Cheat Sheet to Appearing Normal with MMPI

Introduction:
The point of Courts, Government Employers and others Corporations and Institutions
making you take the MMPI-2 is to determine any deviation from normal society. It also in
some situations (such as high stressed jobs) wants you to have a higher than normal score
in your ability to deal with stress.

In order to score within the normal range, certain combinations of questions must be
answered either true or false. The combinations and the variety of what answers can fall into
this range of different questions. This makes it very difficult to cheat the MMPI and has
made it one of the most widely use personality test of our times.

To take the MMPI-2 Prep-Test Online go here

https://psychtest.net/online/mmpiexam.shtml

NB:
1) Microsoft Explorer is outdated and will not display the code please use another browser
2) If your PDF reader blocks outlinks, just copy and paste the address above into a browser
3) Model True and False Answers to Appear „Normal” are at the end of this document

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How to Read your Score once you have answered the
Questions
1) Identify the T score you want to interpret.
This will come from the results of the test

2) Look at your T score on the normal distribution.

Average is any score between 40-60
A slight issue would be between 30-40 or 60-70.
Problem areas with a score below 30 and over 70

3) Compare your score to the average T score.

Different for males and females

4) Look at what the test (and thus the T score) is measuring. This is referred to as the
“Clinical Scales”

MMPI 2 Test Result: Clinical Scales

The MMPI Test Results are measured by the MMPI-2 „scales‟, which are the set of
classifications of personality traits and psychopathy that the MMPI is designed to measure
from a person taking the test. These are essentially the MMPI Test Result categories. The
number of scales is continuing growing – but there are 10 primary categories (called the
Clinical Scales) that are used in the assessment of the MMPI-2 test. The results of the
clinical scale have to reflect a true and accurate reflection of the patient taking the test and
this is done by an additional 11 „Validity Scales‟ that check the results and make sure the
person doing the test answered honesty and consistently.

Following is a brief description of the MMPI-2 scale (the MMPI Test Result you will get) this
is not a complete assessment of the results and should be taken and used for educational
purposes only. The descriptions for each scale include the characteristics typical of high
scorers (and in some cases those of moderate, or low scorers). If you want to determine the
meaning of low scores you can generally, just use the opposite descriptions provided by the
high scores. Not all correlates/descriptors listed here will be applicable on an individual
results, but the following will give you a basic idea of what each score means.

Why is the MMPI-2 Test Result Score so Important?

The interruption of the MMPI is used as a criteria for acceptance of employment in many
government and business organizations. Included in the analyst, is a section of dishonesty
so the bottom line is, if you lie on the test you get caught! Lying or attempting to trick the
MMPI is extremely hard to do which is why it is used so extensively by employers.
The Clinical and Validity Scales of the MMPI-2

The original clinical scales were designed to measure common diagnoses of the era. The
table below lists the category description, what is measured and the number of questions
within the MMPI-2 test that relate to each.

Number Abbreviation Description What is measured No. of items

1 Hs Hypochondriasis Concern with bodily symptoms 32
2 D Depression Depressive Symptoms 57
3 Hy Hysteria Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities 60
4 Pd Psychopathic Deviate Conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society‟s rules 50
5 MF Masculinity/Femininity Stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors 56
6 Pa Paranoia Level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity 40
7 Pt Psychasthenia Worry, Anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness 48
8 Sc Schizophrenia Odd thinking and social alienation 78
9 Ma Hypomania Level of excitability 46
0 Si Social Introversion People orientation 69

The validity scales in all versions of the MMPI-2 contain three basic types of validity
measures: those that were designed to detect non-responding or inconsistent responding
(CNS, VRIN, TRIN), those designed to detect when clients are over reporting or
exaggerating the prevalence or severity of psychological symptoms (F, Fb, Fp, FBS), and
those designed to detect when test-takers are under-reporting or downplaying psychological
symptoms (L, K, S)).

Abbreviation New in version Description Assesses

CNS 1 “Cannot Say” Questions not answered

L 1 Lie Client “faking good”
F 1 Infrequency Client “faking bad” (in first half of test)
K 1 Defensiveness Denial/Evasiveness
Fb 2 Back F Client “faking bad” (in last half of test)
VRIN 2 Variable Response Inconsistency answering similar/opposite question pairs
inconsistently
TRIN 2 True Response Inconsistency answering questions all true/all false
F-K 2 F minus K honesty of test responses/not faking good or bad
S 2 Superlative Self-Presentation improving upon K scale, “appearing excessively good”
Fp 2 F-Psychopathology Frequency of presentation in clinical setting
Fs 2 RF Infrequent Somatic Response Over reporting of somatic symptoms

Description of the Main Assessment Scale.

The Plain English version of these Clinical scales is available in the E-Book

Scale 1: Hypochondriasis

High Scorers: High scorers present excessive somatic symptoms that tend to be vague and
undefined; for example, they may present epigastric complaints; fatigue, pain, weakness,
and a lack of manifest anxiety. In addition, high scorers also show chronic personality
features such as selfishness; self-centered and narcissistic behavior; and a pessimistic,
defeatist, cynical outlook on life. They tend to be dissatisfied and unhappy and may make
others miserable through their whining and complaining. They are often demanding and
critical of others and may express hostility indirectly. They rarely act out. They show long-
standing health concerns and function at a reduced level of efficiency without major
incapacity. They tend not to be open to therapy since they seek only medical solutions to
problems.

Scale 2: Depression

High Scorers: High scorers on Scale 2 are described as being depressed, unhappy, and
dysphoric; being pessimistic and self-deprecating; feeling guilty; feeling sluggish; having
somatic complaints; feeling weak, fatigued, and lacking energy; acting agitated, tense, high-
strung, and irritable; being prone to worry; lacking self-confidence; feeling useless and
unable to function; feeling like a failure at school or on the job; being introverted, shy,
retiring, timid, and seclusive; acting aloof; being psychologically distant; avoiding
interpersonal involvement; being cautious and conventional; having difficulty making
decisions; being non aggressive; acting over controlled, denying impulses; and making
concessions to avoid conflict. They tend to be motivated to seek therapy because of their
distress. .

Scale 3: Hysteria

High Scorers: High scorers tend to react to stress and avoid responsibility through
development of physical symptoms such as having headaches, chest pains, weakness, and
tachycardia. Their symptoms often appear and disappear suddenly. These individuals tend
to lack insight about causes of symptoms and their own motives and feelings. They tend to
lack anxiety, tension, and depression and rarely report delusions, hallucinations, or
suspiciousness. They are viewed as psychologically immature, childish, and infantile; self-
centered, narcissistic, and egocentric; attention-seeking and needing great affection from
others. They tend to use indirect and devious means to get attention and affection. They are
usually socially involved, friendly, talkative, and enthusiastic but superficial and immature in
interpersonal relationships. They might be initially enthusiastic about treatment and may
respond well to direct advice or suggestion, but show slow progress in gaining insight into
the causes of their own behavior. They tend to be resistant to psychological interpretations.
High Hy scores have been found to be associated with chronic pain and with compensation
claims.

Scale 4: Psychopathic Deviate

High Scorers: High scorers are found to engage in antisocial behavior and are rebellious
toward authority figures. They show stormy family relationships and usually blame others for
their problems. They show a history of underachievement in school and a poor work history
and may have marital problems. They are considered to be impulsive, and they strive for
immediate gratification of impulses. They do not plan well and act without considering the
consequences of their actions. They show impatience, limited frustration tolerance, poor
judgment, and high risk- taking. They do not appear to profit from experience. They are
immature, childish, narcissistic, self-centered, and selfish. Their behavior is often described
as ostentatious, exhibitionistic, and insensitive. They tend to be interested in others in terms
of how they can be used. They are often thought to be likeable and usually create a good
first impression but are shallow and superficial in relationships and unable to form warm
attachments. They are described as extroverted, outgoing, talkative, active, energetic,
spontaneous, intelligent, self-confident, hostile, aggressive, sarcastic, cynical, resentful, and
rebellious. They tend to act out and have antagonistic behavior and aggressive outbursts.
Some are assaultive and may show little guilt over negative behavior.

