Discrimination of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight)

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Bioscience Research
Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973
Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network
RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2018 15(4): 3635-3646. OPEN ACCESS
Discrimination of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight)

Walp. Cultivars Based On ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
Mahmoud Dogara Abdulrahman1, 2, Abdul Manaf Ali1, Mohammed Moneruzzaman
Khandaker1 Hasan Nudin Nur Fatihah1, and Nashriyah Mat*1
1School of Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan
Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, P.M.B 2339, Kaduna, Nigeria
*Correspondence: [email protected] Accepted: 18 AUG. 2018 Published online: 19 Dec. 2018
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilised to discriminate Syzygium polyanthum
cultivars (Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan) due to its effectiveness in discriminating plants species
based on their chemical constituents. The ATR-FTIR mid infrared region (4000-400 cm–1) of the IR
spectrum was applied to the ethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu
Hutan, to identify various fingerprints and discriminate them using multivariate analysis. Much
phytochemical similarity was found between the two cultivars through the Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). There was also found variation between intraspecies
among same cultivars of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan. The findings obtained from this study are
very important for taxonomic identification, in which to be served as a guide for quality control in natural
product development.
Keywords: ATR-FTIR; Serai Kayu; Serai Kayu Hutan; Discrimination
INTRODUCTION the plants (Naturalness of the plants) as a result

The science of assigning, naming and of wide variation of the chemical and molecular
describing of plants species to a group or class content of the plant even within the similar species
has been considered as plant taxonomy of plant (Zervakis et al., 2012; Khairudin et al.,
(Govindaraghavan et al., 2012; Zervakis et al., 2014). The results obtained from chemical studies
2012). In order to understand the evolutionary of the plants will provide fundamental proof of
relationship that exists among plants, Morpho- confirmation for the characterization and
anatomical features are considered classical but identification of the plants.
also need are the chemical and molecular Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
identification in other to place the plants properly is known to be fast, easy with high resolution and
to particular taxa. Based on the molecular and based on the vibration, to analyse functional
chemical identification of the plants, taxonomists groups and bonds that are highly polar (Samelis
have identified the biomarkers which helped and et al., 2011; Lagunin et al., 2014; Morgenstern et
facilitated in naming or assigning a particular plant al., 2014; Song et al., 2014; Ul Hassan et al.,
to a Taxa (Gao et al., 2012; Zimmermann & 2014; Lang et al., 2017). The technique provides
Kohler, 2014). However with regard to taxonomic biological profiles with overlapping signals from
identification of the plants species there is still most of the compounds available from the
wide disagreement in respect to the grouping of analyzed cells (Kim et al., 2004). The biological
Abdulrahman et al., Discrimination of Syzygium Polyanthum Cultivars Based on ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy’
profiles or biochemical profiles of the Fourier chemical constituents of all medicinal plants must
Transform Infrared generated from the analysed be evaluated to be able to have reliability and
cells, are sets of data with a very high density repeatability of the process (Sultana et al., 2011;
which must be interpreted or analysed through Khairudin et al., 2014).
multivariate analysis, the technique or the concept Myrtaceae is of significant importance throughout
that has been used in microbial discrimination of the globe as it contributed economically, because
closely related species (Kim et al., 2004; many members of the family are edible and are
