
14 Grade 2 2 years 14
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grade 3 3 years TOEFL Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Step 2
12 1 1 1 1 1 1 Grade 4 4 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
11 2 2 2 2 2 2 Grade 5 5 years Both 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11
10 3 3 3 3 3 3 Grade 6 6 years or more None 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10
9 4 4 4 4 4 4 Grade 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9
8 5 5 5 5 5 5 Grade 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8
7 6 6 6 6 6 6 Grade 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
6 7 7 7 7 7 7 Other 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6
5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5
773660
4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4
3 3
2 PAGE 1 98931-98931 • TF713E150 • Printed in U.S.A. Q3671/1-2
2
1 1
47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 247 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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On Test Day
Answer Sheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Reading
63 63
62 62
61 61
60 60
59 1. A B C 14. A B C 27. A B C 59
58 58
57 2. A B C 15. A B C 28. A B C 57
56 56
55 3. A B C 16. A B C 29. A B C 55
54 54
53 4. A B C 17. A B C 30. A B C 53
52 52
51 5. A B C 18. A B C 31. A B C 51
50 50
49 6. A B C 19. A B C 32. A B C 49
48 48
E
47 7. A B C 20. A B C 33. A B C 47
L
46 46
P
45 8. A B C 21. A B C 34. A B C 45
M
44 44
43 9. A B C 22. A B C 35. A B C 43
SA
42 42
41 10. A B C 23. A B C 36. A B C 41
40 40
39 11. A B C 24. A B C 37. A B C 39
38 38
37 12. A B C 25. A B C 38. A B C 37
36 36
BOOKLET FOLD/PERF EDGE

35 13. A B C 26. A B C 39. A B C 35
CRITICAL EDGE
34 34
Listening
33 33
32 32
31 31
30 30
29 1. A B C 15. A B C 29. A B C 29
28 28
27 2. A B C 16. A B C 30. A B C 27
26 26
25 3. A B C 17. A B C 31. A B C 25
24 24
23 4. A B C 18. A B C 32. A B C 23
22 22
21 5. A B C 19. A B C 33. A B C 21
20 20
19 6. A B C 20. A B C 34. A B C 19
18 18
17 7. A B C 21. A B C 35. A B C 17
16 16
15 8. A B C 22. A B C 36. A B C 15
14 14
13 9. A B C 23. A B C 37. A B C 13
12 12
11 10. A B C 24. A B C 38. A B C 11
10 10
9 11. A B C 25. A B C 39. A B C 9
8 8
7 12. A B C 26. A B C 40. A B C 7
6 6
5 13. A B C 27. A B C 41. A B C 5
4 4
3 14. A B C 28. A B C 3
2 PAGE 2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 824 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
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On Test Day
Procedures During the Test

The tests will be given on the date and time announced by Reading and Listening Tests
the teacher or by an official of the institution administering
(Step 1 and Step 2)
the tests. Students must report to the testing room on time.
Seating at the test center will be prearranged by the test The Reading test is timed, and students are given
administrator. Students will not be permitted to change 30 minutes to work. The test administrator will start and
seats after they have been seated. All students will face the stop the Reading test. The Listening test is paced by a
same direction. Students should bring: recording and is about 30 minutes long. Students may
only work on one test at a time. If a student finishes the
• No. 2 or HB black-lead pencils with erasers
Reading test early, he or she may not work on the Listening
During the test administration students will be provided test. Students may not work on the Reading test during
with: the Listening test. Scores will be canceled if these rules are
• A clock in the room not followed.
Personal items other than ID documents are not allowed on
Speaking Test
the desk. Phones and any other electronic devices must be
turned off and put away. Refer to page 24 for more information about the
TOEFL Primary Speaking test.
During any breaks in the testing, test books and answer
sheets will be held by the test administrator until students
return. Students will not be allowed to access cell phones,
electronic devices, or any unauthorized aid during a break.
Students will not be given extra testing time for a restroom
absence.
To maintain a proper testing environment, students may
not:
• Give or receive assistance of any kind
• Use a prohibited item
• Disturb other test takers
• Look through the test book before the start of the test
• Look at a test or test section other than the one they are
working on
• Remove a page or part of a page from the test book
• Work longer than permitted or refuse to follow any other
testing regulation
If a student fails to comply with these regulations, the
student may be asked to leave the testing room, and his
or her test may not be scored. The test administrator has
the right to request that ETS not score a student’s test
if the student did not follow instructions or if the test
administrator suspects that the student cheated. No scores
will be reported for that student.
9
On Test Day
Filling in Circles on the Answer Sheet

On the paper-delivered Reading and Listening tests (Step Use a pencil.
1 and Step 2), students read the questions in the test book
Students should use only No. 2 or HB black-lead pencils.
and mark their answers on a separate answer sheet. The
Other writing instruments, such as pens, are not permitted
following information shows how to properly fill in the
because they may cause an error during automated scoring.
circles on the answer sheet:
Do not mark in the test book. Fill in the circle completely.

EXAMPLE
Students will mark their answers on the answer sheet.
YES NO NO NO NO
Nothing marked in the test book will be scored.
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Match the question number in the test

