Module 5

Problem Set

1. A series circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistor, a 100 µf capacitance and a

10 mH inductance is driven by a 50 Hz a.c voltage source of maximum value
100 volts. Calculate the equivalent impedance, current in the circuit, the
power factor and power dissipated in the circuit.

2. For the circuit shown in Fig.2, calculate

(a) conductance and susceptance of each branch
(b) the resultant admittance
(c) the current in each branch
(d) total current input
(e) the power delivered to the circuit.

Draw the phasor diagram.

 3. The parameters of the circuit of Fig.3 are
Z = 10 + j30Ω

Z = 5 + j10Ω

Z = 4 − j16Ω

If a voltage of 100 V, 1  , 50 Hz is applied to the circuit find

(i) I I , anI (ii) voltaged , and .

Draw the complete phasor diagram.

Examples

1. A coil takes a current of 1 A at 0.6 lagging power factor from a 220 volt 60
Hz single phase source. If the coil is modeled by a series RL circuit find (a)
the complex power in the coil and (b) the values of R and L.

Solution:

(a) The complex power:

= + jV

where = dIn SP

and V = dInSQ P

c = oo0 s 1 s 0θ6 = 13oni, ∴∴S

V = oo0 s 1 s 0θ2 = 1×6n., wS

 (b) The impedance:
d0 oo0  0
Z= = = oo0  53θ138
1  − St 0θ6 1  − 53θ138

c 7 = oo0n S53θ13 8 = 13on vrS

= oo0nSQ 53θ138 = 1×6n vr S

2. A single phase load takes 300 watts and draws 5 amps at a lagging power
from a 120 V, 1  supply. Determine the reactance of a pure capacitor
required to be placed in series with this load so that it takes the same
current when connected to a 240 volt supply.

Solution:
Case (a): With no capacitance
power drawn P = 300 watts
current input I= 5 amps
Voltage across the load V= 120 volt
c Impedance of the load
d 1o0
Z= = = o4Ω
I 5
Also, resistance of load
300
7= = = 1oΩ
I 5
But Z= 7 +
or Z =7 +
 c = Z − 7 = o4 − 1o = o0θ×2Ω

Case (b): With a series capacitor

When 240 V is applied across the series combination of the load

capacitance as shown in Fig. 1, the load should take 5 A of current. Thus
total impedance should be

o40
Z= = 42Ω
5

But Z= 7 +

where = − R

and = Z −7

Since the impedance of the combination in case (b) is more than that
of case (a) R h and hence X should be negative.

Thus =− Z −7 n

= − 42 − 1o

= −46θ42nΩ

Since = o0θ×2Ω

R = −

= o0θ×2 − m−46θ42X

= o0θ×2 + 46θ42

= 6×θo6Ω

Notes

Series R – L circuit:

Consider a series R – L circuit shown in Fig 5.1.

 Let the current be

Qnm∴X = nI SQ ∴

or In= nIn 08 (5.1)

Since this current is flowing through the resistance R, we have

d n= nI7n 08 (5.2)

The voltage across L is given by

d n= nIn  08 (5.3)

= njn nI

By Kirchhoff’s voltage law,

. m∴Xn= n. nm∴Xn+ n. nm∴Xn

Since, these quantities are all sinusoidal quantities they can be represented
by vectors and complex addition can be performed.

Thus d = nI7  0n+ I  08

= I7n+ njn In

= nInm7n+ njn Xn

=I n (5.4)
 where Z is called the impedance and is a complex quantity. The real part of
the impedance is the resistance and the imaginary part is the reactance.

Therefore

Z=7+j

= 7 +  ∴, t n

= Z  P8

The magnitude of the impedance is given by

Z = 7 + = 7 +

t t
and the impedance angleP = ∴, = ∴, .

Thus d = nI Z  P8

The voltage is time domain can be written as

. m∴X = I Z o SQ m ∴+ PX

= d SQ nm ∴+ PX

The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 5.2.

The frequency domain equivalent of R – L circuit is given in Fig. 5.3

 When the elements are represented by their frequency domain equivalents
and voltages and currents are given by phasors, the circuit behaves like a resistive
circuit and the currents and voltages can be obtained by ohms law. Thus in Fig.
(5.3) if voltages V is taken as reference i.e.,

. m∴X = nd nSQ ∴

 8√ t
Then I= =  − ∴,

In time domain I can be written as

d o t
Qm∴X = SQ ∴− ∴, n
7 7

From now onwards we will use only phasors to represent voltages and
currents and replace the elements R, L and C by their impedances. As there is a
one to one correspondence between time domain quantities and frequency
domain quantities, it is always possible to get one form from the other.

Power:

The instantaneous power is given by

=. Q

= d SQ ∴ nI SQ m ∴− PX

= ± SP − Smo ∴− PX
 = dI S P − dI Smon ∴− PX (5.5)

The average value of eq. (5.5) is equal to VI cosθ as this term is a constant
and the second term in eq. (5.5) contributes zero value for the average of P.

Thus n= ndIn SP (5.6)

where V and I are the rms values of the voltage and current and θ is the
angle between the voltage and current vectors. θ is also the impedance angle.

This is a very importance expression. The power is not simply given by the
product of R M S values of voltage and current, but is multiplied by the factor
cosθ. This factor is known as ‘power factor’ of the circuit. If a d.c. voltage of V
volts produces a d.c. current of I amps in a circuit, the power would be VI. But
same values of voltage and current in an a.c. circuit produce less power and is
given by VI cosθ expressed in watts. We can get alternate expression for the
average power in terms of the resistance in the circuit. We have from eq. (5.6).

