8

Differentiation
Skills check j) −2 x
−1
2
k)
−2
l)
−14
1 −1 x2 x3
1. a) 2x −3 b) 4 x 2
c) 2 x 2
−1
−1 −3 5 1
5
2. a) x 2
b) c)
d) 3 x 3
e) x 2
f) x 2 x2 6 x
1
−24 −3 −23
2. a) x 7 b) x −4 c) x 2 d) 84x 6 e) 4 f) x
1 x 2
1 −1 −34 2 dy
d) e) x −5 f) x 2 g) x h) i) y = x 6; = 6x 5
x2 3 9 dx
−2
1 1 dy
g) x 3 h) i) j) y = 4x 7  = 28 x 6
x3 x 9
dx
dy
Exercise 8.1 k) y = 20x 3  = 60 x 2 l) −4
dx
1. a) y −5
1 −2
10 3. a) −5x −6 b) x 3 c) −1x 4
3
9
2 5 −21
d) −2 e) − f) x
8 x3 2
3 d 2
4 −1
7 g) h) 2x 3 = x 3
2x 4 dx 3
6
d −5 d 6
i) x = − 5x −6 j) x = 6x 5
5 dx dx
d 11 d
4 k) x = 11x 10 l) 4 x 8 = 32 x 7
dx dx
3
−2
4. a) 8x b) c) 15x 20
2 3
−1 −4 −3
1 d) 8 x 2 e) −3 x 3 f) 2 x 2

−4
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 x g) −5 h) 5 x 5

–1
dy dy
i) y = 10x 10  = 100 x 9 j) y = x 1  =1
–2 dx dx
dy
k) y = 3x 5  = 15x 4 l) −1
dx
b) 5 c) −1
2. a) 3 b) (1, −1)  (−1, 3) Exercise 8.4
1. a) 7x 6 + 3x 2 b) 48x 7 − 4 c) 6x + 5
Exercise 8.2
d) f(x) = 6x − 13x − 63  f  ′(x) = 12x − 13
 2

1. 4x 2. 8 3. 4x 3 ′(x) = −2x −3 + 2x

e) f(x) = x −2 + x 2  f  
1
4. 2x + 3 5. − 6. nx n−1 f) f(x) = 15x 4 − 35x 3 − 10x 2
x2
′(x) = 60x 3 − 105x 2 − 20x
f 
Exercise 8.3 ′(x) = 3x 2 + 6x 5
g) f(x) = x 3 + x 6  f  
1. a) 3x 2 b) 9x 8 c) 8x ′(x) = 36x 3 − 4x
h) f(x) = 9x 4 − 2x 2  f  
8
d) −15 e) −28x −5 f) −3x −2 ′(x) = 2x − 8x −5 = 2x −
i) f(x) = x 2 + 2x−4  f  
x5
1 1
−1
′(x) = − 10 + 2x
j) f(x) = 25 − 10x + x 2  f  
g) − h) 8x 9 i) x 2
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 1
 1 3 −3 x − 2x x + x 2
1 3
2. a) 4 x 3 − 2
+ x2 h) y = = x 2 − 2x + x 2
x 2 1
x2
3 3 dy 9
b) y = 5x 4 − x  = 20x 3 − x 2 dy 1 −21 3 1
2 dx 2 = x − 2 + x2
dx 2 2
−1
3 dy −3 1 −23
c) y = 7 + + x 2  = − x
x dx x2 2 Exercise 8.5 1

1 dy 1 1. a) Let u = 4x − 1 so y = u 2
d) y = x + 2 +   = 1− 2
x dx x dy dy du 1 −1 2
dy ⇒ = × = u 2×4=
e) y = 2x 3 − 8x 4 − 16x 5  = 6x 2 − 32x 3 − 80x 4 dx du dx 2 4x −1
dx
Let
b) u = x  + 4 so y = u 
2 5