Scale 5: Masculinity–Femininity

MALES
High (T-score > 80): Men who attain high scores on this scale show conflict about sexual
identity. They are insecure in their masculine role; are effeminate; have aesthetic and artistic
interests; are intelligent and capable; value cognitive pursuits; are ambitious, competitive,
and persevering; are clever, clear-thinking, organized, and logical; and show good judgment
and common sense. They are curious; creative, imaginative, and individualistic in their
approach to problems; sociable; sensitive to others; tolerant; capable of expressing warm
feelings toward others; and passive, dependent, submissive, and peace-loving. They make
concessions to avoid confrontations. They have good self- control and they rarely act out.

High Scorers (T-score 70–79): Males in this range on the Masculinity-Femininity scale may
be viewed as sensitive, insightful, tolerant, effeminate, broad in cultural interests,
submissive, and passive. (In clinical settings, the patient might show sex role confusion or
heterosexual adjustment problems.)

Low Scorers (T-score < 35): Men who score low on this scale are often viewed as having a
“macho” self-image. They present themselves as extremely masculine; strong and physically
adept, aggressive, thrill-seeking, adventurous, and reckless; coarse, crude, and vulgar; and
doubtful about their own masculinity. They have a narrow range of interests, an inflexible
and unoriginal approach to problems, and seem to prefer action to thought.

FEMALES
High Scorers (T-score > 70): Females who score high on this scale tend to reject traditional
female roles and activities. They show masculine interests in work, sports, and hobbies.
They are described as active, vigorous, and assertive; competitive, aggressive, and
dominating; coarse, rough, and tough; outgoing, uninhibited, and self-confident; easy-going,
relaxed, and balanced; logical and calculated; and unemotional and unfriendly.
Low Scorers (T-score < 35): These women describe themselves in terms of the stereotyped
female role and show doubts about their own femininity. They tend to be passive,
submissive, and yielding in relationships. They defer to males in decision- making. They may
show self-pity through complaining and/or fault-finding. They are seen as constricted,
sensitive, modest, and idealistic.

Scale 6: Paranoia

Extremely High Elevations (T-score > 80): High scorers may show frankly psychotic
behavior, disturbed thinking, delusions of persecution and/or grandeur, and ideas of
reference. They feel mistreated and picked on and angry and resentful. They harbor
grudges, use projection as a defense, and are most frequently diagnosed as schizophrenic
or paranoid.

Moderate Elevations (T-score = 65–79 for males; T-score = 71–79 for females): In this
range, individuals show a paranoid predisposition. They are sensitive and overly responsive
to reactions of others, they feel they are getting a raw deal from life, and they rationalize and
blame others. These individuals are likely to be suspicious and guarded, hostile, resentful,
and argumentative. They tend to be moralistic and rigid, and they overemphasize rationality.
They are poor therapy risks because they do not like to talk about emotional problems and
have difficulty in establishing rapport with therapists.

Extremely Low Scorers (T-score < 35): In some settings, low paranoia scores (in the context
of a defensive response set) may suggest potentially psychotic disorders such as delusions,
suspiciousness, ideas of reference, and symptoms less obvious than high scorers. They are
evasive, defensive, guarded, shy, secretive, and withdrawn. This interpretation should be
made only with great caution.

Scale 7: Psychasthenia

High Scorers: High scores on this scale suggest anxious, tense, and agitated behavior. High
scorers show high discomfort and are worried and apprehensive, high strung and jumpy, and
have difficulties in concentrating. They are overly ruminative, obsessive, and compulsive.
They feel insecure and inferior; lack self-confidence; and are self-doubting, self-critical, self-
conscious, and self-derogatory. They are rigid and moralistic; maintain high standards for
self and others; are overly perfectionistic and conscientious; and are guilty and depressed.
They are neat, orderly, organized, meticulous, persistent, and reliable. They lack ingenuity
and originality in problem-solving, are dull and formal, are vacillating and indecisive, distort
importance of problems, overreact, are shy, do not interact well socially, are hard to get to
know and worry about popularity and acceptance. They are sensitive and have physical
complaints, show some insight into problems, intellectualize and rationalize, are resistant to
interpretations in therapy, express hostility toward therapist, remain in therapy longer than
most patients, and make slow but steady progress in therapy

Scale 8: Schizophrenia

Very High Scorers (T-score > 79): Very high scores suggest blatantly psychotic behavior
including confusion, disorganization, and disoriented behavior. Unusual thoughts or
attitudes, delusions, hallucinations, and poor judgment are likely to be present.

High Scorers (T-score = 65–79): High scores on this scale suggest a schizoid lifestyle. They
do not feel a part of a social environment. They report feeling isolated, alienated, and
misunderstood. They feel unaccepted by peers, withdrawn, seclusive, secretive, and
inaccessible. They avoid dealing with people and new situations. They are shy, aloof, and
uninvolved and experience generalized anxiety. They are often resentful, hostile, aggressive,
and unable to express feelings. They tend to react to stress by withdrawing into fantasy and
daydreams. They have difficulty separating reality and fantasy. They show great self-doubts
and feel inferior, incompetent, and dissatisfied. They may show marked sexual
preoccupation and sex role confusion. They are often seen as nonconforming, unusual,
unconventional, and eccentric. They may report vague, long- standing physical complaints.
Others view them as stubborn, moody, opinionated, immature, and impulsive. They tend to
lack information for problem-solving and show a poor prognosis for therapy.

Scale 9: Hypomania

High Scorers (T-score > 80): Very high scorers on this scale show overactivity and
accelerated speech. They may have hallucinations or delusions of grandeur. They tend to be
very energetic and talkative, prefer action to thought, show a wide range of interest, and do
not utilize energy wisely. They do not see projects through to completion. They show little
interest in routine or detail and become easily bored and restless. They have a low
frustration tolerance and difficulty in inhibiting expression of impulses. They have episodes of
irritability, hostility, and aggressive outbursts and are often seen as possessing unrealistic,
unqualified optimism and grandiose aspirations. They tend to exaggerate self-worth and self-
importance and are unable to see their own limitations. They are viewed as outgoing,
sociable, and gregarious. They like to be around other people; create good first impressions;
and are friendly, pleasant, and enthusiastic; however, their relationships are likely to be
superficial. They tend to be manipulative, deceptive and unreliable. They may be agitated
and may have periodic episodes of depression.

Moderately elevated scorers (T = 65 – 79): Moderate scorers show overactivity and an

exaggerated sense of self-worth. They are energetic and talkative, prefer action to thought,
and have a wide range of interests. They do not utilize energy wisely and do not see projects
through to completion. They are enterprising and ingenious and lack interest in routine
matters. They easily become bored and restless and have a low frustration tolerance. They
are impulsive and have episodes of irritability, hostility, and aggressive outbursts. They are
unrealistic and overly optimistic at times. They show some grandiose aspirations and are
unable to see their own limitations. They are outgoing, sociable, and gregarious. They like to
be around other people. They create good first impressions and are friendly, pleasant,
enthusiastic, poised, and self-confident. They have superficial relationships and are
manipulative, deceptive, and unreliable. They have feelings of dissatisfaction and agitatation,
and they view therapy as unnecessary. They are resistant to interpretations in therapy and
attend therapy irregularly. They may terminate therapy prematurely and repeat problems in a
stereotyped manner.

Scale 0: Social Introversion

High Scorers (T-score > 65): High scorers on this scale are socially introverted people who
are more comfortable alone or with a few close friends. They are reserved, shy, and retiring;
serious; uncomfortable around members of the opposite sex; hard to get to know; sensitive
to what others think; troubled by lack of involvement with other people; overcontrolled; not
likely to display feelings openly; submissive and compliant; and overly accepting of authority.
They have a slow personal tempo and they are reliable, dependable, cautious, and
conventional and have unoriginal approaches to problems. They are rigid and inflexible in
attitudes and opinions, and they have difficulty making even minor decisions.

Low Scorers (T-score < 45): Low scorers on this scale tend to be sociable and extroverted
as well as outgoing, gregarious, friendly and talkative. These people have a strong need to
be around other people; they mix well and are intelligent, expressive, verbally fluent, and
active as well as energetic, vigorous, and interested in status, power and recognition. They
seek out competitive situations, have problems with impulse control, and act without
considering the consequences of actions. They are immature, self-indulgent and superficial,
and have insincere relationships. They are manipulative and opportunistic and arouse
resentment and hostility in others.