Mularczyk et al., 2012; Khairudin et al., 2014). domestically cultivated as food or as ornamental
In ethnopharmacology, quality control is plants (Moneruzzaman et al., 20011). Syzygium
compulsory and vital to confirm the quality and has been considered as the largest genus in the
authenticity of the plants for the development of family Myrtaceae, having approximately one
modern medicine or herbal supplements (Keidel hundred and twenty (120) species found almost
et al., 2010). One of the greatest sets back in the all over the Asia (Abdulrahman et al., 2018b).
development of herbal product is quality Syzygium is of significant importance biologically;
assurance as a result of large variation in the for its ability to cure diverse diseases
chemical constituents of the plants (Keidel et al., (Abdulrahman et al., 2018a). Being among the
2010; Khairudin et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018). largest genera of ﬂowering plants, it also plays a
The discrepancies are as a result of many factors significant role in the rainforest ecosystem.
ranging from the time of collection (harvesting), Syzygium polyanthum is locally known as Serai
environmental factor (climate), the age of the Kayu, Serai Kayu Hutan, Salam, Daun and Kelat
plants, soil and storage condition. Therefore, among the people of Peninsular Malaysia
quality control with the identification of few (Abdulrahman et al., 2018a). Whilst in Indonesia,
compounds is insufficient for validation (Kim et al., it is named as Indonesian laurel or Bay leaf. S.
2004; Keidel et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2012; Nikzad polyanthum is a plant known for its medicinal
et al., 2017). value among the Malay ethnic group for curing
Development of herbal product or modern diverse ailments such as Diabetes, Malaria,
medicine lies completely with authenticity and Postpartum, Hypertension, Diarrhea, and
safety of the plants materials (Gao et al., 2012; Endometriosis (Abdulrahman et al., 2018a). The
Khairudin et al., 2014; Al-Tameme et al., 2015). aim of this study was to utilise data set from
Therefore, technique or concept must be adopted Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) with the aid of
in other to identify and discriminate the real plant multivariate analysis to discriminate Serai Kayu
needed to overcome challenges of adulterations and Serai Kayu Hutan in order to be able to
and safety of consumers (Gao et al., 2012; Gad et classify them phylogenetically.
al., 2013). The presently available methods used
for quality assurance are subjective to many MATERIALS AND METHODS
challenges (Naumann et al., 2010; Gad et al.,
2013). The conventional method of classification Collection and Preparation of the Sample
and identification of plants from the dried Material
materials by means of morphological and Two cultivars of Syzygium polyanthum (Serai
anatomical (Macroscopic and Microscopic) Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan) were collected from
characteristics or features requires an extensive the wild in Besut, Terengganu, Peninsular
labour, time consuming and specific or prior Malaysia, and fully confirmed by a Botanist at the
knowledge of the concept. Molecular Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), after
identification and description of the plants is very which the identified herbarium specimen was
expensive, time consuming and also required further taken to the Universiti Kebangsaan
sophisticated machines to be able to interpret the Malaysia (UKM) and the University of Malaya
result. Biochemical or molecular identification is (UM) for further identification, and finally
difficult or complex as a result of sample deposited at the Herbarium of UniSZA, UKM and
preparation or processing with full of uncertainty UM respectively. The leaves were excised from
of the end result such as the quality of the the plants and dried under shade at room
sequence purified or the quantity and quality of temperature and kept in clean place in order to
the extracted DNA which is the building block of avoid contamination before extraction was carried
molecular studies (Gao et al., 2012). For the out.
purpose of improvement in Herbal supplement
development and pharmacological research, the
Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3636