dy 11 −1 dy du
f) y = 2x + 11 x + 15 
dx
= 2+ x2
2 ⇒ dy = × = 5u 4 × 2x = 10x (x 2 + 4)4
dx du dx
1 −1
dy −3 Let
c) u = 1 − x so y = u−3
g) y = 5 − 3 x   = 2
x 2
dx 2
dy dy du 3 3
dy −1 −23 −5
1 −1 ⇒ = × = − 3u−4 × −1 = 4 =
=
h) x − 6x 2 − x 2 dx du dx u (1 − x ) 4
dx 2 2
Let
d) u = 2x + 7 so y = 5u−1
4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 12 9 dy 12 18
i) y = =4− + 2  = 2 − 3 dy dy du −10
x 2
x x d x x x Then ⇒ = × = − 5u−2 × 2 =
dx d u d x ( x + 7 )2
2
dy −4 6
j) = 2 − 3 −
1
dx x x Let
e) u = 5 + 2x so y = 3u 2

2 −31 1 −21
3. a) 12x 3 − 6x 2 + 10x − 1 b) x + x dy dy du −3 − 32
3 2 ⇒ = × = u ×2
3 1 dx du dx 2
d
c) (12x + 4 x 2 ) = 12 + 6 x 2 −
3
dx = −3(5 + 2 x ) 2

d ⎛ 7 4 ⎞ −14 12
d) ⎜ − 3 − 2x 2 ⎟ = + 4 − 4x Let
f) u = 3 − 4x so y = 2u−1
dx ⎝ x 2 x ⎠ x3 x
dy dy du 8 8
d
⇒ = × = −2u−2 × −4 = 2 =
e) (x 4 + 14x 2 + 49) = 4x 3 + 28x dx du dx u (3 − 4 x )2
dx −
1

f) 2ax + b
Let u = 4x − 3 so y = u
g) 3

4
5
5 3
1 −1 dy dy du 1 −4 4 −

d
g) ( x 2 + 8 x 2 ) = x 2 + 4 x 2 ⇒ = × = − u 3 × 4 = − (4 x − 3) 3
dx du dx 3 3
dx 2
1
d 1 2
h) (4x −3 −  x −2) = −12x −4 + x −3 Let
h) u = 5 + 3x 3 so y = u 2
dx 3 3
dy dy du 1 −1 9x 2
−1
dy
1 −4 −1 ⇒ = × = u 2 × 9x 2 =
4. a) y = 6 x 3
+ 4x   = −2 x
2 3
+ 2x 2 dx du dx 2 2 5 + 3x 3
dx
i) Let u = 2x 2 + 3x so y = 6u−1
dy 1 12 1 32
b) = x − x dy dy du −6( 4 x + 3)
dx 2 2 ⇒ = × = −6u−2(4x + 3) =
dx du dx (2 x 2 + 3 x )2
c) y = x  (x 2 − 4x + 4) = x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x
1 −4
j) Let u = 1 − 3x 2 so y = u
dy 2
= 3x 2 − 8x + 4
dx dy dy du
1 −1
⇒ = × = −2u−5 × − 6x
dy 1 −1
3 −3
dx du dx
d) y = x + 3 x  
2 2
= x 2
− x 2
dx 2 2 12 x
=
5 dy (1 − 3 x 2 )5
e) y = 4x −1 − x −3  = −4x −2 + 5x −4
3 dx
2. In this question, the same technique is used but
1 −1
dy u is assigned mentally.
f) y = x − 8 x + 16  2
= 1 − 4x 2
dx dy
−1 −3
y=
a) (9x + 8)−1 ⇒ = − 1(9x + 8)−2 × 9
1 dy 1 dx
g) y = 5x − x   =5 + x
2 2
−9
2 dx 4 =
(9 x + 8) 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 2
 dy 1
1
−
1
−7 4. 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 4x + 4  2x 2 − x − 3 = 0
y = (8 − 7 x ) ⇒
b) = (8 − 7 x ) 2 × − 7 =
2
dx 2 2 8 − 7x 3
(2x − 3) (x + 1) = 0  x = or x = −1
1 1 2
dy 1 −
dy
y = (2 x
c)
4
+ 7) 2 ⇒ = (2 x 4 + 7) 2 × 8x 3 = 4x + 3
dx 2 dx
4x3 3 dy ⎛3⎞
= When x =   = 4⎜ ⎟ + 3 = 9
2x 4 + 7 2 dx ⎝2⎠
dy
−
1 When x = −1  = 4(−1) + 3 = −1
y = 3(3 − x 2 )
d) 2 dx

