Gas Power Cycles

GAS POWER
CYCLES
Prof. Raymond Gallego

Facilitator
Objectiv
es
1. Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles.
2. Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power
cycles.
3. Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
4. Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
5. Solve problems based on the Otto and Diesel cycles.
6. Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; Brayton cycle with
regeneration; and Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating,
and regeneration.
7. Identify simplifying assumptions and perform second-law
analysis on gas power cycles.
2
Basic Considerations In Power Cycles
Analysis
Most power-producing devices operate on
cycles.
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the
actual cycle closely but is made up totally
of internally reversible processes is
called an ideal cycle.
Recall: Thermal efficiency of heat engines
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle

have the highest thermal efficiency of all The analysis of many
complex processes can
heat engines operating between the same be reduced to a
temperature levels. manageable level by
utilizing some
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally idealizations.
reversible, and unsuitable as a realistic 3
model.
Idealizations (simplifications) in the analysis of
power cycles
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the 1. The cycle does not involve any friction.
area enclosed by the cyclic curve
Therefore, the working fluid does not
to the area under the heat-addition
process curve represents the
experience any pressure drop as it flows
thermal efficiency of the cycle. in pipes or heat exchangers.
2. All expansion and compression
processes take place in a
quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various
components of a system are well
insulated, so heat transfer through them
is negligible.
Care should be exercised in

the interpretation of the On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area 4
results from ideal cycles. enclosed by the process curve represents
the net work of the cycle.
Carnot Cycle –
It composed of 4 totally reversible processes:
isothermal heat addition, isentropic expansion,
isothermal heat rejection, and isentropic
compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles:
Thermal efficiency increases with an
increase in the average temperature
at which heat is supplied to the
system or with a decrease in the
average temperature at which heat is
rejected from the system.
P-v and T-s diagrams of a 5

Carnot cycle.
Example: A steady-flow Carnot
engine.
Air-standard
Assumptions 1. The working fluid is air, which
continuously circulates in a closed
loop and always behaves as an
ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up
the cycle are internally
reversible.
3. The combustion process is
replaced by a heat-addition
process from an external source.
The combustion process is 4. The exhaust process is replaced
replaced by a heat-addition by a heat-rejection process
process in ideal cycles.
that restores the working fluid to
Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working
its initial state. fluid is
considered to be air with constant specific heats at room
temperature
Air-standard(25°C).
cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard 6
assumptions are applicable.
Overview of Reciprocating
Engines
The reciprocating engine (basically a piston–cylinder device) is
an invention that has proved to be very versatile and has a wide
range of applications.
Reciprocating is
powerhouse
engine of the vast
the
majority of automobiles, lig
trucks, aircraft,
ht electric
ships,
generators, power
and devices. many
other
7
Basic
Components
The piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions called
the top dead centre (TDC) - the position that forms the smallest volume in
the cylinder - and the bottom dead centre (BDC) - position that forms the
largest volume in the cylinder.
The distance between TDC and BDC is called
the stroke of the engine. The diameter of the
piston is called the bore.
Compression 8
ratio:
Performance
Characteristics Net work output per
cycle:
Mean effective pressure (MEP):

A fictitious pressure that, if it is acted on the
piston during the entire power stroke,
would produce the same amount of net
work as that produced during the actual
cycle.
Classifications of IC Engines:
1. Spark-ignition (SI) or Petrol
engines
2. Compression-ignition (CI) or 1
Diesel engines 1
Otto Cycle: Ideal Spark-Ignition
Engines Cyclefour complete strokes within the cylinder.
The piston executes
The crankshaft completes two revolutions for each
thermodynamic cycle.
These engines are called four-stroke IC engines.
1
2
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines on a
P-v diagram.
T-s Diagram of Ideal Otto
Cycle
IC Engines Classifications:
Four-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolutions of
crankshaft
Two-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution of
Sequence of crankshaft
processes:
1
1
Two-Stroke IC
Engines
In two-stroke engines, all four functions described earlier are
executed in two strokes: the power and compression stroke.
Generally less efficient, but are relatively simple and inexpensive.
They have high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios.
1
2
Thermal Efficiency of Otto
Cycle The heat supplied to the working
fluid during constant-volume heating
(combustion),
The heat rejected from the working

fluid during constant-volume cooling
(exhaust),
Temperature-volume
relation,
Thermal efficiency,
Cold-air standard
assumption.
1
Compression
5
ratio,
Engine Knock
(Autoignition)
Premature ignition of the fuel produces audible noise called engine
knock. It hurts performance and causes engine damage.
Autoignition places upper limit on compression ratios that can be
used in SI engines. Specific heat ratio, k affects the thermal efficiency
of the Otto cycle.
1
4
Diesel Cycle: Ideal Cycle for CI
Engines
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the compression
stroke, eliminating the possibility of autoignition. These engines can
be designed to operate at higher compression ratios, typically
between 12 and 24.
Fuels that are less refined (thus less expensive) can be used in
diesel engines.
The combustion process takes place
over a longer interval - fuel
injection starts when the piston
approaches TDC and continues
during the first part of power stroke.
Hence, combustion process in the
ideal Diesel cycle is approximated
as a constant- pressure
heat-addition process.
1
5
Sequence of
processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-pressure heat
addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat
rejection.
Note:
Petrol and diesel engines differ
only in the manner the heat
addition (or combustion) process
takes place.
It is approximated as a constant
volume process in the petrol
engine cycle and as a constant
pressure process in the Diesel
engine cycle.
1
6
Thermal Efficiency of Diesel
Cycle Heat supplied to the working fluid
during the constant-pressure
heating (combustion),
Heat rejected from the working fluid

during the constant-volume cooling
(exhaust),
Thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle

(general),
- constant specific
heats
Cutoff 1
ratio, 7
For the same compression ratio, thermal efficiency of Otto cycle is
greater than that of the Diesel cycle.
As the cutoff ratio decreases, the Thermal efficiencies of large diesel

thermal efficiency of the Diesel engines range from about 35 to 40
cycle increases. percent.
When rc =1, the efficiencies of Higher efficiency and lower fuel
the Otto and Diesel cycles are costs make diesel engines
identical. attractive in applications such as in
locomotive engines, emergency
power generation units, large
ships, and heavy trucks.
1
8
Dual Cycle: Realistic Ideal Cycle for CI
Engines
Approximating the combustion
process as a constant-volume or a
constant-pressure heat-addition
process is overly simplistic and not
quite realistic.
A better approach would be to
model the combustion process in
both SI and CI engines as a
combination of two heat- transfer
processes, one at constant volume
and the other at constant pressure.
The ideal cycle based on this
concept is called the dual cycle.
Note: Both the Otto and the Diesel cycles can

be obtained as special cases of the dual cycle. 3
0

Gas Power Cycles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gas Power Cycles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gas Power Cycles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GAS POWER

Prof. Raymond Gallego

Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle

Care should be exercised in

P-v and T-s diagrams of a 5

Mean effective pressure (MEP):

The heat rejected from the working

Heat rejected from the working fluid

Thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle

As the cutoff ratio decreases, the Thermal efficiencies of large diesel

Note: Both the Otto and the Diesel cycles can

You might also like