BITS Pilani

BITS Pilani Department of Computer Science and Information Systems

Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Object Oriented Programming (CS F213)

Tanmaya Mahapatra
[email protected]
Chamber# 6121-Y, NAB
Consultation Hour
By appointment through mail
class Bicycle {
int cadence = 0; The Bicycle
int speed = 0;
int gear = 1;

void changeCadence(int newValue) {

cadence = newValue;
}
void changeGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
void speedUp(int increment) {
speed = speed + increment;
}
void applyBrakes(int decrement) {
speed = speed - decrement;
}
void printStates() {
System.out.println(“cadence:” +cadence+ “speed:” +speed+ “gear:”
+gear);
}
} // End of Bicycle
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Running Bicycle
class BicycleDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create two different Bicycle objects

Bicycle bike1 = new Bicycle();
Bicycle bike2 = new Bicycle();

// Invoke methods on those objects

bike1.changeCadence(50);
bike1.speedUp(10);
bike1.changeGear(2);
bike1.printStates();

bike2.changeCadence(50);
bike2.speedUp(10);
bike2.changeGear(2);
bike2.changeCadence(40);
bike2.speedUp(10);
bike2.changeGear(3);
bike2.printStates();
} 4
} BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Questions
1. When you compile a program written in the Java programming language, the
compiler converts the human-readable source file into platform-independent code that
a Java Virtual Machine can understand. What is this platform-independent code called?
Answer: Bytecode

2. Which of the following is not a valid comment:

a. /** comment */
b. /* comment */
c. /* comment
d. // comment
Answer: C

3. What is the correct signature of the main method?

Answer: public static void main(String[] args)

4. When declaring the main method, which modifier must come first, public or static?
Answer: They can be in either order, but the convention is public static

5. What parameters does the main method define?

Answer: The main method defines a single parameter, usually named args, whose type
is an array of String objects

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Inheritance

 If we have several descriptions with some commonality between

these descriptions, we can group the descriptions and their
commonality using inheritance to provide a compact representation
of these descriptions.
 "What is a duck?“
 "a bird that swims“

 more accurately

 "a bird that swims, with

webbed feet.

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Inheritance – Another Example

 If were to be given an unstructured group of descriptions such as

Car, Swift, i20, Van, Vehicle, Motorbike and Scooter, and asked to
organize these descriptions by their differences.
 You might say that a Swift is a Car but has a long boot, whereas an
i20 is a car with a small boot.

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Inheritance

 One way to determine that you have organized your classes

correctly is to check them using the "IS-A" and "IS-A-PART-
OF" relationship checks.
 It is easy to confuse objects within a class and children of classes
when you first begin programming with an OOP methodology.

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Inheritance

 So, using inheritance the programmer can:

 Inherit a behavior and add further specialized behavior

 Inherit a behavior and replace it

 Cut down on the amount of code that needs to be written and

debugged

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Polymorphism

 When a class inherits from another class it inherits both the states
and methods of that class, so in the case of the Car class inheriting
from the Vehicle class the Car class inherits the methods of
the Vehicle class
 engineStart(), gearChange(), lightsOn() etc.
 The Car class will also inherit the states of the Vehicle class
 isEngineOn, isLightsOn, numberWheels etc.
 Polymorphism means "multiple forms".
 In OOP these multiple forms refer to multiple forms of the same
method, where the exact same method name can be used in
different classes, or the same method name can be used in the
same class with slightly different parameters.
 There are two forms of polymorphism:
 Over-riding
 Over-loading

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THANK YOU

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 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Object-Oriented Programming
Lecture -3 [Variables, Operators, Expressions, Statements and Blocks]
Lecture Outline

Language Basics
▪ Variables
▪ Primitive Data Types
▪ Operators
▪ Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators
▪ Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operators
▪ Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
▪ Expressions, Statements, and Blocks
▪ Control Flow Statements
▪ if – then and if – then – else
▪ switch
▪ while and do – while
▪ for and branching statements

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Variables in Java

• We know that object stores its variables in its fields (state

variables)
• What are the rules and conventions for naming a field?
• Besides int, what other data types are there?
• Do fields have to be initialized when they are declared?
• Are fields assigned a default value it they are not initialized?

In the Java programming language, the terms "field" and "variable" are both used; this is a
common source of confusion among new developers, since both often seem to refer to
the same thing.

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Variables in Java

• The Java programming language defines the following kinds of variables

▪ Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields) - objects store their individual states

in "non-static fields", that is, fields declared without the static keyword. Non-
static fields are also known as instance variables because their values are unique
to each instance of a class. the currentSpeed of one bicycle is independent from
the currentSpeed of another.

▪ Class Variables (Static Fields) - A class variable is any field declared with the
static modifier; this tells the compiler that there is exactly one copy of this
variable in existence, regardless of how many times the class has been
instantiated. A field defining the number of gears for a particular kind of bicycle
could be marked as static since conceptually the same number of gears will
apply to all instances. The code static int numGears = 6; would create such a
static field. Additionally, the keyword final could be added to indicate that the
number of gears will never change.

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Variables in Java

▪ Local Variables - a method will often store its temporary state in local
variables. There is no special keyword designating a variable as local;
that determination comes entirely from the location in which the
variable is declared — which is between the opening and closing braces
of a method. As such, local variables are only visible to the methods in
which they are declared; they are not accessible from the rest of the
class.