−3 3 dy
dy − 3x 5. y = 4x 2 + 12x + 9  = 8x + 12
⇒ = (3 − x 2 ) 2 × −2x = dx
dx 2 (3 − x 2 )3
dy
When x = 0  = 8(0) + 12 = 12
dy −16 dx
(4x
e) − 5)−4 ⇒ = −4 (4x − 5)−5 × 4 =
dx ( 4 x − 5) 5 dy
6. y = x 2 − x − 6  = 2x − 1
dx
1 −5
− dy
y=
f) 2(5 + 3 x ) 4
⇒ = − 1 (5 + 3x ) 4 × 3 Curve crosses x-axis when y = 0
dx 2 i.e. (x − 3) (x + 2) = 0
−5
3 i.e. when x = 3 and x = −2
= − (5 + 3 x ) 4
2
dy
dy when x = 3  = 2(3) − 1 = 5
y = (3x  − 2) ⇒
g) 2
= 4(3x 2 − 2)3 × 6x
4 dx
dx
dy
= 24x(3x 2 − 2)3 when x = −2  = 2(−2) − 1 = −5
dx
1 1
dy 1 −
dy
y = (5 x
h) − 2x 2 )2 ⇒ = (5x − 2 x 2 ) 2 × (5 − 4x) 7. = 6x 2 − 15 = 9  6x 2 = 24  x 2 = 4
dx 2 dx
5 − 4x
= x = 2 or x = −2
2 5x − 2 x 2
when x = 2,  y = 2(2)3 − 15(2) + 7 = −7  (2, −7)
1
i) y= = (5x − 3x 3)−1 when x = −2,  y = 2(−2)3 − 15(−2) + 7
5x − 3x 3
= 21  (−2, 21)
dy
⇒ = −1(5x − 3x 3)−2 × (5 − 9x 2) dy
dx 8. = 3x 2 − 2x − 42 = −2  3x 2 − 2x − 40 = 0
dx
9x 2 − 5 −10
= (3x + 10)(x − 4) = 0  x = or x = 4
(5 x − 3 x 3 ) 2 3
1 − 12 dy
j) y= (1 + x )−1 ⇒ dy = −1(1 + x )−2 × x 9.
dx
= 4x 3 + 6x 2 = 0
dx 2
−1 −3
= x 2(4x + 6) = 0 x = 0 or x =
2 x (1 + x )2 2
x = 0,  y = (0)4 + 2(0)3 = 0  (0, 0)
Exercise 8.6 4 3
−3 −3 11
dy x = ,  y = ⎛⎜ −3 ⎞⎟ + 2 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = −1
1. = 15x 2 + 6x − 1  when x = 1, 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎝ ⎠ 16
dx
dy ⎛ 1 11 ⎞
= 15 + 6 − 1 = 20 ⎜ −1 , − 1 ⎟
dx ⎝ 2 16 ⎠
dy dy
2. = 3x 2 − 16x when x = −2, 10. = 6x 2 + 2ax − 1 = 3  when x = 1
dx dx
dy
= 3(−2)2 − 16(−2) = 12 + 32 = 44 ∴ 6(1)2 + 2a(1) − 1 = 3  6 + 2a − 1 = 3
dx
dy 2a = −2  a = −1
3. = 6x 2 + 6x − 12 = 24  ∴ 6x 2 + 6x − 36 = 0
dx 11. when x = −2 y = (−2 − 3)2 = 25
∴ x 2 + x − 6 = 0  (x + 3) (x − 2) = 0  x = −3 or x = 2 dy
y = x 2 − 6x + 9 = 2x − 6
x = −3  y = 2(−3) + 3(−3) − 12(−3) = 9  (−3, 9)
3 2 dx
dy
x = 2  y = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 12(2) = 4  (2, 4) when x = −2 = 2(−2) − 6 = −10
dx