book to the same number on the answer Fill in only 1 circle for each question.
sheet.
A B C
1. NO
A B C
2. NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
A B C
Reading YES
63 63
62
61
3. 62
61
60 60
59 1. A B C 14. A B C 27. A B C 59
58 58
57 2. A B C 15. A B C 28. A B C 57
56
55
54
Erase any extra marks completely.
3. A B C 16. A B C 29. A B C
56
55
54
53 4. A B C 17. A B C 30. A B C 53
52 52
51 5. A B C 18. A B C 31. A B C 51
50 50
49 6. A B C 19. A B C 32. A B C 49
48 48
47 7. A B C 20. A B C 33. A B C 47
46 46
45 8. A B C 21. A B C 34. A B C 45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
44 44
43 9. A B C 22. A B C 35. A B C 43
Reading
63
42 63
42
62
41 10. 23. 36. 62
41
A B C A B C A B C
61
40 61
40
60
39 11. 24. 37. 60
39
A B C A B C A B C
59
38 1. A B C 14. A B C 27. A B C 59
38
58
37 12. 25. 38. 58
37
A B C A B C A B C
57
36 2. A B C 15. A B C 28. A B C 57
36
56
35 13. 26. 39. 56
35
A B C A B C A B C
16. 29.
CRITICAL EDGE
55
34 3. A B C A B C A B C 55
34
54 54
Listening
33 33
53
32 4. A B C 17. A B C 30. A B C 53
32
52
31 52
31
51
30 5. A B C 18. A B C 31. A B C 51
30
50
29 1. A B C 15. A B C 29. A B C
50
29
49
28 6. A B C 19. A B C 32. A B C 49
28
48
27 2. A B C 16. A B C 30. A B C
48
27
47
26 7. A B C 20. A B C 33. A B C 47
26
46
25 3. A B C 17. A B C 31. A B C
46
25
45
24 8. A B C 21. A B C 34. A B C 45
24
44
23 4. A B C 18. A B C 32. A B C
44
23
43
22 9. A B C 22. A B C 35. A B C 43
22
42
21 5. A B C 19. A B C 33. A B C
42
21
41
20 10. A B C 23. A B C 36. A B C 41
20
40
19 6. A B C 20. A B C 34. A B C
40
19
39
18 11. A B C 24. A B C 37. A B C 39
18
38
17 7. A B C 21. A B C 35. A B C
38
17
37
16 12. A B C 25. A B C 38. A B C 37
16
36
15 8. A B C 22. A B C 36. A B C
36
15
35
14 13. A B C 26. A B C 39. A B C 35
14
CRITICAL EDGE
34
13 9. A B C 23. A B C 37. A B C
34
13
Listening
33
12 33
12
32
11 10. A B C 24. A B C 38. A B C
32
11
31
10 31
10
30
9 11. A B C 25. A B C 39. A B C
30
9
29
8 1. A B C 15. A B C 29. A B C 29
8
28
7 10 12. A B C 26. A B C 40. A B C
28
7
27
6 2. A B C 16. A B C 30. A B C 27
6
26
5 13. A B C 27. A B C 41. A B C
26
5
25
4 3. A B C 17. A B C 31. A B C 25
4
24 24
How to Get Ready for the TOEFL Primary Reading & Listening Tests
The TOEFL Primary tests are not based on any particular curriculum, textbook, or method of study. Because the tests are
used to help teachers and parents understand student abilities and what students can learn next, learning for the purpose
of performing well on the tests is discouraged. Instead, we encourage having students take the tests at different times
during their early English language learning to monitor progress and make appropriate decisions for their future learning.
The TOEFL Primary tests are not “pass/fail” tests. Students are not expected to answer all of the questions correctly. The texts
on the Reading and Listening tests (Step 1 and Step 2) cover a range of complexity, with less complex and middle level
texts on Step 1, and middle level and more complex texts on Step 2.
Before taking a TOEFL Primary test, it is helpful if students are familiar with the types of questions on the test, especially
if this will be their first test-taking experience. The following examples show the types of questions on the Reading and
Listening tests (Step 1 and Step 2) to help students become familiar with the test format and directions. An answer sheet
for the following example questions is provided at the back of this book on page 35. The answer sheet allows a student to
practice following directions for filling out answers and in following directions for the different question formats. There are 5
reading examples and 11 listening examples.
Reading Question Types

Type #1: Match Picture to Text (Step 1 only)
11
Type #2: Sentence Clues
Type #3: Reading Sets
12
Listening Question Types

Directions for the Listening questions will be spoken on the recording, and students will have a chance to practice different
question types through completing example questions. Listening questions are designed to be accessible for students who
may be beginning to read in English. Many of the questions have picture options, and all written questions and options are
read aloud on the recording. The following examples include what is printed in the test book as well as the script of what
students would hear on the recording. In order to hear the audio for the Listening Questions, access the following website:
http://www.ets.org/toefl_primary/parentstudenthandbook.
Type #1: Listen and Match to a Picture (Step 1 only)

The students hear:
Narrator: Part one. Listen to the words. Look at the pictures. Fill in the correct circles on your answer sheet.
Let’s do an example. Number 1.
Man: The balloon is in the sky.

Narrator: What did you hear? Look at the pictures.
The students see in their test books:
1.
13
Type #2: Listen to Directions

The students hear:
Narrator: Listen to a teacher.
Man: In a minute we are going outside. Please put on your coats and hats because it is cold outside.
Narrator: Now, answer this question. What did the teacher tell the students to do? Look at the pictures. So,
which picture shows:
Man: In a minute we are going outside. Please put on your coats and hats because it is cold outside.
2.
The students hear:

Narrator: Let’s do another example. Listen to a teacher.
Woman: Please sit down. It’s time for class to start.
Narrator: What did the teacher tell the students to do? Look at the pictures. Fill the correct circle.

3.
14
Type #3: Basic Conversations (Step 1 only)

For these questions, students mark their answers on the answer sheet and do not need to look at their test books.
The students hear:

Narrator: Listen to a phone conversation between an aunt and her nephew.
4.
Narrator: A, What’s your favorite thing about your new town?
Boy: Yes, I really like it.
Narrator: B, What’s your favorite thing about your new town?

Boy: I have a lot of friends here.
Narrator: C, What’s your favorite thing about your new town?

Boy: No, I just moved.
5.
Narrator: A, Do a lot of children live near you?
Boy: Yes, there are many.
Narrator: B, Do a lot of children live near you?

Boy: Yes, he’s my friend.
Narrator: C, Do a lot of children live near you?

Boy: There’s a lot to do.
6.
Narrator: A, When do you start school?
Boy: I’m in the fifth grade.
Narrator: B, When do you start school?

Boy: Across the street
Narrator: C, When do you start school?

Boy: In a few weeks

4.
5.
6.
15
Type #4: Details in Conversation

The students hear:
Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a teacher and a student. Listen for the answer to this question:
When is the girl’s party?
Woman: Congratulations! Are you doing anything special to celebrate?