Description of the MMPI-2 Validity Scale.

The “Cannot Say” Scale (“? scale”)

The “?” scale is simply the number of omitted items (including items answered both true and
false). The MMPI-2 manual suggests that protocols with 30 or more omitted items should be
considered invalid and not interpreted. Other experts suggest interpreting with great caution
protocols with more than 10 omitted items and not to interpret at all those with more than 30
omitted items.

L Scale

The L scale originally was constructed to detect a deliberate and rather unsophisticated
attempt on the part of the respondent to present him/herself in a favorable light. People who
present high L scale scores are not willing to admit even minor shortcomings, and are
deliberately trying to present themselves in a very favorable way. Better educated, brighter,
more sophisticated people from higher social classes tend to score lower on the L scale.

F Scale

The F Scale originally was developed to detect deviant or atypical ways of responding to test
items. Several of the F Scale items were deleted from the MMPI-2 because of objectionable
content, leaving the F Scale with 60 of the original 64 items in the revised instrument. The F
Scale serves three important functions:
1. It is an index of test-taking attitude and is useful in detecting deviant response sets (i.e.
faking good or faking bad).
2. If one can rule out profile invalidity, the F Scale is a good indicator of degree of
psychopathology, with higher scores suggesting greater psychopathology.
3. Scores on the F Scale can be used to generate inferences about other extratest
characteristics and behaviors.

K Scale

Compared to the L Scale, the K Scale was developed as a more subtle and more effective
index of attempts by examiners to deny psychopathology and to present themselves in a
favorable light or, conversely, to exaggerate psychopathology and to try to appear in a very
unfavorable light. Some people refer to this scale as the “defensiveness” indicator, as high
scores on the K Scale are thought to be associated with a defensive approach to the test,
while low scores are thought to be indicative of an unusually frank and self-critical approach.
Subsequent research on the K Scale has indicated that the K Scale is not only related to
defensiveness, but is also related to educational level and socioeconomic status, with better-
educated and higher socioeconomic-level subjects scoring higher on the scale. It is not
unusual for college-educated persons who are not being defensive to obtain T-scores on the
K Scale in a range of 55 to 60, and persons with even more formal education to obtain T-
scores in a range of 60 to 70. Moderate elevations on the K Scale sometimes reflect ego
strength and psychological resources.
Back F (Fb) Scale

The Fb scale consists of 40 items on the MMPI-2 that no more than 10 percent of the MMPI-
2 normative sample answered in the deviant direction. It is analogous to the standard F
scale except that the items are placed in the last half of the test. An elevated Fb scale score
could indicate that the respondent stopped paying attention to the test items that occurred
later in the booklet and shifted to an essentially random pattern of responding.

VRIN Scale (Variable Response Inconsistency)

The VRIN scale was developed for the MMPI-2 as an additional validity indicator. It provides
an indication of the respondents‟ tendencies to respond inconsistently to MMPI-2 items, and
whose resulting protocols therefore should not be interpreted. It consists of 67 pairs of items
with either similar or opposite content. Each time a person answers items in a pair
inconsistently, one raw score point is added to the score ont he VRIN scale. It is suggested
that a raw score equal to or greater than 13 indicates inconsistent responding that probably
invalidates the resulting protocol, although this scale is still experimental.

TRIN Scale (True Response Inconsistency)

The TRIN scale was developed to identify persons who respond inconsistently to items by
giving true responses to items indiscriminately or by giving false responses to items
indiscriminately. The TRIN scale consists of 23 pairs of items that are opposite in content.
Two true responses to some item pairs or two false responses to other item pairs would
indicate inconsistent responding. The MMPI-2 manual suggests that as rough guidelines
TRIN raw scores of 13 or more or of 5 or less may be suggestive of indiscriminate
responding that might invalidate the protocol, however, this scale is still considered
experimental.

Additional Condition Names and Codes of the MMPI-2 Content Scales

Anxiety (ANX)
Fears (FRS)
Obsessiveness (OBS)
Depression (DEP)
Health Concerns (HEA)
Bizarre Mentation (BIZ)
Anger (ANG)
Cynicism (CYN)
Antisocial Practices (ASP)
Type A (TPA)
Low Self-Esteem (LSE)
Social Discomfort (SOD)
Family Problems (FAM)
Work Interference (WRK)
Negative Treatment Indicators (TRT)
Guidelines for Interpreting Addiction Potential Indicators MAC-R (MacAndrew Alcoholism–
Revised)
Scale APS (Addiction Potential Scale)
AAS (Addiction Admission Scale)
The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales
Aggressiveness (AGGR)
Psychoticism (PSYC)
Disconstraint (DISC)
Negative Emotionality (NEGE)
Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR)

Description of the MMPI-2 Content Scales

The following is a brief description of the characteristics typical of high scorers for each of
the MMPI-2 Content Scales. People with a low score in these areas can assume the
opposite of the descriptions. Therapy suggestions of the Hypnosis on this site are offered for
consideration as a treatment modality to any clinical qualities you might discover about
yourself.

Anxiety (ANX):

High scoring individuals on this scale report general symptoms of anxiety including tension,
somatic problems, sleep difficulties, worries, and poor concentration. They fear losing their
minds, find life to be a strain, and have difficulty making decisions. They appear to be readily
aware of these symptoms and problems and are willing to admit to them.

Fears (FRS):

A high score on FRS suggests an individual with many specific fears. These specific fears
can include blood; high places; money; animals such as snakes, mice, or spiders; leaving
home; fire; storms and natural disasters; water; the dark; being indoors; and dirt.

Obsessiveness (OBS):

High scorers on OBS have great difficulties making decisions. They are likely to ruminate
excessively about issues and problems, causing others to become impatient. They do not
like to make changes, and they may report some compulsive behaviors like counting or
saving unimportant things. They worry excessively and frequently become overwhelmed by
their own thoughts.

Depression (DEP):

High scores on DEP indicate individuals with significant depressive thoughts. They report
feeling blue, uncertain about their future, and uninterested in their lives. They are likely to
brood, be unhappy, cry easily, and feel hopeless and empty. They may report thoughts of
suicide or wishes that they were dead. They may believe that they are condemned or that
they have committed unpardonable sins. Other people may not be viewed as a source of
support.

Health Concerns (HEA):

Individuals with high scores on this scale show many physical symptoms across several
body systems. Included are gastro-intestinal symptoms (e.g., constipation, nausea and
vomiting, and stomach trouble), neurological problems (e.g., convulsions, dizziness and
fainting spells, and paralysis), sensory problems, cardiovascular symptoms (e.g., heart or
chest pains), skin problems, pain, and respiratory troubles. They worry about their health
and feel sicker than most people.
Bizarre Mentation (BIZ):

Psychotic thought processes characterize people who score high on the BIZ scale. They
may report auditory, visual, or olfactory hallucinations and may recognize that their thoughts
are strange and peculiar. Paranoid ideation (e.g., the belief that they are being plotted
against or that someone is trying to poison them) may be reported as well. These individuals
may feel that they have a special mission or powers.

Anger (ANG):

Individuals who score high on the ANG scale report problems in anger control. These
individuals report being irritable, grouchy, impatient, hotheaded, annoyed, and stubborn.
They sometimes feel like swearing or smashing things. They may lose control and report
having been physically abusive towards people and objects.

Cynicism (CYN):

High scores on CYN are associated with misanthropic beliefs. These individuals expect
hidden, negative motives behind the acts of others (e.g., believing that most people are
honest simply for fear of being caught). They believe other people are to be distrusted, for
people use each other and are only friendly for selfish reasons. They likely hold negative
attitudes about those close to them, including fellow workers, family, and friends.

Antisocial Practices (ASP):

In addition to holding misanthropic attitudes like the high scorers on the CYN scale,
individuals who score high on the ASP scale report problem behaviors during their school
years and other antisocial practices such as being in trouble with the law, stealing, or
shoplifting. They acknowledge sometimes enjoying the antics of criminals and believe that it
is acceptable to get around the law, as long as it is not broken.