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 3
 16 x 2 − 8 x + 1 1
12. y = = 16 − 8x −1 + x −2 ′(x) = −4x −2 + x −3
2. a) f(x) = 4x −1 − x−2  f  
x2 2
dy 8 2 f  ″(x) = 8x −3 − 3x −4
= 8x −2 − 2x −3 = 2 − 3 −1
dx x x 1 −23
8 2 b) f(x) = 3 − 5 x −1 + x 2   f  
′(x) = 5x −2 − x
dy 2
when x = −1  = − = 8 + 2 = 10
dx ( −1 ) 2
( −1)3 3 −25
f  ″(x) = −10x −3 + x
4
dy
13. = 9 − 6x − 3x 2 = 9  0 = 6x + 3x 2 = 3x (x + 2) 1 −1 −3
dx c) f(x) = 7 − 8x 2 f  ′(x) = −4x 2   f  
″(x) = 2x 2

∴ x = 0 or   x = −2 1
1 −21
when x = 0   y = 6 + 9(0) − 3(0)2 − (0)3 = 6  (0, d) f(x) = 4 x − x 2 − 3  f  
′(x) = 4 − x
2
6)
1 −23
when x = −2   y = 6 + 9(−2) − 3(−2) − (−2) 2 3 f ″(x) = x
4
= −16  (−2, −16) −5
5 −49
1 1 e) f  ′(x) = −2 x 4   f  
″(x) = x
dy – 2
14. y = 3 x + 4 x − 15 2
= 3 + 2x 2 1
dx f) f(x) = ( 4 x − 3) 2
dy 2
when x = 1,  =3+ =5 1 −
1
dx 1 ⇒ f  ′(x) = (4 x − 3) 2 × 4
−1
2
dy 1 −3 3
15. y = 2 − 5 x −1 + x 2   = 5x −2 − x 2 = 0 1 −
⇒ f  ″(x) = − (4 x − 3) 2 × 4 × 2
dx 2 2
3 1
5 1 4
2
= 3   10 x 2 = x 2  10 = x 2   x = 100 =−
x ( 4 x − 3 )3
2x 2
(200 − 5 + 10 )
y = [2(100) − 5 + 100] ÷ 100 = ′(x) = −12x −5 − 12x −3
g) f(x) = 3x −4 + 6x−2  f  
100
f ″(x) = 60x −6 + 36x −4
= 2.05  (100, 2.05)
′(x) = 8x 7  f  
h) f(x) = x 8  f   ″(x) = 56x 6
Exercise 8.7 −1 −4
16 −37
′(x) = −4 x 3   f  
i) f(x) = 12x 3   f   ″(x) = x
dy d2 y 3
1. a) = 14x 6 + 12x 2  = 84x 5 + 24x
dx dx 2 dy d2 y 8
3. = 24x 2 − 3 − 4x −2  = 48x + 8x −3 = 48x + 3
dy d2 y dx dx 2 x
b) = 27x 8 − 7  = 216x 7
dx dx 2 d2 y 8
When x = −2  = 48(−2) + = −96 − 1
( −2 )
3
dy d2 y dx 2
c) y = 2x 2 − 15x − 8  = 4x − 15  =4
dx dx 2 = −97
−3
dy 4. f  ′(x) = −6(3x − 2) 2
d) y = x −2 + 5x 4  = −2x −3 + 20x 3
dx −5
d2 y f ″(x) = 27(3x − 2) 2
= 6x −4 + 60x 2
dx 2 −5
27
dy f ″(2) = 27 × 4 2 =
e) y = 12x 5 − 6x 4 + 6x 3  = 60x 4 − 24x 3 + 18x 2 32
d x
d2 y d2 y
2 = 240x 3 −72x 2 + 36x 5. = −14x
dx dx 2
dy dy d2 y
f) y = (9 − x)5  = 5(9 − x)4 (−1) 6. = 18x 2 − 4x  = 36x − 4
dx dx dx 2
d2 y
2 = 20(9 − x)3 Now LHS = (36x − 4) − 4(18x 2 − 4x) + 20
dx
dy d2 y = 36x − 4 − 72x 2 + 16x + 20
g) y = x 3 + x 2  = 3x 2 + 2x  = 6x + 2
dx dx 2 = 16 + 52x − 72x 2
dy d2 y = 4(4 + 13x − 18x 2) = RHS
h) y = 8x − 3x  4
= 32x 3 − 3  = 96x 2
dx dx 2 7. f  ′(x) = 5(5 − 2x)−8 so f  ″(x) = 5 × −8 (5 − 2x)−9 × −2
i) y = 2x 3 + 3x −1 
dy
= 6x 2 − 3x −2 = 80(5 − 2x)−9
dx 8. f  ′(x) = 8x 3 − 9x 2 − 2x
d2 y 6
2 = 12x + 6x −3 = 12x + 3 f ″(x) = 24x 2 − 18x − 2
dx x
a) f  ′(3) = 8(3)3 − 9(3)2 − 2(3) = 129