Girl: Yes, I’m having a party this weekend.
Woman: Will you have cake?
Girl: Yes.
Narrator: Fill in the correct circle on your answer sheet.
The students hear and see in their test books:
Type #5: Messages

The students hear:
Narrator: Listen to a phone message.
Boy: Hi, Laura. It’s Mike. I forgot to ask you at school when the movie starts. Call me back when you come
home from the library.
Narrator: Fill in the correct circle on your answer sheet.
16
Type #6: Listening Sets (Step 2 only)

The students hear:
Narrator: Listen to a teacher in a history class.
Hundreds of years ago, leaders such as kings and queens lived in large, fancy houses called castles.
They needed to keep the castles safe, so they had workers dig moats around the castles. A moat was a
deep ditch all around a castle and sometimes filled with water. The moat kept dangerous people and
the king’s or queen’s enemies away from the castle. People had to cross the moat on a bridge or in a
boat. Some moats were small, but some were more like a lake. There were even castles with moats
inside the castle. These moats separated different parts of the castle. Most places today, even very
large houses or museums, do not have moats. But some places do—like zoos. Sometimes zoos use
moats to separate animals from people.
Narrator: Now, answer the questions.
Answers to Example Questions

Reading: 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B
Listening: 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
17
Test Scores and Score Reporting – Reading & Listening
Reading and Listening Scores CEFR Levels

Scores obtained from a school test administration are The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)
reported only to the school. The school will receive a copy is a widely used tool for understanding different stages of
of each student’s score report and will give parents and language development and proficiency. The CEFR provides
students a personal copy. descriptors of language performance across a broad range
Scores obtained from a public test administration are of tasks. TOEFL Primary® scores are mapped to CEFR levels,
reported directly to the parents and students. using CEFR descriptors that were modified to reflect the
developing language skills and cognitive abilities of young
Each TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening (Step 1 and learners. The CEFR levels are included in the score report so
Step 2) score report provides: you will know about your students’ abilities in relation to a
• A level for each skill (Reading and Listening) that includes widely accepted international standard.
descriptors of student ability and recommended next
steps that students can take to improve their English Lexile® Measures
oo Reading and Listening Step 1 Levels are shown as
stars ¶ (maximum of 4). The TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening score reports
oo Reading and Listening Step 2 Levels are shown as provide a Lexile measure to help identify books at the
badges (maximum of 5). appropriate reading level for the student. The Lexile
• Scale scores that help show progress within a level when Framework for Reading developed by Metametrics® is a
students take the test again scientific approach that places both the reader and text on
oo The number of correct responses on each section the same developmental scale, making it easy to identify
is converted to a scale score that ranges from 100 books that match your child’s reading ability. More than 100
to 115 in increments of 1. million books, articles and websites have received Lexile text
oo Step 1 scale scores range from 101–109. measures. The online service for matching Lexile measures
oo Step 2 scale scores range from 104–115. with books is free and easy to use. For more information,
oo A scale score of 100 on Step 1 may indicate that a visit www.lexile.com/toeflprimary.
student is at the very beginning stages of learning
English. A scale score of 100 on Step 2 may indicate
that taking Step 1 can provide better information
about a student’s proficiency.
• Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)
levels that show student ability in comparison to a widely
used tool for describing language proficiency
• A Lexile® measure to help select books at appropriate
reading levels
18
The charts on this page summarize Reading and Listening score report information.
TOEFL Primary Reading Scores Summary

Step 1 Level Step 2 Level Lexile Scale Score CEFR
115
B1
750L 114
Perform exceptionally well on this test
113
112
Understand simple stories and 550L 111
age-appropriate academic texts 110 A2
109
¶¶¶¶
Understand short descriptions, information in signs Understand simple stories and are beginning to 325L 108
and short messages understand age-appropriate academic texts 107
106
¶¶¶
Understand short descriptions and find Understand short descriptions and find information 125L 105
information in signs, forms, and schedules in signs, messages, and stories 104 A1
103
¶¶
Begin to understand words and some short BR125L 102
descriptions 101 Below A1
Students receiving a level of ¶ and a scale score of 100 may be at the very beginning stages of learning English. Students receiving one and a scale score of
100 may receive better information about their proficiency levels by taking Step 1. Score reports with a scale score of 100 show a Lexile measure of BR250L and a
CEFR level of Below A1.
TOEFL Primary Listening Scores Summary

Step 1 Level Step 2 Level Scale Score CEFR
115
114 B1
Perform exceptionally well on this test
113
112
Understand conversations, simple stories, and age-appropriate 111

academic talks 110
109
¶¶¶¶ A2
Understand simple descriptions, instructions, Understand conversations and simple stories and begin to 108
conversations, and messages understand age-appropriate academic talks 107
106
¶¶¶
Understand short, simple descriptions, Understand basic conversations and messages and begin to 105
conversations, and messages understand stories and informational texts 104
103 A1
¶¶ 102
Begin to recognize some familiar words in speech
101 Below A1
Students receiving a level of ¶ and a scale score of 100 may be at the very beginning stages of learning English. Students receiving one and a scale score of
100 may receive better information about their proficiency levels by taking Step 1. Score reports with a scale score of 100 show a CEFR level of Below A1.
19
Reading and Listening Descriptors and Next Steps