Type A (TPA):

People who score high on TPA report being hard-driving, fast-moving, and work- oriented
individuals who frequently become impatient, irritable, and annoyed. They do not like to wait
or to be interrupted. There is never enough time for them to complete their tasks. They are
direct and may be overbearing in their relationships with others.

Low Self-Esteem (LSE):

High scores on LSE suggest that these individuals have low opinions of themselves. They
do not feel important or liked by others. They hold many negative attitudes about
themselves, including beliefs that they are unattractive, awkward and clumsy, useless, and a
burden to others. They lack self-confidence and find it hard to accept compliments from
others. They may be overwhelmed by all the faults they see in themselves.

Social Discomfort (SOD):

People who score high on SOD are very uneasy around others, preferring to be by
themselves. In social situations, they are likely to sit alone rather than joining the group.
They see themselves as shy and they dislike parties and other group events.
Family Problems (FAM):

Family discord is reflected in high scores on FAM. High scorers describe their families as
loveless, quarrelsome, and unpleasant. They even may report hating family members. They
portray their childhood as abusive, and marriages are seen as unhappy and lacking in
affection.

Work Interference (WRK):

Those who score high on WRK report behaviors or attitudes likely to contribute to poor work
performance. Some of the problems relate to low self-confidence, concentration difficulties,
obsessiveness, tension and pressure, and decision-making problems. Others suggest lack
of family support for their career choice, personal questioning of career choice, and negative
attitudes towards co-workers.

Negative Treatment Indicators (TRT):

High scores on TRT indicate individuals who have negative attitudes toward doctors and
mental health treatment. High scorers do not believe that anyone can understand or help
them. They have issues or problems that they are not comfortable discussing with anyone.
They may not want to change anything in their lives, nor do they feel that change is possible.
They prefer giving up rather than facing a crisis or difficulty.

Description of the PSY-5 Scales

The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales Harkness, McNulty, Ben-Porath, and
Graham (2002) described the Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales for the MMPI-2. The
selection of the PSY-5 constructs was based on research to determine how lay people
classified or discriminated personality characteristics or personality problems (Harkness,
1992). The items used in the initial analyses were derived from the selective diagnostic
criteria from the DSM-III-R, from personality disorders as described by Cleckley (1982) as a
means of describing severe personality disorders, psychopaths, and 26 clusters were
developed from the primary factors of Tellegen s MPQ. These initial clusters contained items
that were found to measure five distinct personality dimensions. These measures were then
refined to be assessed by items on the MMPI-2in order to address the following
characteristics as noted by Harkness et al.:

Aggressiveness (AGGR):

This scale measures offensive and instrumental aggression and not reactive aggression.
Individuals high on this scale tend to intimidate others and use aggression as a means of
accomplishing their goals. PSY-5 high AGGR scorers show characteristics of dominance
and hate.

Psychoticism (PSYC):

This scale assesses mental disconnection from reality and focuses upon unusual sensory
and perceptual experiences, delusional beliefs, and other odd behaviors. Alienation and
unrealistic expectation of harm is also characteristic of persons high on this scale. People
with high PSYC scores tend to have a higher probability of experiencing delusions of
reference, disorganized thinking, bizarre behavior, and disoriented, circumstantial, or
tangential thought processes. Inpatients with high scores on PSYC have been found to be
more likely to be diagnosed as being psychotic for example showing paranoid
suspiciousness, ideas of reference, loosening of associations, hallucination, or flight of
ideas.

Disconstraint (DISC):

Persons high on this scale show (a) higher levels of physical risk- taking, (b) have a style
characterized more by impulsivity than control, and (c) are less bound by traditional moral
constraints. High scorers tend to have difficulty “creating mental models of the future that
contain negative emotional cues, that is, do not seem to learn from punishing experiences.”
They tend to be high risk-takers and show an impulsive and less traditional life style. They
tend to be easily bored with routine.

Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (NEGE):

This scale focuses on problematic features of processing incoming information, for example,
to worry, to be self-critical, to feel guilty, and to develop worst-case scenarios are common
features. Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR): High scorers show little capacity to
experience joy and positive engagement. They have low “hedonic capacity.” They tend to be
introverted and depressed.

Guidelines for Interpreting Addiction Potential Indicators

The MAC-R, APS, and AAS addiction scales can be used together to more effectively
identify substance abusers from normal individuals than any of the scales alone. The APS
operates in a manner similar to the MAC-R Scale in that it assesses lifestyle problems and
characteristics associated with the development of habit disorders such as alcohol and drug
use or abuse. Individuals endorsing the behaviors assessed by these scales show a strong
tendency to develop negative habits even though they may not, at present, be alcoholics or
drug abusers. A low score on the AAS takes on special meaning in the context of known
alcohol or drug problems or when the individual has a very high score on the APS or the
MAC-R. If substance abuse problems are likely and awareness or acknowledgment of the
problems is low, the individual‟s motive in the assessment is questioned.

The following is a brief description of the interpretive potential for each of the three addiction
scales.

MAC-R (MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised) Scale:

This measure is a 49-item scale developed with the original MMPI to distinguish alcoholic
psychiatric patients from nonalcoholic psychiatric patients. A high MAC-R Scale score is
associated with substance abuse potential and other addictive problems such as
pathological gambling. A T score cutoff of 60 on the MAC-R Scale is suggestive of high
addiction potential. The scale was constructed empirically, using methods similar to those
employed in the construction of the APS discussed below.

APS (Addiction Potential Scale):

The Addiction Potential Scale was developed as a measure of the personality characteristics
and life situations associated with substance abuse. Research data for this purpose were
obtained from three large samples collected as part of the MMPI Restandardization Project:
the MMPI-2 normative sample, a sample of psychiatric inpatients, and a sample of inpatient
residents of a substance-abuse treatment program. Every MMPI-2 item was examined for its
potential to improve discrimination over the original MMPI items. A total of 39 items comprise
the Addiction Potential Scale.

AAS (Addiction Acknowledgment Scale):

The development of the AAS began with a rational search through the MMPI-2 item pool for
items with content indicating substance-abuse problems. Fourteen such items were found.
Items not contributing to internal consistency were dropped and replaced by two items that
improved scale internal consistency. The Addiction Acknowledgment Scale is made up of 13
items. Research has shown that both the APS and the AAS discriminate well between
substance abuse samples and samples of either psychiatric patients or normals. In addition
they discriminate between samples considerably more effectively than MAC-R.

The AAS assesses the frank acknowledgment of alcohol or drug abuse problems.
Individuals who obtain elevations on this scale are acknowledging problems with alcohol or
drug use. A T-score of 60 or higher reflects an awareness of their substance use or abuse
problems and their openness to discussing their problems. Low scores on the AAS can
mean one of two things: either there is no substance abuse problem or the individual is
denying such problems.