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 4
 b) f  ″(−2) = 24(−2)2 − 18(−2) − 2 = 130 f) y = 3
x  when x = 8  y = 3 8 = 2
1 1 1
c) = = −
f (1) 2 − 3 − 1 2 dy 1 −2 dy 1 −2
1
= x 3  when x = 8  = (8) 3 =
dx 3 dx 3 12
dy d2 y
9. = 4ax 3 − 6x  = 12ax 2 − 6 1
dx dx 2 Eqn y −2= ( x − 8) 12y − 24 = x − 8
12
d2 y
when x = 2,  = 42  ∴12a(2)2 − 6 = 42 x − 12y + 16 = 0
dx 2
48a = 48  a = 1 2. a) when x = 2  y = 7(2)2 − 8(2) + 9 = 21
dy 1 dy dy
10. = 3x −3 − x −4 = 14x − 8  when x = 2  = 14(2) − 8 = 20
dx 2 dx dx
2
d y −9 2 −1
= −9x −4 + 2x −5 = 4 + 5 ∴ gradient normal =
dx 2 x x 20
−1
d2 y −9 2 Eqn y − 21 = (x − 2)
when x = −1,  2
= + = −11 20
dx 1 −1 20y − 420 = −x + 2
Exercise 8.8 x + 20y = 422
dy dy dy
1. a) = 3x 2 − 6  when x = 2  = 3(2)2 − 6 = 6 = 15x 2 + 2x when x = −1
b)
dx d x dx
dy
Eqn (y + 1) = 6(x − 2)  y = 6x − 13 = 15 − 2 = 13
dx
−1
dy ∴ gradient normal is
b) = 8x 3 + 27x 2 + 1  when x = −2, 13
dx −1
Eqn y + 6 = (x + 1)
y = 2(−2)4 + 9(−2)3 + (−2) = −42 13
dy 13y + 78 = −x − 1
when x = −2,  = 45
dx x + 13y + 79 = 0
Eqn y + 42 = 45(x + 2)  y = 45x + 48 c) y = 9x 2 + 60x + 100
dy
c) y = x 2 − 3x − 28  x = 1  y = 1 − 3 − 28 = −30 =
 18x + 60  when x = −3
dx
dy dy dy
= 2x − 3  x = 1  = 2 − 3 = −1 = 18(−3) + 60 = 6
dx dx dx
−1
Eqn y + 30 = −1(x − 1)  x + y + 29 = 0 ∴ gradient normal =
6
−1
d) y = x 3 − 3x 2 Eqn y − 1 = (x + 3)
6
dy dy 6y − 6 = −x − 3
= 3x 2 − 6x when x = 1,  = 3 − 6 = −3
dx dx x + 6y = 3
Eqn: y + 2 = −3(x − 1)  3x + y = 1 d) when x = 5  y = 2(5)2 (6 − 5) = 50
dy
5 1 y = 12x 2 − 2x 3  = 24x − 6x 2
e) y = x 2 − x 2 dx
dy
dy 5 32 1 −21 when x = 5  = 24(5) − 6(5)2 = −30
 = x − x  when x = 4  dx
dx 2 2 1
∴ gradient normal =
dy 5 3
1 −1 30
= (4 ) 2 − (4 ) 2 1
dx 2 2 Eqn y − 50 = (x − 5)
30
1
= 20 − 30y − 1500 = x − 5
4
79 30y − x = 1495
Eqn y − 30 =
 (x − 4)
4
4y − 120 = 79x − 316
4y − 79x + 196 = 0