The following charts provide the descriptors (“Can Do” statements) and recommended next steps for each score level of
Reading and Listening.
Reading—Step 1
Stars Can Do Next Steps
Students understand short descriptions, information in signs, and short To improve their reading ability, students should:
4 messages. They can:
Understand common words and some less common words about objects, places,
Study new, unfamiliar words
Practice reading stories and informational texts about a
people, actions, and ideas (examples: ring, adventures, whisper, double)
variety of topics
Comprehend the meaning of complex sentences (examples: This is a friendly thing to
Practice reading longer and more complex texts
do when you say goodbye. People do this when they talk quietly.)
Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Connect information in longer sentences and across different sentences to infer
information they read
information, identify main ideas, and understand the meaning of unfamiliar words.
Locate key information in texts
Students understand short descriptions and find information in signs, To improve their reading ability, students should:
3 forms, and schedules. They can:
Understand common words and social expressions (examples: play a game, go to a
Read longer paragraphs and stories about familiar people,
objects, and information
museum, wave goodbye)
Learn more words that describe objects, places, people,
Comprehend simple descriptions of current and past events (examples: The mouse actions, and ideas
is on top of the table. He is washing his hands.)
Speak or write in their own words about paragraphs, stories,
Recognize relationships among words and phrases within familiar categories and information they read
(examples: food–fruit–strawberries; rain–sky–clouds; one more time–again)
Make connections across simple sentences (example: Clouds are in the sky. Rain
comes from them. Sometimes they cover the sun.)
Students begin to understand words and some short descriptions. They To improve their reading ability, students should:
2 can:
Understand common words in familiar categories such as home, school, family,
Learn vocabulary and common expressions used in social
and familiar settings
colors, body parts, animals, and actions
Practice reading simple sentences and short texts about
Recognize key words for understanding simple sentences familiar topics
Understand everyday actions in the present (examples: The children play. He is
eating.)
Students begin to recognize some basic words. They may be able to: To improve their reading ability, students should:
1 Identify basic vocabulary with visual support Learn and practice reading common words in familiar
categories such as home, school, family, colors, body parts,
animals, and actions
Read short, simple sentences about familiar people, objects,
and actions (example: The boy is eating an apple.)
20
Reading—Step 2
Badges Can Do Next Steps
Students perform exceptionally well on this test. They can: To improve their reading ability, students should:
5 Understand a wide variety of common and less common words to describe Read longer and more complex stories and academic
objects, places, people, actions, and ideas texts about a variety of topics
Comprehend the meaning of complex sentences, paragraphs, and longer Speak or write in their own words about stories and
texts information they read
Connect information across several sentences and paragraphs to infer Consider taking the TOEFL Junior® test for more accurate
information, identify main ideas, and understand the meaning of unfamiliar information about their reading ability
words
Identify specific details in longer texts
Students understand simple stories and age-appropriate academic To improve their reading ability, students should:
4 texts. They can: Read longer and more complex stories and informational
Understand a variety of common words and many less common words about texts about a variety of topics
objects, places, people, actions, and ideas Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Comprehend the meanings of complex sentences and paragraphs information they read
Connect information in longer sentences and across several sentences to infer
information, main ideas, and the meaning of unfamiliar words
Identify specific details in texts
Students understand simple stories and are beginning to understand To improve their reading ability, students should:
3 age-appropriate academic texts. They can: Study new, unfamiliar words
Understand common words and some less common words about objects, Practice reading stories and informational texts about a
places, people, actions, and ideas (examples: ring, adventures, whisper, double) variety of topics
Comprehend the meaning of complex sentences (examples: This is a friendly Practice reading longer and more complex texts
thing to do when you say goodbye. People do this when they talk quietly.) Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Connect information in longer sentences and across different sentences information they read
to infer information, identify main ideas, and understand the meaning of
unfamiliar words
Locate key information in texts
Students understand short descriptions and find information in To improve their reading ability, students should:
2 signs, messages, and stories. They can: Read longer paragraphs and stories about familiar people,
Understand common words and social expressions (examples: play a game, go objects, and information
to a museum, wave goodbye) Learn more words that describe objects, places, people,
Comprehend simple descriptions of current and past events (examples: The actions, and ideas
mouse is on top of the table. He is washing his hands.) Speak or write in their own words about paragraphs,
Recognize relationships among words and phrases within familiar categories stories, and information they read
(examples: food–fruit–strawberries; rain–sky–clouds; one more time–again)
Make connections across simple sentences (example: Clouds are in the sky. Rain
comes from them. Sometimes they cover the sun.)
Students begin to recognize some basic words. They may be able to: To improve their reading ability, students should:
1 Identify basic vocabulary with visual support Learn words and common expressions used in familiar
social settings
Learn words that show relationships among people,
objects, and places (examples: at, on, around, between, on
top of)
Practice reading simple sentences and short texts about
familiar topics
Consider taking the TOEFL Primary Step 1 test for more
information about their reading ability
Note: Lexile® information provided for students at this score level is less precise
than at other score levels. Students should consider taking the TOEFL Primary
Step 1 test for more precise information about their Lexile measure.
21
Listening—Step 1
Stars Can Do Next Steps
Students understand simple descriptions, instructions, conversations, To improve their listening ability, students should:
4 and messages. They can: Learn new, unfamiliar words they hear in longer stories
Understand less common words that describe familiar topics, settings, and and academic talks
actions (examples: pocket, pour, lamp, branch) Practice using less common words and expressions in
Understand indirect responses to questions in conversations conversations
Understand messages in which information is not explicitly stated Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Connect information to infer the main idea or topic of messages, stories, and information they listen to
informational texts
Synthesize information from multiple locations in a longer spoken text
Students understand short, simple descriptions, conversations, and To improve their listening ability, students should:
3 messages. They can:
Study more words that describe familiar topics, settings,
Understand common expressions used in everyday conversations and actions
Understand a simple, single instruction spoken in familiar words, with key words Practice using less common words and expressions in
repeated conversations
Understand the purpose of messages in which key information is repeated Listen to age-appropriate academic talks and longer
Understand the main ideas of simple stories in which key information is explicitly stories
stated and repeated Speak or write in their own words about stories and
information they listen to
Students begin to recognize some familiar words in speech. They can: To improve their listening ability, students should:
2 Understand words for objects and people in familiar categories such as school, Practice saying and listening to familiar words used in
home, family, colors, body parts, and animals simple sentences
Recognize action words in simple sentences (examples: The children play. He is Practice having short, simple conversations
eating.)
Practice listening to messages spoken by teachers,
friends, and family
Begin listening to and identifying basic information in
short, simple stories
Students begin to recognize some familiar words in speech, such as To improve their listening ability, students should:
1 words for objects, places, and people. They may be able to:
Learn everyday words for objects and people in familiar
Understand familiar words with visual support categories such as home, school, family, colors, body
parts, and animals
Use pictures to help learn new words
Listen to short, simple sentences about everyday actions,
objects, and people. (example: She is swimming.)
Practice using common, everyday expressions, such as
greetings
22
Listening—Step 2
Badges Can Do Next Steps
Students perform exceptionally well on this test. They can: To improve their listening ability, students should:
5 Understand less frequently used words that describe familiar topics, settings, Listen to longer and more complex stories and academic
and actions texts about a variety of topics
Understand messages and stories that include unfamiliar words and some Practice using less common words and expressions in
idiomatic expressions conversations
Consistently connect information throughout stories and academic talks to Speak or write in their own words about stories and
infer meaning information they listen to
Identify specific information in longer texts Consider taking the TOEFL Junior® test for more accurate
information about their listening ability
Students understand conversations, simple stories, and age- To improve their listening ability, students should:
4 appropriate academic talks. They can: Listen to longer and more complex stories and academic
Understand less frequently used words that describe familiar topics, settings, texts about a variety of topics
and actions Practice using less common words and expressions in
Understand messages and stories that include unfamiliar words and some conversations
idiomatic expressions Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Consistently connect information throughout stories and academic talks to information they listen to
infer meaning
Identify specific information in longer texts
Students understand conversations and simple stories. They begin to To improve their listening ability, students should:
3 understand age-appropriate academic talks. They can:
Learn new, unfamiliar words they hear in longer stories
Understand less common words that describe familiar topics, settings, and and academic talks
actions (examples: pocket, pour, lamp, branch)
Practice using less common words and expressions in
Understand indirect responses to questions in conversations conversations
Understand messages in which information is not explicitly stated Speak or write in their own words about stories and
Connect information to infer the main idea or topic of messages, stories, and information they listen to
informational texts
Synthesize information from multiple locations in a longer spoken text
Students understand basic conversations and messages and begin to To improve their listening ability, students should:
2 understand stories and informational texts. They can:
Study more words that describe familiar topics, settings,
Understand common expressions used in everyday conversations and actions
Understand a simple, single instruction spoken in familiar words, with key Practice using less common words and expressions in
words repeated conversations
Understand the purpose of messages in which key information is repeated Listen to age-appropriate academic talks and longer
Understand the main ideas of simple stories in which key information is stories
explicitly stated and repeated Speak or write in their own words about stories and
information they listen to
Students begin to recognize a few familiar words in speech, such as To improve their listening ability, students should:
1 words for objects, places, and people. They may be able to:
Learn everyday words for objects and people in familiar
Understand familiar words with visual support categories such as home, school, family, colors, body parts,
and animals
Practice having short, simple conversations
Practice listening to teacher instructions and short messages
Begin listening to and identifying information in short,
simple stories
Consider taking the TOEFL Primary Step 1 test for more
information about their listening ability
23
Speaking Test Overview
The TOEFL Primary Speaking test measures young learners’ Task Types
ability to communicate orally in routine social situations
related to their daily lives. Test questions are administered The following task types are scored using a 3-point
via computer or tablet, and a headset is provided to rubric:
students for listening to prompts and speaking their • Description: The student will see a picture and a
responses. The communication goals assessed in the character will ask the student to describe things that look
Speaking test are: strange in the picture.
• Giving simple descriptions Response time: 20 seconds
• Expressing basic emotions, feelings, and opinions • Expression: A character will present some pictures and
• Making simple requests ask the test taker to choose 1 and express some thoughts
or opinions about it.
• Asking questions
Response time: 15 seconds
• Giving directions
• Requests: A character will ask the test taker to make a
• Explaining and sequencing simple events request of another character in the story.
The recorded responses are scored by trained raters at ETS. Response time: 5–15 seconds
The Speaking test starts by asking students some basic