Extraction stretching (Phosphodiester), N=O stretching of

The dry samples were ground using the aromatic ring in lignin, protein, O–H stretching of
grinding machine until it becomes a coarse CH2 in fatty acids, O-H stretching water and O-H
powder. The powder forms were weighed. bonds respectively (Fig. 1 and Table 1). While in
Ethanolic and aqueous extraction was carried out the case of aqueous extracts the peaks were
using Soxhlet. Evaporation machine was used sharp at 1000, 13100, 1370, 1600 and 3500 cm -1
(Heidolph Germany) in order to obtain crude which represent Phosphodiester region, protein,
compound from both the ethanolic and aqueous lignin, stretching (lipids) and O-H bonds
extracts. The obtained crude extracts was kept in respectively (Fig. 2 and Table 1). Spectra filter
the dryer (FDD-720) at 40 ̊ C to complete drying model was obtained from the ethanolic data with
(Wang et al., 2010). X matrix with highest variation (R2X (cum). 0.997)
and the highest predictive power (fitness of the
FTIR Spectra Measurement model) (Q2 (cum).0.987) (Fig. 3) while the data set
The spectra from the FTIR were recorded from the aqueous sample with the best spectra
from the IRPREATIGE-21 model Malaysia. The filter model was obtained with X matrix, highest
five extracted leaf sample of Serai Kayu and Serai variation (R2X (cum).0.993) and with highest
Kayu Hutan were each with three technical predictive power (fitness of the model) (Q2
replicates, and the spectra were scanned on at (cum).0.981) (Fig. 4). The relationship (similarities
mid-IR with spectral range of 4000-400 cm-1 and and discrimination) established from the score plot
the FTIR spectra were obtained by using the of the ethanolic extracts of the Serai Kayu and
Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 Infrared spectroscopy Serai Kayu Hutan has resulted from the following
(Malaysia) coupled with an air cooled Deuterated fingerprints along the positive loading line of the
Triglycine Sulphate (DTGS) detector. ATR PC1; 1654.92, 1560.41, 1508.33, 1490.97,
(Attenuated Total Reflectance) scan method was 1473.62, 486.062 and 418.553 cm –1 and 1651.07,
directly employed for all samples at 16 scans and 1539.2 and 1504.48 cm–1 from the negative
4cm-1 resolutions. Each of the spectrums of the loading fingerprints respectively (Fig 5 and 6).
FTIR was baseline corrected in order to minimise While in respect to the aqueous extracts the
the spectra difference from the shifts of the relationship was established based on the
baseline and exported to ASCII file. Analysis of following fingerprints 1755.52, 1730.15, 1354.03,
the spectra was carried out based on the existing 1311.59, 1201.65, and 1058.92 and 2926.01,
literature and the spectrum was further subjected 2850.79, 1616.35, 1570.06 and 447.485 cm –1
to multivariate analysis where PCA and HCA were along the PC1 and PC2 respectively (Fig .7 and
carried out by using the SIMCA-P (V.14.1 8). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was
Umetrics Sweden) software to discriminate Serai constructed from the ethanolic spectra data which
Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan (Mohd et al., 2014; resulted into two major clades, with first major
Zimmermann & Kohler, 2014; Lang et al., 2017). clade was divided into three subclades, containing
different cultivars depending on the clade. The
RESULTS major clade was further divided into six clade also
Voucher numbers of the collected specimen containing different cultivars (Fig. 9). Similar
were given in the deposited herbarium of pattern was also recorded from the HCA of
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), aqueous leaves extract (Fig.10). The dendrogram
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and divided into two major clades. The first major
Universiti Malaya (UM) (Table 1a). Fourier clade contained only Serai Kayu Hutan and the
Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the ethanolic second major clade was divided into two
and aqueous extracts of the five biological subclades with the first subclades divided into two
replicates of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan mini clades.
was generated. The overlay of the ethanolic and
aqueous extracts of the five biological replicate DISCUSSION
each with three technical replicates (Fig. 1 and 2) Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
The peaks of the ethanolic extracts were sharp at (FTIR) is a method with an excellent performance
812 cm–1 which represent C-O stretching in terms of analyzing phylogenetic relationships
(phenyl) and the spectral region of 892, 1000, among flowering plants. The concept of FTIR
1200, 13100, 1500, 2800, 3000 and 3500 cm -1 combined with chemometrics, show potential as
that represent the fingerprints of C-C, C-O rapid methods to discriminate between plants of
(Deoxyribose), Phosphodiester region, P=O the same cultivar or different species as it has

been previously reported by Ul Hassan et al, potential to apply to all plants for taxonomic
(2014) in taxonomic identification of Solanum discrimination.
nigarum and Solanum giganteum. Similarly, Lang
et al., (2017) in their study of identifying plant
species to family level have reported FTIR Posses
the potential of taxonomically identifying plants to
family level from their branches and has the
Table 1a: Voucher numbers of deposited specimen in respective Herbarium
S/N SPECIMEN HERBARIUM NO
1 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu) Unisza 00395
2 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu Hutan) Unisza 00396
5 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu) UM-KLU49443
6 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu Hutan) UM-KLU49444
7 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu) UKMB 40352
8 Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu Hutan) UKMB 40353
Wavenumber cm-1
Figure. 1: Overlay spectra of ethanolic leaves extracts Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu and
Serai Kayu Hutan)
Figure. 2: Overlay spectra of aqueous leaves extracts of Syzygium polyanthum (Serai Kayu and
Serai Kayu Hutan)

Table 1: Characteristics of absorption bands of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan
(Syzygium polyanthum)
Wave number
S/N Fingerprints
cm-1
1 800 C-O stretching (phenyl)
2 892 C-C, C-O (Deoxyribose)
3 1000 Phosphodiester region
4 1200 P=O stretching of Phosphodiester
5 1310 Protein
6 1370 Lignin
7 1500 N=O stretching of aromatic ring in lignin
8 1600 Stretching (lipids)
9 2800 C–H stretching of CH2 in fatty acids
10 3000 O-H stretching water
11 3500 O-H bonds
Note: S/N = Serial Number of the overlay ethanolic and aqueous extracts
Figure. 3: PCA score plot of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy data of ethanolic leaves extracts of Syzygium
polyanthum (Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan)