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 5
 1 −1 3 1 b) when x = 2,  y = 4 − 2 + 2 = 4  m = 3
x  when x = −2,  y = + = 1
e) y = 3x −2 −
2 4 4
Eqn y − 4 = 3(x − 2)  y = 3x − 2
dy 1 − 6 1
= −6x −3 + x −2 = 3 + 2
dx 2 x 2x when x = −1,  y = 1 + 1 + 2 = 4  m = −3
dy −6 1 7 y − 4 = −3(x + 1)  y = −3x + 1
when x = −2  = + =
dx −8 8 8 1
c) 3x − 2 = −3x + 1  6x = 3  x =
−8 2
∴ gradient normal = 1
7 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
−8 when x = , y = 3 ⎜ ⎟ − 2 = −
Eqn y −1= (x + 2) 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
7
∴ meet at ⎛⎜ , − ⎞⎟
1 1
7y − 7 = −8x − 16 ⎝2 2⎠
8x + 7y + 9 = 0 dy
dy
1 3 7. a) = −2 − 2x when x = 1,  = −2 − 2 = −4
− dy 3 −
dx dx
f)=
y 3(2x + 1) 2
⇒ =
− (2x + 1) 2 × 2
dx 2
Eqn: y − 2 = −4(x − 1)  y = −4x + 6
3
= − 3 ⎛3 ⎞
3
b) P = 0 = −4x + 6  x =   P = ⎜ , 0 ⎟
(2 x + 1) 2
2 ⎝2 ⎠
dy 3 1 Q = (0, 6)
At x =
4, =
− =
− 6
dx 27 9 1 ⎛3⎞
Therefore, gradient normal = 9 Area = (6) ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝2⎠
Eqn of normal is y – 1 = 9(x – 4) 9 1
= = 4 sq units
i.e. y = 9x – 35 2 2
3
3. P = (0, −5) 2
dy dy
= 6x 2 + 6  when x = 0  =6 8. A = (5, 0)  B = (−2, 0)  y = 10 + 3x − x 2
dx dx
Eqn y + 5 = 6(x − 0) dy dy
= 3 − 2x  At A,  = 3 − 2(5) = −7
dx dx
y − 6x = −5
4. when x = 2  y = 2(2)3 − 2 = 14 Eqn  y − 0 = −7(x − 5)  y = −7x + 35
dy dy
= 6x 2 − 1 At B,  = 3 − 2(−2) = 7
dx dx
dy
when x = 2,  = 6(2)2 − 1 = 23 Eqn y − 0 = 7(x + 2)  y = 7x + 14
dx
1 meet when 7x + 14 = −7x + 35
∴ gradient normal = −
23
21 3 49
=   y = 7 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + 14 =
3
Eqn tangent: y − 14 = 23(x − 2) 14x = 21  x =
14 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
C = ⎛⎜ , ⎟⎞
y = 23x − 32 3 49