▪ Parameters - parameters are always classified as "variables" not

"fields".

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Naming

• Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable's name can be any legal

identifier — an unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and digits (a-z,
A-Z, 0-9). Always begin your variable names with a letter. Subsequent
characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters.

• Spell one word in all lowercase letters.

▪ Example: radius, area, weight etc

• For more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word.
▪ Example: gearRatio, numberOfGears, monthlySalary etc

• Capitalize every letter and separate subsequent words with the underscore
character for variables that are made to store constant value, such that
those with modifiers static, final, and static final both.
▪ Example: static final NUM_GEARS = 6;

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Primitive Data Types

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Size of Primitive Types

• Because Java byte-code runs on the Java

Virtual Machine, the size (number of bytes)
for each primitive type is fixed.
• The size is not dependent on the actual
machine/device on which the code executes.
• There is no sizeof operator in Java as there
is in C – it’s not necessary.

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Primitive Data Types (Contd.)

• Java programming language provides special support for

character strings via the java.lang.String class.
• Enclosing your character string within double quotes will
automatically create a new String object;
• for example, String s = “this is a string”;
• String objects are immutable, which means that once
created, their values cannot be changed.
• The String class is not technically a primitive data type,
but considering the special support given to it by the
language, you'll probably tend to think of it as such.

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Default values

• It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared. Fields that are
declared but not initialized will be set to a reasonable default by the compiler.
Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null, depending on the data type.
Relying on such default values, however, is generally considered bad programming
style.

• Data Type Default Value (for fields)

▪ byte - 0
▪ short - 0
The compiler never assigns a default value to an
▪ int - 0 uninitialized local variable. If you cannot initialize
▪ long - 0L your local variable where it is declared, make sure
▪ float - 0.0f to assign it a value before you attempt to use it.
▪ double - 0.0d Accessing an uninitialized local variable will result in
▪ char - '\u0000' a compile-time error
▪ String (or any object) - null
▪ Boolean - false

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Questions

• The term "instance variable" is another name for

▪ non-static field
• The term "class variable" is another name for
▪ static field
• A local variable stores temporary state; it is declared inside a
▪ method
• A variable declared within the opening and closing parenthesis of a
method is called a
▪ parameter
• Character strings are represented by the class
▪ java.lang.String

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Operators

• Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary

Operators
• Equality, Relational, and Conditional
Operators
• Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

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Operator Precedence

Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr–
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == != Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before
bitwise AND & operators with relatively lower precedence. Operators on the
same line have equal precedence. When operators of equal
bitwise exclusive OR ^
precedence appear in the same expression, a rule must govern
bitwise inclusive OR | which is evaluated first. All binary operators except for the
assignment operators are evaluated from left to right;
logical AND &&
assignment operators are evaluated right to left.
logical OR ||
ternary ?:
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

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Arithmetic Operators & Expressions

• If an arithmetic operator is combined with int operands, then the

resulting type is int
• If an arithmetic operator is combined with one or two double
operands, then the resulting type is double
• If different types are combined in an expression, then the resulting
type is the right-most type on the following list that is found within the
expression
byte→short→int→long→float→double
char
– Exception: If the type produced should be byte or short (according
to the rules above), then the type produced will actually be an int

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Integer and Floating point division

• When one or both operands are a floating-point type, division results

in a floating-point type
15.0/2 evaluates to 7.5
• When both operands are integer types, division results in an integer
type
– Any fractional part is discarded
– The number is not rounded
15/2 evaluates to 7
• Be careful to make at least one of the operands a floating-point type if
the fractional portion is needed

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Type Casting

• A type cast takes a value of one type and produces a value of another
type with an "equivalent" value
– If n and m are integers to be divided, and the fractional portion of the
result must be preserved, at least one of the two must be type cast to
a floating-point type before the division operation is performed
double ans = n / (double)m;
– Note that the desired type is placed inside parentheses immediately in
front of the variable to be cast
– Note also that the type and value of the variable to be cast does not
change

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More on Type Casting

• When type casting from a floating-point to an integer type, the

number is truncated, not rounded
(int)2.9 evaluates to 2, not 3
• When the value of an integer type is assigned to a variable of a
floating-point type, Java performs an automatic type cast called a type
conversion
double d = 5;
• In contrast, it is illegal to place a double value into an int variable
without an explicit type cast
int i = 5.5; // Illegal
int i = (int)5.5 // Correct

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Questions

• Consider the following code snippet.

int i = 10;
int n = i++%5;
▪ What are the values of i and n after the code is executed?
• Answer: i is 11, and n is 0
▪ What are the final values of i and n if instead of using the postfix increment
operator (i++), you use the prefix version (++i))?
• Answer: i is 11, and n is 1
• To invert the value of a boolean, which operator would you use?
▪ Answer: The logical complement operator "!"
• Which operator is used to compare two values, = or == ?
▪ Answer: The == operator is used for comparison, and = is used for
assignment
• Explain the following code sample:
result = someCondition ? value1 : value2
▪ Answer: This code should be read as: "If someCondition is true, assign the
value of value1 to result. Otherwise, assign the value of value2 to result."

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Control Flow Statements

• The if-then and if-then-else Statements

• The switch Statement
• The while and do-while Statements
• The for Statement
• Branching Statements

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THANK YOU

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