Figure. 4: PCA score plot of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy data of aqueous leaves extracts of Syzygium
polyanthum (Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan)
Figure. 5: Loading line plot from ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of ethanolic leaves extracts showing
fingerprints responsible for the discrimination and relationship within the PC1 of Serai Kayu and
Serai Kayu Hutan (Syzygium polyanthum)
Figure. 6: Loading line plot from ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of ethanolic leaves extracts showing

Figure. 7: Loading line plot from ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of aqueous leaves extracts showing
Figure. 8: Loading line plot from ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of aqueous leaves extracts showing

Figure. 9: Dendrogram of the HCA of the ethanolic leaves extracts showing the discrimination
and relationship between Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu hutan (Syzygium polyanthum).
Figure. 10: Dendrogram of the HCA of the aqueous leaves extracts showing the discrimination
and relationship between Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan (Syzygium polyanthum).

Ten spectra were obtained from the ethanolic of both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts is to
and aqueous extracts of all the ten samples of further carry the analysis of the PCA and HCA
Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan collected in all model. Score plots (scattered) of the two PCs
the localities. The peaks of the ethanolic extracts (PC1 and PC2) of the ethanolic extracts of the
were sharp at 812 cm –1 which represent C-O Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan dataset was
stretching (phenyl) and the spectral region of constructed and evaluated to account for 99.7%
892, 1000, 1200, 13100, 1500, 2800, 3000 and variation R2X (cum). Along the PC2 axes, eight
3500 cm-1 that represent the fingerprints of C-C, main clusters were constructed in the second PC.
C-O (Deoxyribose), Phosphodiester region, P=O In the first PC along the PC1, one strong outlier
stretching (Phosphodiester), N=O stretching of can be observed from Serai Kayu and also
aromatic ring in lignin, protein, O–H stretching of variation within the same sample (intraspecies
CH2 in fatty acids, O-H stretching water and O-H variation). Two groups are constructed from Serai
bonds respectively (Fig. 1 and Table 2). While in Kayu and one group from Serai Kayu Hutan along
the case of aqueous extracts the peaks were the X axes of the PC1 with variation accounting
sharp at 1000, 13100, 1370, 1600 and 3500 cm -1 for 49.6% (R2X.0.496) (Fig. 3). The fitness and the
which represent Phosphodiester region, protein, predictive model obtained in the following study
lignin, stretching (lipids) and O-H bonds supported the findings of Maree & Viljoen, (2011)
respectively (Fig. 2 and Table 2). A broad region were the obtained a similar pattern of fitness and
was observed to have a significant difference the predictive model (FT-MID: R2X (cum): 0.956,
between ethanolic and aqueous extracts at the Q2 (cum) =0.952. FT-MID: R2X (cum): 0.753, Q2
region of the spectra of 3500-3000 cm-1 peaks, (cum) =0.731). Principal Component Analysis
and the peaks and some fingerprints were not (PCA) suggested that there were large
seen in aqueous extracts that was due to the fact phytochemical similarities between the two
of the polarities of the compounds to be able to be cultivars, and intra variation also existed between
extracted from the ethanolic extracts. The results species of the same cultivar whereby no clear
show no significant difference from the fingerprints separation can be seen along the PC1 and bit
of ethanolic extracts of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu separation was seen in the PC2 (Fig. 3). The
Hutan, same as in the aqueous extracts. The findings were also in agreement with Song et al.
finding supported the results of Khairudin et al., (2014) in discriminating closely related Brassica
(2014) where no significant difference was rapa species. Also concur with the findings of
reported in their spectral bands of direct Mohd et al., (2014) on discrimination of ficus
discriminations of some plant populations using deltoidea jack in Peninsular Malaysia where they
FTIR spectroscopy. The studies also in report variation (intra and inter) among similar
agreement with Mohd et al., (2014) in their studies species of the same cultivar.
to discriminate seven varieties Ficus deltoidea Score plots (scattered) of the 2 PCs (PC1 and
using FTIR dataset coupled with chemometrics PC2) of the aqueous extracts dataset were
where they report no significance was observed constructed with and evaluated. Along the PC1
from the fingerprint of the methanolic and both the Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan were
aqueous extracts of both the seven varieties. The seen overlapping each other no clear separation
study disagreed with Keidel et al., (2010) on their was observed (Fig. 4). In the second PC along the
study to discriminate Green arabica and Robusta PC2 one strong outlier can be observed from
(coffee beans). Serai Kayu Hutan and also variation within the
The complete datasets of the ethanolic same sample (intra species variation). Also, no
sample of (Syzygium polyanthum) Serai Kayu and clear separation was seen but overlapped along
Serai Kayu Hutan were analysed using the the PC1 with variation accounting for 68.8%
Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The best (R2X.0.688). This is in agreement with Mohd et al.,
spectra filter model was obtained with X matrix (2014) in their methanolic and aqueous studies of
with highest variation (R2X (cum). 0.997) and the seven varieties of F.deltoidea. The score plot of
highest predictive power (fitness of the model) (Q2 FTIR spectroscopy data from the ethanolic and
(cum).0.987) while the data set from the aqueous aqueous extracts exhibit a strong relationship
sample with best spectra filter model was between the two cultivars. This is further
obtained with X matrix, highest variation (R2X confirmed the morphology and anatomical studies
(cum).0.993) and with highest predictive power carried out on Syzygium polyanthum cultivars
(fitness of the model) (Q2 (cum).0.981). The (Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan) by
fitness of the model revealed how good the data Abdulrahman et al. (2018b), further validate the