Eqn normal: y − 14 = − 1 (x − 2) ⎝2 2 ⎠
23 dy 1 − 12 1 −32
23y − 322 = −x + 2 9. x = 1  y = 1 + 1 = 2  = x + x
dx 2 3
x + 23y = 324
dy 1 1 5
5. x 2 − x − 12 = 0  (x − 4)(x + 3) = 0 when x = 1, = + =
dx 2 3 6
crosses x-axis at (4, 0) and (−3, 0)
6
dy ∴ gradient normal = −
= 2x − 1 5
dx
dy 6
when x = 4,  = 2(4) − 1 = 7 Eqn normal: y − 2 = − (x − 1)
dx 5
Eqn y − 0 = 7(x − 4)  y = 7x − 28 5y − 10 = −6x + 6  5y + 6x = 16
dy 16 16
when x = −3,  = 2(−3) − 1 = −7 when x = 0,  y =   q=
dx 5 5
y − 0 = −7(x + 3)  y = −7x − 21
8 8
when y = 0  6x = 16  x =   p =
dy 3 3
6. a) = 2x − 1 = 3  x = 2  when m = 3  (2, 4)
dx
2x − 1 = −3  x = −1  when m = −3   (−1, 4)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 6
 dy dy dy 1 2
10. = 1 + 3x 2  x = 0,  =1 At x = 9, =1− =
dx dx dx 3 3
3
∴ gradient normal = −1 Therefore, gradient of normal = −
2
Eqn y − 0 = −1(x − 0)  y = −x At x = 9, y = 9 − 2 × 3 = 3
−3
dy
Hence equation of normal is y − 3 = (x − 9)
x = 1, =1+3=4 2
dx i.e. 2y − 6 = −3x + 27
1 i.e. 2y + 3x = 33
∴ gradient normal = −
4
5. y = 3x 3 − ax 2
1
Eqn y − 2 = − (x − 1)  4y − 8 = −x + 1 dy
4 ⇒ = 9x 2 − 2ax
4y + x = 9 dx
d2 y
but y = −x  ∴ − 4x + x = 9  x = −3  ∴ y = 3 and = 18x − 2a
dx 2
P = (−3, 3) d2 y
At x = 2, 2 = 36 − 2a = 54
dx
Summary exercise 8 Hence −2a = 54 − 36 = 18 and therefore a = −9
1. a) y = x (x + 3)2 = x (x 2 + 6x + 9) = x 3 + 6x 2 + 9x
6. y = 4x 2 − x 3
dy dy
= 3x 2 + 12x + 9 ⇒ = 8x − 3x 2
dx dx
1
−
1
2x 6 8x 3 d2 y
b) y = 6 x + 3 x
2 3 c) y = − = x 4 − 4x and 2 = 8 − 6x
2x 2 2x 2 dx
dy − −
1
dy
4 d 2 y dy
= 3 x 2 − x 3 = 4x 3 − 4 Hence 2 + − 3y = 8 − 6x + 8x − 3x 2 − 12x 2 + 3x 3
dx dx dx dx
= 8 + 2x − 15x 2 + 3x 3
1 1
dy 1 2 −2 as required
d) y = (3 − 2 x )  
2 2
= (3 − 2 x ) × − 4x
dx 2
7. Curve cuts y-axis at x = 0, i.e. y = 9 = 3
1
− 1
= −2x  (3 − 2 x ) 2 2
y = (9 − 4 x ) 2
2 1 1 1
1 1 dy 1 − −
9x 3
x 2 −
+x
− so = (9 − 4 x ) 2 × −4 = −2 (9 − 4 x ) 2
2. a) f  (x) = + = 9x 3 2
dx 2
x x
−2
−9 − 43 1 − 32 −
4
1 −3 At x = 0, gradient =
⇒ f  ′(x) = x − x = −3x 3 − x 2 3
3 2 2 2
Hence equation of tangent is y − 3 = − (x − 0)
1 3
b) f (x) = x 4 − 2x 5 + 3x 2 i.e. 3y − 9 = −2x
2
i.e. 2x + 3y = 9
⇒ f  ′(x) = 2x 3 − 10x 4 + 6x
8. y = x 3 + 3x 2 − 4
c) f (x) = 3(5x − 2)−2
−30 dy
⇒ f  ′(x) = 3 × −2(5x − 2)−3 × 5 = ⇒ = 3x 2 + 6x
( 5 x − 2 )3 dx
We need the tangent to have gradient 9, so
1 1
d) f (x) = x − 2 x × + = x − 2 + x−1 3x 2 + 6x = 9
x x
1 i.e. x 2 + 2x = 3
⇒ f  ′(x) = 1 − 2 i.e. x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0
x
dy (x + 3) (x − 1) = 0
3. = −3 + 3x 2
dx so x = −3 or 1
At x = 1, gradient = −3 + 3 = 0 The points are
1
4. y = x − 2 x = x − 2 x 2 x = −3, y = (−3)3 + 3(−3)2 − 4 = −4  i.e. (−3, −4)
dy − 1
1 and x = 1, y = 1 + 3 − 4 = 0  i.e. (1, 0)
⇒ =1− x 2 =1−
dx x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 7
9. y = 3x 2 −7
x 6 (5 + 33 x 2 )
dy =
⇒ = 6x = 6t at (t, 3t 2) ⎛ 5 3x 2 ⎞
7
dx ⎜ 1 − ⎟
1 ⎜ 6
1
⎟
Therefore gradient of normal = − ⎝x x6 ⎠
6t
−1 5 + 33 x 2
and equation of normal is y − 3t  = (x − t) 2 = 7
6t ⎛ 1 1
⎞
⎜ x 6 × 5 − 3x × x 6 ⎟
2
⇒ 6ty − 18t  = −x + t 3
⎜⎜ 1 1 ⎟⎟
i.e. 6ty + x = 18t 3 + t ⎝ x6 x6 ⎠