To take the MMPI-2 Prep-Test Online go here

https://psychtest.net/online/mmpitest.shtml
The MMPI 2 Test Questions

1. I like mechanics magazines.

2. I have a good appetite.
3. I wake up fresh and rested most mornings.
4. I think I would enjoy the work of a librarian.
5. I am easily awakened by noise.
6. My father is a good man (or if your father is dead) my father was a good man.
7. I like to read newspaper articles on crime.
8. My hands and feet are usually warm enough.
9. My daily life is full of things that keep me interested.
10. I am about as able to work as I ever was.
11. There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time.
12. My sex life is satisfactory.
13. People should try to understand their dreams and be guided by or take warning from
them.
14. I enjoy detective or mystery stories.
15. I work under a great deal of tension.
16. Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about.
17. I am sure I get a raw deal from life.
18. I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting.
19. When I take a new job, I like to find out whom it is important to be nice to.
20. I am very seldom bothered by constipation.
21. At times I have very much wanted to leave home.
22. No one seems to understand me.
23. At times I have fits of laughing and crying that I cannot control.
24. Evil spirits possess me at times.
25. I would like to be a singer.
26. I feel that it is certainly best to keep my mouth shut when I am in trouble.
27. When people do me wrong, I feel I should pay them back, just for the principle of the
thing.
28. I am bothered by an upset stomach several times a week.
29. At times I feel like swearing.
30. I have nightmares every few nights.
31. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job.
32. I have had very peculiar and strange experiences.
33. I seldom worry about my health.
34. I have never been in trouble because of my sexual behavior.
35. Sometimes when I was young I stole things.
36. I have a cough most of the time.
37. At times I feel like smashing things.
38. I have had periods of days, weeks, or months when I couldn’t take care of things because
I couldn’t “get going”.
39. My sleep is fitful and disturbed.
40. Much of the time, my head seems to hurt all over.
41. I do not always tell the truth.
42. If people had not had it in for me, I would have been much more successful.
43. My judgment is better than it ever was.
44. Once a week (or more often) I suddenly feel hot all over, for no reason.
45. I am in just as good physical health as most of my friends.
46. I prefer to pass by school friends, or people I know but have not seen for a long time,
unless they speak to me first.
47. I am almost never bothered by pains over my heart or in my chest.
48. Most anytime I would rather sit and daydream than do anything else.
49. I am a very sociable person.
50. I have often had to take orders from someone who did not know as much as I did.
51. I do not read every editorial in the newspaper every day.
52. I have not lived the right kind of life.
53. Parts of my body often have feelings like burning, tingling, crawling, or like “going to
sleep”.
54. My family does not like the work I have chosen (or the work I intend to choose for my
lifework).
55. I sometimes keep on at a thing until others lose their patience with me.
56. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be.
57. I hardly ever feel pain in the back of my neck.
58. I think a great many people exaggerate their misfortunes in order to gain the sympathy
and help of others.
59. I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my stomach every few days or so.
60. When I am with people I am bothered by hearing very strange things.
61. I am an important person.
62. I have often wished I were a girl. (or if you are a girl) I have never been sorry that I am a
girl.
63. My feelings are not easily hurt.
64. I enjoy reading love stories.
65. Most of the time I feel blue.
66. It would be better if almost all laws were thrown away.
67. I like poetry.
68. I sometimes tease animals.
69. I think I would like the kind of work a forest ranger does.
70. I am easily downed in an argument.
71. These days I find it hard not to give up hope of amounting to something.
72. My soul sometimes leaves my body.
73. I am certainly lacking in self-confidence.
74. I would like to be a florist.
75. I usually feel that life is worthwhile.
76. It takes a lot of argument to convince most people of the truth.
77. Once in a while I put off until tomorrow what I ought to do today.
78. Most people that know me like me.
79. I do not mind being made fun of.
80. I would like to be a nurse.
81. I think most people would lie to get ahead.
82. I do many things that I regret afterwards. (I regret things more than others seem to.)
83. I have very few quarrels with members of my family.
84. I was suspended from school one or more times for bad behavior.
85. At times, I have a strong urge to do something harmful or shocking.
86. I like to go to parties and other affairs where there is a lot of loud fun.
87. I have met problems so full of possibilities that I have been unable to make up my mind
about them.
88. I believe that women ought to have as much sexual freedom as men.
89. My hardest battles are with myself.
90. I love my father, or (if your father is dead) I loved my father.
91. I have little or no trouble with my muscles twitching or jumping.
92. I don’t seem to care what happens to me.
93. Sometimes when I am not well I am irritable.
94. Much of the time I feel as if I have done something wrong or evil.
95. I am happy most of the time.
96. I see things or animals or people around me that others do not see.
97. There seems to be a fullness in my head or nose most of the time.
98. Some people are so bossy that I feel like doing the opposite of what they request, even
though I know they are right.
99. Someone has it in for me.
100. I have never done anything dangerous just for the thrill of it.
101. Often I feel as if there is a tight band around my head.
102. I get angry sometimes.
103. I enjoy a race or game more when I bet on it.
104. Most people are honest chiefly because they are afraid of being caught.
105. In school I was sometimes sent to the principal for bad behavior.
106. My speech is the same as always (not faster or slower, no slurring or hoarseness).
107. My table manners are not quite as good at home as when I am out in company.
108. Anyone who is able and willing to work hard has a good chance of succeeding.
109. I seem to be about as capable and smart as most others around me.
110. Most people will use somewhat unfair means to gain profit or an advantage rather than
to lose it.
111. I have a great deal of stomach trouble.
112. I like dramatics.
113. I know who is responsible for most of my troubles.
114. Sometimes I am so strongly attracted by the personal articles of others, such as shoes,
gloves, etc., that I want to handle or steal them, even though I have no use for them.
115. The sight of blood does not frighten me or make me sick.
116. Often I can’t understand why I have been so irritable or grouchy.
117. I have never vomited blood or coughed up blood.
118. I do not worry about catching diseases.
119. I like collecting flowers or growing houseplants.
120. I frequently find it necessary to stand up for what I think is right.
121. I have never indulged in unusual sex practices.
122. At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them.
123. If I could get into the movies without paying and be sure I was not seen, I would
probably do it.
124. I often wonder what hidden reason another person may have for doing something nice
for me.
125. I believe that my home life is as pleasant as that of most people I know.
126. I believe in law enforcement.
127. Criticism or scolding hurts me terribly.
128. I like to cook.
129. My conduct is largely controlled by the behavior of those around me.
130. I certainly feel useless at times.
131. When I was a child, I belonged to a group of friends that tried to be loyal through all
kinds of trouble.
132. I believe in life hereafter.
133. I would like to be a soldier.
134. At times I feel like picking a fistfight with someone.
135. I have often lost out on things because I couldn’t make my mind up soon enough.
136. It makes me impatient to have people ask my advice or otherwise interrupt me when I
am working on something important.
137. I used to keep a diary.
138. I believe I am being plotted against.
139. I would rather win than lose in a game.
140. Most nights I go to sleep without thoughts or ideas bothering me.
141. During the past few years I have been well most of the time.
142. I have never had a fit or convulsion.
143. I am neither gaining nor losing weight.
144. I believe I am being followed.
145. I feel that I have often been punished without cause.
146. I cry easily.
147. I cannot understand what I read as often as I used to.
148. I have never felt better in my life than I do now.
149. The top of my head sometimes feels tender.
150. Sometimes I feel as if I must injure either myself or someone else.
151. I resent having anyone trick me so cleverly that I have to admit that I was fooled.
152. I do not tire quickly.
153. I like to know some important people because it makes me feel important.
154. I am afraid when I look down from a high place.
155. It wouldn’t make me nervous if any members of my family got into trouble with the law.
156. I am never happy unless I am roaming or traveling around.
157. What others think of me does not bother me.
158. It makes me uncomfortable to pull a stunt at a party even when others are doing the
same sort of things.
159. I have never had a fainting spell.
160. I liked school.
161. I frequently have to fight against showing that I am bashful.
162. Someone has been trying to poison me.
163. I do not have a great fear of snakes.
164. I seldom or never have dizzy spells.
165. My memory seems to be all right.
166. I am worried about sex.
167. I find it hard to make small talk when I meet new people.
168. I have had periods in which I carried on activities without knowing later what I had been
doing.
169. When I get bored I like to stir up some excitement.
170. I am afraid of losing my mind.
171. I am against giving money to beggars.
172. I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try to do something.
173. I can read a long while without tiring my eyes.
174. I like to study and read about things that I am working at.
175. I feel weak all over much of the time.
176. I have very few headaches.
177. My hands have not become clumsy or awkward.
178. Sometimes, when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat, which annoys me greatly.
179. I have had no difficulty in keeping my balance while walking.
180. There is something wrong with my mind.
181. I do not have spells of hay fever or asthma.
182. I have had attacks in which I could not control my movements or speech, but in which I
knew what was going on around me.
183. I do not like everyone I know.
184. I daydream very little.
185. I wish I were not so shy.
186. I am not afraid to handle money.
187. If I were a reporter, I would very much like to report news of the theatre.
188. I enjoy many different kinds of play and recreation.
189. I like to flirt.
190. Many people treat me more like a child than a grown-up.
191. I would like to be a journalist.
192. My mother is a good woman, or (if your mother is dead) my mother was a good woman.
193. In walking, I am very careful to step over sidewalk cracks.
194. I have never had any breaking out on my skin that has worried me.
195. There is very little love and companionship in my family as compared to other homes.