findings of Song et al., (2014) on discrimination of ethanolic PCA where a variation existed between
cabbage progenies from their parents and same cultivars and further established a strong
Khairudin et al, (2014) where they used FTIR to relationship existed between Serai Kayu and
establish relations that exists between plant Serai Kayu Hutan based on their chemical
species. Also is in agreement with Mohd et al., constituents.
(2014) where they conclude a good clustering was Similar pattern from the score plot was also
observed in their studies. But the study completely observed with the HCA of aqueous leaves extract
disagrees with Naumann et al., (2010) where they (Fig.10). The dendrogram divided into two major
report clear clustering on discrimination of Oats clades. The first major clade contained only Serai
and Peanuts root using FTIR datasets coupled Kayu Hutan and the second major clade was
with chemometrics. Morgenstern et al., (2014) in divided into two subclades with the first subclades
their studies of Myrciaria jaboticaba and Myrciaria divided into two mini clades. The first mini clade
cauliflora to discrimination them from their fruit contained Serai Kayu Hutan while the second mini
using near-infrared spectroscopy where they also clade contained Serai Kayu. The second subclade
report clear clustering from the fruits of the two further divided into two major clades, with the first
species. clade divided into two mini subclades. The first
The similarities and discrimination of the score and the second mini clades contained only Serai
plot from the ethanolic extracts of the Serai Kayu Kayu Hutan. The second subclade divides into
and Serai Kayu Hutan has resulted from the two subclades, with the first mini clades contained
following fingerprints along the positive loading both Serai Kayu Hutan and Serai Kayu and also
line plot of the PC1; 1654.92, 1560.41, 1508.33, the second mini clade also contains both Serai
1490.97, 1473.62, 486.062 and 418.553 cm –1 and Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan. The results further
the fingerprint within the negative loading line plot proved that no clear separation was observed
are 1651.07, 1539.2 and 1504.48 cm–1 . These from the PCA. The results from both the ethanolic
were responsible for the intra and interspecies and aqueous extracts of Serai Kayu and Serai
variations of the cultivars that fall within the region Kayu Hutan were also in agreement with Kim et
of PC1 (Fig.5 and 6) respectively. Likewise, the al., (2004) in their studies on taxonomic
relationship established from the score plot of the identification of flowering plants by using
aqueous extracts was as a result of the following multivariate analysis coupled with FTIR datasets.
fingerprints; 1755.52, 1730.15, 1354.03, 1311.59, These results were in agreements with the
1201.65, and 1058.92 and 2926.01, 2850.79, findings of Gao et al., (2012), where they report
1616.35, 1570.06 and 447.485 cm –1 along the phylogenetic relationships of ulam using FTIR
PC1 and PC2 respectively (Fig .7 and 8). dataset. The findings were in disagreement with
To further confirm their relationships and Schulz et al., (2005) on their studies of
dissimilarity of the two cultivars, the dataset from characterization of essential oil by using IR and
the ethanolic and aqueous leaves extract were Raman spectroscopy were they obtained clear
used to construct Hierarchical Cluster Analysis discrimination of essential oil distilled in plants
(HCA) in order to figure them into distinct classes collected from Turkey from Principal Component
(Fig. 9 and 10). The dendrogram from the HCA of Analysis before they are subjected to Hierarchical
the ethanolic extracts (Fig. 9) was further Cluster Analysis. The results of the studies from
confirmed by the Relationship (similarities and the FTIR datasets coupled with Chemometrics
dissimilarities) that has already been established have provided an efficient way of discriminating
by the PCA (Fig. 3). These resulted them into two plant species of closely related and further
major clades, with first major clade was divided supported the findings of Mularczyk et al., (2012)
into three subclades, the first clade having were they find FTIR coupled with chemometrics
species of Serai Kayu hutan, second clades as a great tool for taxonomic identification of
contained only Serai Kayu and the last clade plants to species level.
contain Serai Kayu only. Another major clade
was further divided into six clades, with first clade CONCLUSION
containing only Serai Kayu, the second clade The studies have fully discriminated Serai
containing Serai Kayu Hutan, third clade Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan based on their
Kayu Hutan, fourth clade Serai Kayu Hutan, fifth relationships and dissimilarity, which also
clade Serai Kayu and the last clade containing provided that; there is intra variation within the
Serai Kayu Hutan. The HCA from the ethanolic same species collected at the same location. PCA
extracts has further supported the result of the provided a good explanation on the discrimination