• Questions: A character will present an object and invite
the test taker to ask 3 questions about it.
questions about themselves to make sure their headsets
work properly. Then, students are introduced to a storyline
and characters who guide them through the test questions. The following task types are scored using a 5-point
The first prompt is an unscored practice question that gives rubric:
students a chance to become more comfortable with the • Directions: Either a video or a sequence of pictures
computer setup and the format of the test. Test prompts appearing one by one will show a character performing
include audio, picture, and video elements. Each question an activity. Afterwards, the test taker will be asked to
has a time limit, and the time limit varies by question type. explain how to do the activity that was shown.
The longest amount of time allotted for a response is 30 Response time: 30 seconds
seconds. • Narration: The test taker will watch a video or view a
Students can practice sample questions for the Speaking sequence of pictures. After watching the animation or
seeing the pictures, test takers will be asked to tell a story
test online at https://www.ets.org/toefl_primary/
based on what they saw in the animation or pictures.
prepare.
Test Structure The Speaking test may also include some unscored
questions used for warm-up or research purposes.
The TOEFL Primary Speaking test has between 7 and 10
questions, and it takes about 20 minutes to complete.
Test Number of Questions Time

Speaking 7–10 20 minutes
24
Test Scores and Score Reporting – Speaking
Speaking Test Scores and Score Reporting

Each TOEFL Primary Speaking score report provides:
• A level, shown as ribbons (maximum of 5)

• Descriptors of student ability and recommended next steps that students can take to improve their English speaking
skills
• Scores that help show progress within a level when students take the test again (the score range is 0–27)
• Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) levels that show student ability in comparison to a widely used tool
for describing language proficiency
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scores Summary

The following chart summarizes Speaking test score report information:
Level Score CEFR
Typical students at this level can:
27
B2
26
25
speak in English to expand descriptions, communicate multistep directions, and tell stories effectively
24
B1
23
22
21
20
speak in English to express and explain what they like and give directions
19
A2
18
17
16
15
speak in English to say what they like and give some descriptions
14
13
A1
12
11
10
begin to speak in English by using words and simple statements 9
8
7
6
5 Below A1
4
attempt to speak in English using words and simple phrases 3
2
1
Score reports for students receiving a score of 0 will show NS (No Score)
25
Speaking Descriptors and Next Steps