196. I frequently find myself worrying about something.
197. I think I would like the work of a building contractor.
198. I often hear voices without knowing where they come from.
199. I like science.
200. It is not hard for me to ask for help from my friends even though I cannot return the
favor.
201. I very much like hunting.
202. My parents often objected to the kind of people I went around with.
203. I gossip a little at times.
204. My hearing is apparently as good as that of most people.
205. Some members of my family have habits that bother and annoy me very much.
206. At times I feel that I can make up my mind with unusually great ease.
207. I would like to belong to several clubs.
208. I hardly ever notice my heart pounding and I am seldom short of breath.
209. I like to talk about sex.
210. I like to visit places where I have never been before.
211. I have been inspired to a program of life based on duty which I have since carefully
followed.
212. I have, at times stood in the way of people who were trying to do something, not
because it amounted to much, but because of the principle of the thing.
213. I get mad easily and then get over it soon.
214. I have been quite independent and free from family rule.
215. I brood a great deal.
216. Someone has been trying to rob me.
217. My relatives are nearly all in sympathy with me.
218. I have periods of such great restlessness that I cannot sit long in a chair.
219. I have been disappointed in love.
220. I never worry about my looks.
221. I dream frequently about things that are best kept to myself.
222. Children should be taught all the main facts of sex.
223. I believe I am no more nervous that most others.
224. I have few or no pains.
225. My way of doing things is apt to be misunderstood by others.
226. Sometimes without any reason or even when things are going wrong, I feel excitedly
happy or “on top of the world”.
227. I don’t blame people for trying to grab everything they can get in this world.
228. There are persons who are trying to steal my thoughts and ideas.
229. I have had blank spells in which my activities were interrupted and I did not know what
was going on around me.
230. I can be friendly with people who do things that I consider wrong.
231. I like to be with a crowd who play jokes on one another.
232. Sometimes in elections, I vote for people about whom I know very little.
233. I have difficulty in starting to do things.
234. I believe I am a condemned person.
235. I was a slow learner in school.
236. If I were an artist, I would like to draw flowers.
237. It does not bother me that I am not better looking.
238. I sweat very easily, even on cool days.
239. I’m entirely self-confident.
240. At times it has been impossible for me to stop from stealing or shoplifting something.
241. It is safer to trust nobody.
242. Once a week or more, I become very excited.
243. When in a group of people, I have trouble thinking of the right thing to say.
244. Something exciting will almost always pull me out of it when I am feeling low.
245. When I leave home, I do not worry about whether the door is locked and the windows
are closed.
246. I believe my sins are unpardonable.
247. I have numbness in one or more places on my skin.
248. I do not blame a person for taking advantage of people who leave themselves open to it.
249. My eyesight is as good as it has been for years.
250. At times I have been so entertained by the cleverness of some criminals that I have
hopes they would get away with it.
251. I have often felt that strangers were looking at me critically.
252. Everything tastes the same.
253. I drink an unusually large amount of water every day.
254. Most people make friends because friends are likely to be useful to them.
255. I do not often notice my ears ringing or buzzing.
256. Once in a while I feel hate toward members of my family whom I usually love.
257. If I were a reporter I would very much like to report sporting news.
258. I can sleep during the day, but not at night.
259. I am sure I am being talked about.
260. Once in a while, I laugh at a dirty joke.
261. I have very few fears compared to my friends.
262. In a group of people, I would not be embarrassed to be called upon to start a discussion
or give an opinion about something I know well.
263. I am always disgusted with the law when a criminal is freed through the arguments of a
smart lawyer.
264. I have used alcohol excessively.
265. I am likely not to speak to people until they speak to me.
266. I have never been in trouble with the law.
267. I have periods in which I feel unusually cheerful without any special reason.
268. I wish I were not bothered by thoughts about sex.
269. If several people find themselves in trouble, the best thing for them to do is agree upon a
story and stick to it.
270. It does not bother me particularly to see animals suffer.
271. I think that I feel more intensely than most people do.
272. There was never a time in my life when I liked to play with dolls.
273. Life is a strain for me much of the time.
274. I am so touchy on some subjects that I can’t talk about them.
275. In school I found it very hard to talk in front of the class.
276. I love my mother, or (if your mother is dead) I loved my mother.
277. Even when I am with people I feel lonely much of the time.
278. I get all the sympathy I should.
279. I refuse to play some games because I am not good at them.
280. I seem to make friends about as quickly as others do.
281. I dislike having people around me.
282. I have been told that I walk during sleep.
283. The person who provides temptation by leaving valuable property unprotected is about
as much to blame for its theft as the one who steals it.
284. I think nearly anyone would tell a lie to keep out of trouble.
285. I am more sensitive than most people.
286. Most people inwardly dislike putting themselves out to help other people.
287. Many of my dreams are about sex.
288. My parents and family find more fault with me than they should.
289. I am easily embarrassed.
290. I worry over money and business.
291. I have never been in love with anyone.
292. The things that some of my family have done have frightened me.
293. I almost never dream.
294. My neck spots with red often.
295. I have never been paralyzed or had any unusual weakness of any of my muscles.
296. Sometimes my voice leaves me or changes even though I have no cold.
297. My mother or father often made me obey even when I thought it was unreasonable.
298. Peculiar odors come to me at times.
299. I cannot keep my mind on one thing.
300. I have reason for feeling jealous of one or more members of my family.
301. I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all the time.
302. I easily become impatient with people.
303. Most of the time I wish I were dead.
304. Sometimes I become so excited that I find it hard to get to sleep.
305. I have certainly had more than my share of things to worry about.
306. No one cares much about what happens to you.
307. At times I hear so well that it bothers me.
308. I forget right away what people say to me.
309. I usually have to stop and think before I act, even in small matters.
310. Often I cross the street in order not to meet someone I see.
311. I often feel as if things are not real.
312. The only interesting part of newspapers is the comic strips.
313. I have a habit of counting things that are not important, such as bulbs on electric signs
and so forth.
314. I have no enemies who really wish to harm me.
315. I tend to be on my guard with people who are somewhat friendlier than I had expected.
316. I have strange and peculiar thoughts.
317. I get anxious and upset when I have to make a short trip away from home.
318. I usually expect to succeed in things I do.
319. I hear strange things when I am alone.
320. I have been afraid of things or people that I knew could not hurt me.
321. I have no dread of going into a room by myself where other people have already
gathered and are talking.
322. I am afraid of a knife or anything very sharp or pointed.
323. Sometimes I enjoy hurting persons I love.
324. I can easily make other people afraid of me, and sometimes do it for the fun of it.
325. I have more trouble concentrating than others seem to have.
326. I have several times given up doing a thing because I thought too little of my ability.
327. Bad words, often terrible words, come into my mind and I cannot get rid of them.
328. Sometimes some unimportant thought will run through my mind and bother me for days.
329. Almost every day something happens to frighten me.
330. At times I am all full of energy.
331. I am inclined to take things hard.
332. At times I have enjoyed being hurt by someone I loved.
333. People say insulting and vulgar things about me.
334. I feel uneasy indoors.
335. I am not usually self-conscious.
336. Someone has control over my mind.
337. At parties I am more likely to sit by myself or with just one other person than to join in
with the crowd.
338. People often disappoint me.
339. I have sometimes felt that difficulties were piling up so high that I could not overcome
them.
340. I love to go to dances.
341. At periods, my mind seems to work more slowly than usual.
342. While in trains, busses, etc., I often talk with strangers.
343. I enjoy children.
344. I enjoy gambling for small stakes.
345. If given the chance, I could do some things that would be of great benefit to the world.
346. I have often met people who were supposed to be experts who were no better than I.
347. It makes me feel like a failure when I hear of the success of someone I know well.
348. I often think: “I wish I were a child again.”
349. I am never happier than when alone.
350. If given the chance I would make a good leader of people.
351. I am embarrassed by dirty stories.
352. People generally demand more respect for their own rights than they are willing to allow
for others.
353. I enjoy social gatherings just to be with people.
354. I try to remember good stories to pass them on to other people.
355. At one or more times in my life I felt that someone was making me do things by
hypnotizing me.
356. I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken, even for a short time.
357. I am quite often not in on the gossip and talk of the group that I belong to.
358. I have often found people jealous of my good ideas, just because they had not thought of
them first.
359. I enjoy the excitement of a crowd.
360. I do not mind meeting strangers.
361. Someone has been trying to influence my mind.
362. I can remember “playing sick” to get out of something.
363. My worries seem to disappear when I get into a crowd of lively friends.
364. I feel like giving up quickly when things go wrong.
365. I like to let people know where I stand on things.
366. I have had periods when I felt so full of pep that sleep did not seem necessary for days at
a time.
367. Whenever possible I avoid being in a crowd.
368. I shrink from facing a crisis or difficulty.
369. I am apt to pass up something I want to do when others feel that it isn’t worth doing.
370. I like parties and socials.
371. I have often wished I were a member of the opposite sex.
372. I am not easily angered.
373. I have done some bad things in the past that I never tell anybody about.
374. Most people will use somewhat unfair means to get ahead in life.
375. It makes me nervous when people ask me personal questions.
376. I do not feel I can plan my own future.
377. I am not happy with myself the way I am.
378. I get angry when my friends or family give me advice on how to live my life.
379. I got many beatings when I was a child.
380. It bothers me when people say nice things about me.