= dI SP

But d =nI Z

c = nn I Z I SP

= I Z SP

But Z SP = 7

c = nI 7 (5.7)

Since power is consumed only in a resistance and no power is consumed by

the inductance, power can be directly calculated using eq. (5.7).

From the vector diagram of Fig. 5.2 we observe the vectors VR, VL and V
from a triangle, which is shown in Fig. 5.4(a).
 The triangle formed by the voltage vectors VR, VL and V is known as a
voltage triangle. Each side of this triangle is proportional to the current I. Hence if
we divide each side of this triangle by I, we get a similar triangle known as
impedance triangle as shown in Fig. 5.4(b). The base of the right angled triangle
represents the resistance, the altitude represents the reactance and the
hypotenuse represents the impedance. The angle ‘θ’ is known as the impedance
angle and is given by

t
P = ∴,
7

and SP =n (5.8)

Further if the sides of the voltage triangles are multiplied by I, we get

another similar triangle called power triangle. The base of this triangle is the real
power P = I2R and the vertical side is the reactive power Q = I2X. The hypotenuse is
called apparent power and is denoted by S. Its unit is volt amperes. Thus

= nI Z

= I n n Z = dI (5.9)

Hence apparent power is the power that would have been consumed in the
circuit if D.C voltage and current of same values are considered in the circuit.
 The angle between the voltage applied and current produced is the same as
the impedance angle. The apparent power is also called as the vector power and
is denoted as

n= n n+ njV (5.10)

If voltage and current are given in complex form as dn= ndn 08 and
In= nI  − P8 n; the complex or vector power S is also given by

n= ndI n

where * stands for complex conjugate. Thus

n= ndIn SPn+ njndInSQ Pθn

The quantity VI sinθ is the reactive power and is denoted be ‘Q’. Further
the reactive power ‘Q’ is given by

Vn= nI n= ndInSQ P (5.11)

The power factor can be expressed by any of the following expressions

(i) SPn= (5.12)n

(ii) SP = n > (5.13)n
n() ω
(iii) SP = n = n (5.14)n
(( ω n() ω

Series RC circuit:

A series RC circuit is shown in Fig. 5.5.

Let I = I0
d = I7  0
dR = −I R n

d = d + dR

= I7 − jI R

= Im7 − j RX

=I (5.15)

where Z=7−j R

t R
Z = 7 + R  ∴,
7

t
c d=I 7 + R ∴, n (5.16)

The vector diagram is shown in Fig. 5.6.

 The voltage triangle, Impedance triangle and the power triangle are given
in Fig.5.7. (a), (b) and (c).

The active power is given by

= dIn SP

= I Z SP

= I 7ni , ∴∴S

V = dInSQ P

=I nnnnnd 7 (5.17)

and = dI = I Z n. 9∴n, r wS (5.18)

the complex impedance Z is given by

j
Z=7−

= 7 +  − ∴, t
R R

The complex power is given by

= − jV (5.19)
 If voltage and current are given in complex form, the complex power is
obtained from the equation

= dI (5.20)

where * stands for complex conjugate. Thus if

d = d0

and I = IP

c The complex power is given by

n= ndI

or = d 0 I − P

= dI  − P

= dI SmPX + jdI SQ m−PX

= dI SP − jdInSQ Pθ

It can be seen that the reactive power in a capacitive circuit is opposite to

that of an inductive circuit.

Series RLC circuit:

A series RLC circuit is shown in Fig. 5.8.

Taking current as reference,

 I = I  08

d = I7  08 = I7 + j

d = Ij

dR = −Ij R

and d = d + d + dR

= I7 + jI − jI R

= I 7 + jm − RX

=I

Where Z = 7 + jm − RX (5.21)

Depending on the values of and R we have 3 different cases.

(i) h R

The inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reactance. Hence the
net reactance is inductive and the circuit behaves like RL circuit Thus

Z=7 =j

where = − R

The vector diagram is shown in Fig.5.9 (a)

 The impedance Z is given by

t
Z= 7 +L −  ∴, t (5.22)
R

(ii) R
The circuit behaves like a capacitive circuit and the impedance Z is
Z=7−j
L t
where = R − = 7 +L −  ∴, t (5.23)
R
The current leads the voltage by an angle
L t
t
P = ∴, , (5.24)

as shown in Fig.5.9(c).

Parallel RL circuit:

A parallel RL circuit is shown in Fig. 5.10.

 Since voltage applied is common to the two elements in parallel, we take
voltage as reference

d = d0
d
I = 0
7
8
and I =

The total current I is given by

I= I +I
8 8
= +

=dL + (5.25)

The reciprocal of resistance is called the conductance and is represented by

G. Similarly we can define the reciprocal of reactance as susceptance, B and the
reciprocal of impedance as admittance, Y. Eq. (5.25) can be written as

I = dm − j X = d

where Y is the admittance given by

= −j
 for a parallel RL circuit. The unit of Y is Seimens and is denoted by S.

The vector diagram is given in Fig. 5.11.

Parallel R C circuit:

The parallel RC circuit can be dealt with in a similar manner. The circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.12(a)

d = d0
d
I = 0
7
d0
IR =
−j

I = I + IR

=dL −

= dm + j X
 =d (5.26)

Where = +j (5.27)

is the admittance of a parallel RC circuit.

A parallel RLC circuit can be analysed in similar manner.