Ribbons Can Do Next Steps
Students speak in English to expand descriptions, communicate To improve their speaking ability, students should:
5 multistep directions, and tell stories effectively. They successfully
ask questions and make simple requests. They can:
Read and listen to age-appropriate academic content
Speak and write about age-appropriate academic
Use a wide range of vocabulary and grammatical structures effectively content
Include relevant details to expand descriptions, give directions, and tell stories Consider taking the TOEFL Junior® Speaking test for more
Include structures such as connecting words and phrases that make information about their speaking ability
directions and stories easy to follow
Form questions and requests appropriately and use intonation to
communicate meaning
Speak fluidly with few errors in pronunciation or intonation
Students speak in English to express and explain what they like and To improve their speaking ability, students should:
4 give directions. They begin to expand their descriptions of things
and events. They can: Learn less common words that describe familiar places,
objects, and people
Use appropriate word choices Practice asking and answering questions about everyday
Use complete statements to communicate ideas topics
Use appropriate grammatical structures Practice giving details about places, people, and events in
Begin to form questions and requests the stories they read and programs they watch
Speak clearly with few errors in pronunciation or intonation
Students speak in English to say what they like and give some To improve their English speaking ability, students
3 descriptions. They begin to ask questions and tell stories. They can: should:
Use words and phrases to communicate meaning Learn more words that describe familiar places, objects,
Use a limited number of grammatical structures to describe objects and and people
actions Practice asking and answering questions about everyday
Begin to form questions and requests topics
Begin to communicate a sequence of events Practice describing in sentences what happens in stories
Pronounce words and statements clearly most of the time they read and programs they watch
Students begin to speak in English by using words and simple To improve their speaking ability, students should:
2 statements. They begin to say what they like and give some
descriptions. They can: Learn more words that describe familiar places, objects,
and people
Say some common words in familiar categories such as home, school, family, Practice asking and answering questions about everyday
colors, animals, and actions topics
Communicate meaning in short, simple statements (examples: The tiger is big. Practice describing what happens in stories they read and
The zoo has two birds.) programs they watch
Pronounce words and phrases clearly but slowly some of the time
Students attempt to speak in English using words and simple To improve their speaking ability, students should:
1 phrases. They may be able to:
Learn and practice saying common words
Say some common words in familiar categories such as home, school, family,
Name what they see in pictures (example: I see a house.)
colors, animals, and actions
Practice speaking in sentences about objects and
Say simple phrases
activities they like
The student did not respond to the test tasks or did not respond in English.
0
26
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scoring Guide – 3 Point

This scoring guide is used for the following communication goals: express basic emotions, feelings and opinions, give
simple descriptions, make simple requests, ask questions.
Score Language Use, Content and Delivery Descriptors
The test taker achieves the communication goal.

3 A typical response at the 3 level is characterized by the following.
The meaning is clear. Minor errors in grammar or word choice do not affect task achievement.
The response is accurate and complete, and the content is appropriate for the task.
Speech is intelligible, and the delivery is generally fluid. It requires minimal listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker partially achieves the communication goal.

The meaning is mostly clear. Some errors in grammar or word choice may interfere with task achievement.
The response is not fully accurate or complete, or the content is not fully appropriate for the task.
Speech is generally intelligible, but the delivery may be slow, choppy, or hesitant. It requires some listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker attempts to achieve the communication goal.

The meaning is obscured because of frequent errors in grammar and word choice.
The response is inaccurate or incomplete, or the content is inappropriate for the task.
Speech is mostly unintelligible or unsustained. It requires significant listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker does not attempt to achieve the communication goal OR the response contains no English OR the response is
0 off topic and does not address the prompt.
27
TOEFL Primary Speaking Scoring Guide – 5 Point

This scoring guide is used for the following communication goals: explain and sequence simple events, give directions.
Score Language Use, Content and Delivery Descriptors
The test taker fully achieves the communication goal.

The meaning is clear. Grammar and word choice are effectively used. Minor errors do not affect task achievement. Coherence may be assisted by
use of connecting devices.
The response is full and complete. Events are described accurately and are easy to follow.
Speech is fluid with a fairly smooth, confident rate of delivery. It contains few errors in pronunciation and intonation. It requires little or no listener
effort for comprehension.
The test taker achieves the communication goal.

The meaning is mostly clear. Some errors in grammar and word choice may be noticeable, but the task is still achieved. Use of connecting devices
to link ideas may be limited.
The response is mostly complete. Descriptions contain minor lapses or inaccuracies, but the events can still be readily followed.
Speech is mostly fluid and sustained, though some hesitation and choppiness may occur. It contains minor errors in pronunciation and intonation.
It requires minimal listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker partially achieves the communication goal.

The meaning is sometimes obscured. Errors in grammar and word choice are noticeable and limit task achievement. The response may include
attempts to use connecting devices.
The response is somewhat complete. Lapses and inaccuracies require the listener to fill in the gaps between key events.
Speech may be sustained throughout, but the pace may be slow, choppy, or hesitant. It contains errors in pronunciation and intonation. It requires
some listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker is limited in achieving the communication goal.

The meaning is often obscured because of errors in grammar and word choice. Attempts at using connecting devices are unsuccessful or absent.
The response is mostly incomplete. Multiple lapses and gaps make it difficult for listeners unfamiliar with the events to follow along. Meaningful
content may be conveyed through repetition.
Speech is noticeably slow, choppy, or hesitant throughout and may include long pauses. It contains frequent errors in pronunciation and
intonation. It requires listener effort for comprehension.
The test taker attempts to achieve the communication goal.