and further proved by HCA through the 237.

dendrogram created from the SIMCA software. Gad, H. A., El‐Ahmady, S. H., Abou‐Shoer, M. I.,
Analysing of the FTIR dataset coupled with and Al‐Azizi, M. M. (2013). Application of
chemometrics will be of great importance for the chemometrics in authentication of herbal
taxonomic identification of plant species based on; medicines: A review. Phytoch. Anal., 24(1):
intra or inter variations. In conclusion, the results 1-24.
would be of great value for quality determination Gao, J.-G., Wu, Y.-H., Xu, G.-D., Li, W.-Q., Yao,
of the raw materials of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu G.-H., Ma, J., and Liu, P. (2012).
Hutan in order to avoid adulteration of the plant. Phylogeography of Ulmus elongata based on
Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy
CONFLICT OF INTEREST (FTIR), thermal gravimetric and differential
The authors declared that present study was thermal analyses. Bioch. System. and ecol.,
performed in absence of any conflict of interest. 40: 184-191.
Govindaraghavan, S., Hennell, J. R., and Sucher,
ACKNOWLEGEMENT N. J. (2012). From classical taxonomy to
The authors wish to acknowledge the support genome and metabolome: towards
of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) of comprehensive quality standards for
Malaysia and Kaduna State University (KASU) of medicinal herb raw materials and extracts.
Nigeria. Fit., 83(6): 979-988.
Keidel, A., von Stetten, D., Rodrigues, C.,
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Máguas, C., and Hildebrandt, P. (2010).
All authors contributed equally in all parts of Discrimination of green Arabica and Robusta
this study. coffee beans by Raman spectroscopy. J. of
agri. and f. chem., 58(21): 11187-11192.
Copyrights: © 2017 @ author (s). Khairudin, K., Sukiran, N. A., Goh, H.-H.,
This is an open access article distributed under the Baharum, S. N., and Noor, N. M. (2014).
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Direct discrimination of different plant
(CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, populations and study on temperature effects
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
provided the original author(s) and source are Metab., 10(2): 203-211.
Kim, S., Ban, S., Chung, H., Cho, S., Chung, H.,
credited and that the original publication in this
Choi, P., . . . Liu, J. (2004). Taxonomic
journal is cited, in accordance with accepted
discrimination of flowering plants by
academic practice. No use, distribution or
multivariate analysis of Fourier transform
reproduction is permitted which does not comply infrared spectroscopy data. Plant Cell Rep.,
with these terms. 23(4): 246-250.
Lagunin, A. A., Goel, R. K., Gawande, D. Y.,
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Discrimination of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight)

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RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2018 15(4): 3635-3646. OPEN ACCESS

Discrimination of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight)

*Correspondence: [email protected] Accepted: 18 AUG. 2018 Published online: 19 Dec. 2018

INTRODUCTION the plants (Naturalness of the plants) as a result

Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3636

Extraction stretching (Phosphodiester), N=O stretching of

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Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3639

Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3640

Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3641

Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3642

Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3643

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and further proved by HCA through the 237.

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Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(4): 3635-3646 3646

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