10. a) y = x (2 − x) = 2x − x 2 5 + 33 x 2
=
( 5 − 3 x 2 )7
dy
⇒ = 2 − 2x 13. y = x 3 − 6x 2 + 12x + 2
dx
dy dy
At x = 0, = 2, so equation of tangent is ⇒ = 3x 2 − 12x + 12
dx dx
y − 0 = 2(x − 0) dy
We need =3
i.e. y = 2x dx
dy 1 i.e. 3x 2 − 12x + 12 = 3
b) Need to find where =−
dx 2 i.e. x 2 − 4x + 4 = 1
1 i.e. x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0
i.e. 2 − 2x = −
2
i.e. (x − 3) (x − 1) = 0
1
i.e. − 2x = −2 so points are x = 3, y = 27 − 54 + 36 + 2 = 11 (3, 11)
2
1 and x = 1, y = 1 − 6 + 12 + 2 = 9 i.e. (1, 9)
so x = 1 .
4
( )
1 1 1 3 Required tangents are
Point lies on curve so y = 1 2 − 1 = 1 ×
15 4 4 4 4 y − 11 = 3(x − 3) and y − 9 = 3(x − 1)
=
16 y = 3x − 9 + 11 and y = 3x − 3 + 9
Point is ⎛⎜ 1 1 , 15 ⎞⎟ y = 3x + 2 and y = 3x + 6
⎝ 4 16 ⎠
1 1
dy − 2
7x x 8x 1 14. a) y = 4 x 2 so= 2=
x 2
11. y = − = 7x − 8x 2 dx x
x x
dy 2
4
1 At x = 9, = = gradient of tangent.
dy −
dx 3
⇒ = 7 − 4x 2 = 7 −
dx x 2
Eqn. of tangent is y − 12 = (x − 9)
3
dy x 1
12. = = 1 i.e. 3y − 36 = 2x − 18
dx (5 − 3 x 2 )6
(5 − 3 x 2 )6 i.e. 3y = 2x + 18
x
3
Eqn. of normal is y − 12 = − (x − 9)
1 2
= 6 i.e. 2y − 24 = −3x + 27
⎛ 5 3x 2 ⎞
⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟ i.e. 2y + 3x = 51
⎜ 6 ⎟
⎝x x6 ⎠
−6
b) Tangent cuts x-axis where y = 0 i.e. 2x + 18 = 0
1  −1 11
 and x = −9 so Q = (−9, 0)
= =  5x 6 − 3x 6 
( 5x −
1
6
− 3x
11 6
6 )  
Normal cuts x-axis where y = 0 i.e.
3x = 51 and x = 17 so R = (17, 0)
( )
11 −7
d2 y −
1
 5 −
7
33 56  Hence Area of PQR
⇒ 2 = −6  5x 6 − 3x 6 × − x 6
− x 
dx  6 6  1
= × 26 × 12
=
−6
7
×
−1
6
5x ( −7
6
+ 33x
5
6 )
2
= 156 square units
⎛ 5 11
⎞
⎜ 1 − 3x 6
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x6 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 8
15. f (x) = 3x 4 + 5x 3 − 6x 2 16. y = ax 2 + 3x − a 2
⇒ f  ′(x) = 12x 3 + 15x 2 − 12x dy
so = 2ax + 3
and f  ′′(x) = 36x 2 + 30x − 12 dx
dy
a) f  ′(−2) = 12 × − 8 + 15 × 4 + 12 × 2 At x = −2, = − 4a + 3 = 5
dx
= −96 + 60 + 24 1
 i.e. −4a = 2 so a = −
= −12 2
when x = −3, y = 9a − 9 − a 2
b) f ′′
1
2
() 1
4
1
= 36 × + 30 × − 12
2 =
−9
2
−9−
1
4
= 9 + 15 − 12 1 1
= −13 −
= 12 2 4
3
24 24 24 = −13
c) = = = −3 4
f (−1) 3 − 5 − 6 −8

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differentiation 9