The meaning is obscured because of frequent errors. Grammar and word choice are extremely limited and often inaccurate.
The response is incomplete. Major lapses and gaps make events unclear. The response may consist of a single word or a few words related to the
prompt. It may be highly repetitive.
Speech is not sustained or is mostly incomprehensible. It contains numerous errors in pronunciation and intonation. It requires significant listener
effort for comprehension.
The test taker does not attempt to achieve the communication goal OR the response contains no English OR the response is
0 off topic and does not address the prompt.
28
Test Scores and Score Reporting
How the Tests Are Scored The reliability coefficient is an estimate of the correlation
between scores on different forms of the test. It can vary
TOEFL Primary Reading and Listening test scores include from .00 (indicating no agreement at all) to 1.00 (indicating
levels and scale scores. Raw scores are determined by the perfect agreement). The reliability coefficients of the 5
number of questions the student answered correctly. There TOEFL Primary scores based on all available test takers of a
is no penalty for wrong answers. typical form are estimated to be as follows:
The total number of correct answers for each skill is Reliability Coefficients
of the TOEFL Primary Test Scores
statistically adjusted, or equated, to account for differences
in difficulty between test forms. These equated scores are Reading – Step 1 .83
then converted to scale scores that range from 100 to 115 Reading – Step 2 .87
and levels shown as stars or badges. Because the scores Listening – Step 1 .85
are equated and scaled, the reported scores are neither the Listening – Step 2 .89
number nor the percentage of questions answered correctly.
Speaking .90
The TOEFL Primary Speaking test contains questions that ask
students to respond in spoken English. Responses are scored The standard error of measurement indicates the extent to
by ETS raters using standardized scoring rules. Speaking which test takers’ scores differ from their “true scores.” A test
score quality is maintained through multiple rigorous taker’s “true score” is the average of the scores that test taker
measures that include trying out new questions, requiring would earn on all possible forms of the test. The difference
raters to pass demanding assessments before they can score between a test taker’s “true score” and the score the test
any Speaking responses, the monitoring of scoring quality taker actually earned is called “error of measurement.” The
throughout live scoring sessions by expert scoring leaders, standard error of measurement, for a group of test takers,
and analyzing the performance of the raters. The score range is the average1 size of those differences. It is expressed in
is from 0 to 27 and levels are shown as ribbons. Detailed the same units as the scores. In a large group of test takers,
information about the scoring of speaking responses can about two-thirds of the test takers will earn scores that differ
be found at https://www.ets.org/toefl_primary/scoring_ from their “true scores” by less than the standard error of
reporting/speaking/ measurement. About 95 percent of the test takers will earn
scores that differ from their “true scores” by less than twice
Reliability of Scores the standard error of measurement. The standard error of
measurement for each of the TOEFL Primary test scores is as
The TOEFL Primary tests exist in several different editions, follows:
called “forms.” All the forms of the TOEFL Primary assess the
Standard Error of Measurement
same set of skills, but with different questions. If a test taker for the TOEFL Primary Test Scores
took 2 different forms of the test, the scores on the two Reading – Step 1 1.50
forms could be different. Reliability is the extent to which
Reading – Step 2 1.19
the test takers’ scores are consistent across different editions
Listening – Step 1 1.36
of the test.
Listening – Step 2 1.22
The 2 statistics commonly used to describe the reliability
of the scores of a group of test takers are the reliability Speaking 1.61
coefficient and the standard error of measurement.

A special kind of average called a “root mean square,” which involves squaring the differences,
1
then taking the average, and then taking the square root.
29
Policy and Guidelines for the Use of TOEFL Primary Test Scores
Introduction Policies
These guidelines are designed to provide information about In recognition of their obligation to ensure the appropriate
the appropriate uses of TOEFL Primary test scores. They are use of TOEFL Primary test scores, the TOEFL Primary Program
intended to protect test takers from unfair decisions that and its local ETS TOEFL Primary Associates developed
may result from the inappropriate use of scores. Adherence policies designed to make score reports available only to
to the guidelines is important. approved recipients, to protect the confidentiality of test
The TOEFL Primary Program and its local ETS TOEFL Primary takers’ scores, and to follow up on cases of possible misuse
Associates have a particular obligation to inform score users of scores.
of the appropriate uses of TOEFL Primary test scores and to Confidentiality: TOEFL Primary scores, whether for an
identify and try to rectify instances of misuse. individual or aggregated for an institution, are confidential
To this end, the following policies and guidelines are and can be released only by authorization of the test taker,
available to all TOEFL Primary test takers, institutions and the test taker’s parent or guardian if the test taker is a minor,
organizations that are recipients of TOEFL Primary test or by compulsion of legal process. We recognize test takers’
scores. rights to privacy with regard to information that is stored
in data or research files held by ETS and local ETS TOEFL
Primary Associates and our responsibility to protect test
takers from unauthorized disclosure of information.
Encouragement of appropriate use and investigation of
reported misuse: All organizational users of TOEFL Primary
scores have an obligation to use the scores in accordance
with the guidelines that follow. Organizations have a
responsibility to ensure that all individuals who have access
to TOEFL Primary scores are aware of the guidelines and to
monitor the use of scores, correcting instances of misuse
when they are identified. The TOEFL Primary Program and
local ETS TOEFL Primary Associates are available to assist
institutions in resolving score-misuse issues.
30
Certificates Validity of Scores

The TOEFL Primary Certificate of Achievement is an It is recommended that scores not be used beyond one
acknowledgement of a student’s English proficiency. The year due to rapid development of young learner English
Certificate of Achievement is not available through all proficiency. Scores can be considered valid beyond one year
local TOEFL Primary Associates. Contact an associate for if the student has provided evidence of having maintained
availability. the same level of English language learning.
The Reading and Listening Certificate of Achievement
features:
Test Score Data Retention
• Student name Scores are used to measure a test taker’s English proficiency
• Test date and location at the time that the test is administered. Because English-
• The administering organization language skills may improve or decline over time, a score
• A watermark on back report will not be re-issued if one year has passed since a
• A format that is suitable for framing student has taken the test. ETS does not require schools or
TOEFL Primary Associates to retain test administration data
The certificate is not an official score report.
beyond one year.
Release of Test Results Testing Irregularities