381. I don’t like hearing other people give their opinions about life.
382. I often have serious disagreements with people who are close to me.
383. When things get really bad, I know I can count on my family for help.
384. I liked playing “house” when I was a child.
385. I am not afraid of fire.
386. I have sometimes stayed away from another person because I feared doing or saying
something I might regret afterwards.
387. I can express my true feelings only when I drink.
388. I very seldom have spells of the blues.
389. I am often said to be hotheaded.
390. I wish I could get over worrying about things I have said that may have injured other
people’s feelings.
391. I feel unable to tell anyone all about myself.
392. Lightning is one of my fears.
393. I like to keep people guessing what I am going to do next.
394. My plans have frequently seemed so full of difficulties that I have had to give them up.
395. I am afraid to be alone in the dark.
396. I have often felt bad about being misunderstood when trying to keep someone from
making a mistake.
397. A windstorm frightens me.
398. I frequently ask people for advice.
399. The future is too uncertain for a person to make serious plans.
400. Often, even though everything is going fine for me, I feel that I don’t care about
anything.
401. I have no fear of water.
402. I often must sleep over a matter before I decide what to do.
403. People have often misunderstood my intentions when I was trying to put them right and
be helpful.
404. I have no trouble swallowing.
405. I am usually calm and not easily upset.
406. I would certainly enjoy beating criminals at their own game.
407. I deserve severe punishment for m sins.
408. I am apt to take disappointments so keenly that I can’t put them out of my mind.
409. It bothers me to have someone watch me at work even though I know I can do it well.
410. I am often so annoyed when someone tries to get ahead of me in a line of people that I
speak to that person about it.
411. At times I think I am no good at all.
412. When I was young I often did not go to school even when I should have gone.
413. One or more members of my family are very nervous.
414. I have at times had to be rough with people who were rude or annoying.
415. I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes.
416. I have strong political opinions.
417. I would like to be an auto racer.
418. It is all right to get around the law if you don’t actually break it.
419. There are certain people whom I dislike so much that I am inwardly pleased when they
are catching it for something that they have done.
420. It makes me nervous to have to wait.
421. I am apt to pass up something I want to do because others feel that I am not going about
it in the right way.
422. I was fond of excitement when I was young.
423. I am often inclined to go out of my way to win a point with someone who has opposed
me.
424. I am bothered by people outside, on the streets, in stores, etc., watching me.
425. The man who had most to do with me when I was a child (such as my father, stepfather,
etc.) was very strict with me.
426. I used to like to play hopscotch and jump rope.
427. I have never seen a vision.
428. I have several times had a change of heart about my lifework.
429. Except by doctor’s orders I never take drugs or sleeping pills.
430. I am often sorry because I am so irritable and grouchy.
431. In school my marks in classroom behavior were quite regularly bad.
432. I am fascinated by fire.
433. When I am cornered I tell that portion of the truth which is not likely to hurt me.
434. If I were in trouble with several friends who were as guilty as I was, I would rather take
the whole blame than give them away.
435. I am often afraid of the dark.
436. When a man is with a woman he is usually thinking about things related to her sex.
437. I am usually very direct with people I am trying to correct or improve.
438. I dread the thought of an earthquake.
439. I readily become one hundred percent sold on a good idea.
440. I usually work things out for myself rather than get someone to show me how.
441. I am afraid of finding myself in a closet or small closed space.
442. I must admit that I have at times been worried beyond reason over something that really
did not matter.
443. I do not try to cover up my poor opinion or pity of people so that they won’t know how I
feel.
444. I am a high-strung person.
445. I have frequently worked under people who seem to have things arranged so that they
get credit for good work but are able to pass mistakes onto those under them.
446. I sometimes find it hard to stick up for my rights because I am so reserved.
447. Dirt frightens or disgusts me.
448. I have a daydream life about which I do not tell other people.
449. Some of my family members have quick tempers.
450. I cannot do anything well.
451. I often feel guilty because I pretend to feel more sorry about something than I really do.
452. I strongly defend my own opinions as a rule.
453. I have no fear of spiders.
454. The future seems hopeless to me.
455. The members of my family and my close relatives get along quite well.
456. I would like to wear expensive clothes.
457. People can pretty easily change my mind, even when I have made a decision about
something.
458. I am made nervous by certain animals.
459. I can stand as much pain as others can.
460. Several times I have been the last to give up trying to do a thing.
461. It makes me angry to have people hurry me.
462. I am not afraid of mice.
463. Several times a week I feel as if something dreadful is about to happen.
464. I feel tired a good deal of the time.
465. I like repairing a door latch.
466. Sometimes I am sure that other people can tell what I am thinking.
467. I like to read about science.
468. I am afraid of being alone in a wide-open place.
469. I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces.
470. A large number of people are guilty of bad sexual conduct.
471. I have often been frightened in the middle of the night.
472. I am greatly bothered by forgetting where I put things.
473. The one to whom I was most attached and whom I most admired as a child was a
woman (mother, sister, aunt, or other woman).
474. I like adventure stories better than romantic stories.
475. Often I get confused and forget what I want to say.
476. I am very awkward and clumsy.
477. I really like playing sports (such as soccer or football).
478. I hate my whole family.
479. Some people think it’s hard to get to know me.
480. I spend most of my spare time by myself.
481. When people do something that makes me angry, I let them know how I feel about it.
482. I usually have a hard time deciding what to do.
483. People do not find me attractive.
484. People are not very kind to me.
485. I often feel that I’m not as good as other people.
486. I am very stubborn.
487. I have enjoyed using marijuana.
488. Mental illness is a sign of weakness.
489. I have a drug or alcohol problem.
490. Ghost or spirits can influence people for good or bad.
491. I feel helpless when I have to make some important decisions.
492. I always try to be pleasant even when others are upset or critical.
493. When I have a problem it helps to talk it over with someone.
494. My main goals in life are within my reach.
495. I believe that people should keep personal problems to themselves.
496. I am not feeling much pressure or stress these days.
497. It bothers me greatly to think of making changes in my life.
498. My greatest problems are caused by the behavior of someone close to me.
499. I hate going to doctors, even when I’m sick.
500. Although I am not happy with my life, there is nothing I can do about it.
501. Talking over problems and worries with someone is often more helpful than taking
drugs or medicine.
502. I have habits that are really harmful.
503. When problems need to be solved, I usually let other people take charge.
504. I recognize several faults in myself that I will not be able to change.
505. I am so sick of what I have to do every day that I just want to get out of it all.
506. I have recently considered killing myself.
507. I often become very irritable when people interrupt my work.
508. I often feel I can read other people’s minds.
509. Having to make important decisions makes me nervous.
510. Others tell me I eat too fast.
511. Once a week or more I get high or drunk.
512. I have had a tragic loss in my life that I know I will never get over.
513. Sometimes I get so angry and upset I don’t know what comes over me.
514. When people ask me to do something I have a hard time saying no.
515. I am never happier than when I am by myself.
516. My life is empty and meaningless.
517. I find it difficult to hold down a job.
518. I have made lots of bad mistakes in my life.
519. I get angry with myself for giving in to other people so much.
520. Lately I have thought a lot about killing myself.
521. I like making decisions and assigning jobs to others.
522. Even without my family I know there will always be someone there to take care of me.
523. At movies, restaurants, or sporting events, I hate to stand in line.
524. No one knows it but I have tried to kill myself.
525. Everything is going on too fast around me.
526. I know I am a burden to others.
527. After a bad day, I need a few drinks to relax.
528. Much of the trouble I’m having is due to bad luck.
529. At times I can’t seem to stop talking.
530. Sometimes I cut or injure myself on purpose without knowing why.
531. I work very long hours, even though my job doesn’t require this.
532. I usually feel better after a good cry.
533. I forget where I leave things.
534. If I could live my life over again, I would not change much.
535. I get very irritable when people I depend on don’t get their work done on time.
536. If I get upset, I’m sure to get a headache.
537. I like to drive a hard bargain.
538. Most men are unfaithful to their wives now and then.
539. Lately I have lost my desire to work out my problems.
540. I have gotten angry and broken furniture or dishes when I was drinking.
541. I work best when I have a definite deadline.
542. I have become so angry with someone that I have felt as if I would explode.
543. Terrible thoughts about my family come to me at times.
544. People tell me I have a problem with alcohol, but I disagree.
545. I always have too little time to get things done.
546. My thoughts these days turn more and more to death and the hereafter.
547. I often keep and save things that I will probably never use.
548. I have been so angry at times that I’ve hurt someone in a physical fight.
549. In everything I do lately, I feel that I am being tested.
550. I have very little to do with my relatives now.
551. I sometimes seem to hear my thoughts being spoken out loud.
552. When I am sad, visiting with friends can always pull me out of it.
553. Much of what is happening to me now seems to have happened to me before.
554. When my life gets difficult, it makes me want to just give up.
555. I can’t go into a dark room alone, even in my own home.
556. I worry a great deal over money.
557. The man should be the head of the family.
558. The only place where I feel relaxed is in my own home.
559. The people I work with are not sympathetic with my problems.
560. I am satisfied with the amount of money I make.
561. I usually have enough energy to do my work.
562. It is hard for me to accept compliments.
563. In most marriages one or both partners are unhappy.
564. I almost never lose self-control.
565. It takes a great deal of effort for me to remember what people tell me these days.
566. When I am sad or blue, it is my work that suffers.
567. Most married couples don’t show much affection for each other.