Scores obtained from a school test administration are
“Testing irregularities” refers to irregularities in connection
reported only to the school. Schools will receive the names
with the administration of a test, such as equipment failure,
and scores of everyone who tested at the same time. The
improper access to test content by individuals or groups
school will also receive a copy of each student’s score report
of test takers, and other disruptions of test administration
and is responsible for giving a personal copy to parents and
(natural disasters and other emergencies). When testing
students.
irregularities occur, ETS and its local ETS TOEFL Primary
Individuals who test at public test administrations will Associate may offer students the opportunity to take the
receive the score report directly from the local ETS test again as soon as possible without charge.
TOEFL Primary Associate.
TOEFL Primary test scores will not be reported by ETS to any Test Fairness and Score Use
other institution.
The ETS TOEFL Primary Program and its authorized local ETS
TOEFL Primary scores are measurement information, and TOEFL Primary Associates have taken steps to ensure, to the
their release is subject to all restrictions indicated in this extent possible, that tests and test scores are fair for all test
Handbook. The scores, however, are not the property of the takers regardless of gender, age, and nationality.
test taker.
Acceptable Scores
Each school determines test score requirements for itself.
There is no specific passing or failing score set by ETS for the
TOEFL Primary tests.
31
Guidelines Appropriate Uses

Use Multiple Criteria: Regardless of the decision to be Based on the test design and the validity evidence collected
made, multiple sources of information should be used to so far, TOEFL Primary test scores are recommended for the
ensure fairness and to balance the limitations of any single following uses:
measure of knowledge, skills, or abilities. These sources • Placing students in English language programs or classes
may include hours of English language classes, school so they are matched with level-appropriate instruction
grades, and recommendations from past teachers and • Monitoring student progress over time to gauge learning
administrators. and changes in proficiency
When used in conjunction with other criteria, TOEFL Primary • Using performance feedback, including can-do
scores can be a powerful tool in student placement in statements for instructors, to tailor English instruction
and guide conversations with parents
English classes, monitoring student progress, providing
performance feedback, and other school-related decisions.
Misuses
Maintain Confidentiality of TOEFL Primary Scores:
All individuals who have access to TOEFL Primary scores Any use of test scores for purposes other than those listed
should be aware of the confidential nature of the scores and should be discussed with ETS before being implemented.
agree to maintain their confidentiality. Policies should be
developed and implemented to ensure that confidentiality Comments
is maintained.
Test takers can provide comments during a testing session
Normally Appropriate Uses and by informing their test administrator.
Misuses of TOEFL Primary Scores If you have questions or comments regarding the
TOEFL Primary tests, please contact your local ETS
The suitability of a TOEFL Primary test for a particular use TOEFL Primary Associate or the TOEFL Primary Program,
should be explicitly examined before using test scores for ETS, Rosedale Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08541, USA
that purpose. The list of appropriate uses of TOEFL Primary or email us at [email protected].
scores that follows is based on the policies and guidelines
outlined on this page. The list is meant to be illustrative, not
exhaustive, in nature.
There may be other appropriate uses of TOEFL Primary
scores, but any use not listed should be discussed in
advance with TOEFL Primary Program staff and the local ETS
TOEFL Primary Associate to determine its appropriateness.
If a use other than those listed is contemplated, it is
important for the score user to validate the use of the scores
for that purpose. The TOEFL Primary Program staff and local
ETS TOEFL Primary Associates will provide advice on the
design of such validity studies.
32
Sample Consent Form
33
34
Practice Answer Sheet for Example Questions
Reading
1. A B C 4. A B C 7. A B C
2. A B C 5. A B C 8. A B C
3. A B C 6. A B C 9. A B C
Listening
1. A B C 5. A B C 9. A B C
2. A B C 6. A B C 10. A B C
3. A B C 7. A B C 11. A B C
4. A B C 8. A B C 12. A B C
35
36
Notes
37
38
39
HANDBOOK
FOR THE
TOEFL Primary® Tests
137346-106835 • S919E5 • Printed in U.S.A

816826
Copyright © 2019 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, MEASURING THE POWER OF LEARNING, TOEFL, TOEFL JUNIOR and TOEFL PRIMARY
are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. IN ENGLISH WITH CONFIDENCE is a trademark of ETS.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 43472

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HANDBOOK

Reading and Listening Tests Overview.......................................................................................................................... 2

Before the Test........................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Test Scores and Score Reporting – Reading & Listening.......................................................................................18

Test Scores and Score Reporting – Speaking............................................................................................................25

Test Scores and Score Reporting...................................................................................................................................29

Sample Consent Form.......................................................................................................................................................33

Practice Answer Sheet for Example Questions.........................................................................................................35

Communication Goals Test Structure

TOEFL Primary Reading TOEFL Primary Listening

recognize simple words √ recognize simple words √

understand simple sentences √ comprehend commonly used

understand 2–4 simple understand simple directions

find information in menus, understand the purpose of

infer and draw conclusions √

TOEFL Primary Reading TOEFL Primary Listening

Match picture to text – Students Listen and match to a picture –

Messages – Students listen to a

Listening sets – Students listen to

How to Register for the Consent Form

How to Answer Questions for the TOEFL Primary Tests

Student Information for the TOEFL Primary Tests

1. Given (First) Name (in English): ______________________________________________________________________

BOOKLET FOLD/PERF EDGE

Procedures During the Test

Filling in Circles on the Answer Sheet

Do not mark in the test book. Fill in the circle completely.

Match the question number in the test

Reading Question Types

Type #2: Sentence Clues

Type #3: Reading Sets

Listening Question Types

Type #1: Listen and Match to a Picture (Step 1 only)

Man: The balloon is in the sky.

The students see in their test books:

Type #2: Listen to Directions

The students see in their test books:

The students hear:

The students see in their test books:

Type #3: Basic Conversations (Step 1 only)

The students hear:

Narrator: B, What’s your favorite thing about your new town?

Narrator: C, What’s your favorite thing about your new town?

Narrator: B, Do a lot of children live near you?

Narrator: C, Do a lot of children live near you?

Narrator: B, When do you start school?

Narrator: C, When do you start school?

The students see in their test books:

Type #4: Details in Conversation

Woman: Congratulations! Are you doing anything special to celebrate?

The students hear and see in their test books:

Type #5: Messages

The students hear and see in their test books:

Type #6: Listening Sets (Step 2 only)

The students hear and see in their test books:

Answers to Example Questions

Listening: 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A

Reading and Listening Scores CEFR Levels

TOEFL Primary Reading Scores Summary

TOEFL Primary Listening Scores Summary

Woman: Congratulations! Are you doing anything special to celebrate?