The “Appearing Normal” Cheat Sheet

To get a normal result in the MMPI Test, use the following Answers.
Compare this to your true answers which you should do first to get a true reflection of
your strengths and weaknesses.

1. T 17. F 33. T
2. T 18. F 34. T
3. T 19. F 35. F
4. F 20. T 36. F
5. T 21. F 37. F
6. F 22. F 38. F
7. T 23. F 39. F
8. T 24. F 40. F
9. T 25. F 41. T
10. T 26. F 42. F
11. F 27. F 43. F
12. T 28. F 44. T
13. F 29. T 45. T
14. T 30. F 46. F
15. F 31. F 47. T
16. F 32. F 48. F
49. F 97. F 145. F
50. T 98. F 146. F
51. T 99. F 147. F
52. F 100. F 148. T
53. F 101. F 149. F
54. F 102. T 150. F
55. F 103. F 151. F
56. F 104. F 152. T
57. T 105. T 153. T
58. F 106. T 154. T
59. F 107. T 155. F
60. F 108. T 156. F
61. F 109. T 157. F
62. T 110. T 158. T
63. T 111. F 159. T
64. F 112. F 160. T
65. F 113. F 161. T
66. F 114. F 162. F
67. T 115. T 163. T
68. F 116. F 164. T
69. F 117. T 165. T
70. F 118. F 166. F
71. F 119. T 167. F
72. F 120. T 168. F
73. F 121. T 169. F
74. F 122. T 170. F
75. T 123. F 171. F
76. F 124. T 172. F
77. T 125. T 173. T
78. T 126. T 174. T
79. T 127. F 175. F
80. F 128. F 176. T
81. T 129. F 177. T
82. F 130. F 178. F
83. F 131. T 179. T
84. F 132. F 180. F
85. F 133. F 181. T
86. F 134. F 182. F
87. T 135. F 183. T
88. T 136. F 184. T
89. F 137. T 185. F
90. F 138. F 186. T
91. T 139. T 187. F
92. F 140. T 188. T
93. T 141. T 189. T
94. F 142. T 190. F
95. T 143. T 191. F
96. F 144. F 192. F
193. F 241. F 289. F
194. F 242. T 290. T
195. T 243. F 291. F
196. F 244. T 292. F
197. F 245. F 293. F
198. F 246. F 294. F
199. T 247. F 295. F
200. T 248. T 296. F
201. F 249. T 297. T
202. F 250. T 298. F
203. T 251. T 299. F
204. T 252. F 300. F
205. T 253. F 301. F
206. T 254. F 302. T
207. F 255. T 303. F
208. T 256. F 304. F
209. F 257. F 305. F
210. T 258. F 306. F
211. F 259. F 307. F
212. F 260. T 308. F
213. T 261. F 309. F
214. T 262. T 310. F
215. F 263. T 311. F
216. F 264. F 312. F
217. T 265. F 313. F
218. F 266. T 314. T
219. F 267. F 315. T
220. T 268. F 316. F
221. F 269. F 317. F
222. T 270. F 318. T
223. T 271. F 319. F
224. T 272. T 320. T
225. F 273. F 321. T
226. F 274. F 322. F
227. T 275. F 323. F
228. F 276. T 324. F
229. F 277. F 325. F
230. T 278. T 326. F
231. F 279. F 327. F
232. F 280. T 328. F
233. F 281. F 329. F
234. F 282. F 330. T
235. T 283. F 331. F
236. F 284. F 332. F
237. F 285. F 333. F
238. F 286. F 334. F
239. F 287. F 335. F
240. F 288. F 336. F
337. T 385. T 433. T
338. F 386. F 434. T
339. F 387. F 435. F
340. F 388. T 436. F
341. F 389. F 437. F
342. F 390. T 438. T
343. F 391. T 439. F
344. F 392. F 440. T
345. F 393. F 441. F
346. F 394. F 442. F
347. F 395. F 443. T
348. F 396. T 444. F
349. T 397. F 445. F
350. F 398. T 446. F
351. F 399. F 447. F
352. F 400. F 448. F
353. F 401. T 449. T
354. T 402. T 450. F
355. F 403. F 451. F
356. F 404. T 452. T
357. F 405. T 453. T
358. F 406. F 454. F
359. T 407. F 455. T
360. T 408. F 456. F
361. F 409. F 457. F
362. T 410. T 458. F
363. F 411. F 459. T
364. F 412. T 460. T
365. T 413. T 461. F
366. F 414. T 462. T
367. F 415. F 463. F
368. F 416. F 464. F
369. F 417. F 465. T
370. F 418. T 466. F
371. F 419. F 467. T
372. T 420. T 468. F
373. F 421. F 469. F
374. F 422. T 470. F
375. F 423. F 471. F
376. F 424. F 472. F
377. F 425. F 473. F
378. T 426. T 474. T
379. T 427. T 475. F
380. F 428. F 476. F
381. F 429. F 477. T
382. F 430. F 478. F
383. F 431. F 479. F
384. F 432. F 480. F
481. T 529. F
482. F 530. F
483. F 531. T
484. F 532. T
485. F 533. F
486. F 534. T
487. F 535. T
488. F 536. F
489. F 537. F
490. F 538. F
491. F 539. F
492. T 540. F
493. T 541. T
494. T 542. F
495. F 543. F
496. T 544. F
497. F 545. F
498. F 546. F
499. F 547. T
500. F 548. F
501. F 549. F
502. F 550. F
503. F 551. F
504. F 552. T
505. F 553. F
506. F 554. F
507. F 555. F
508. F 556. T
509. T 557. F
510. F 558. F
511. F 559. F
512. F 560. T
513. F 561. T
514. F 562. T
515. T 563. F
516. F 564. T
517. F 565. F
518. F 566. T
519. F 567. F
520. F
521. F
522. T
523. F
524. F
525. F
526. F
527. F
528. F