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2021 y NOTES - 2

The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage. It describes: 1. Primary memory (RAM and ROM) which is directly accessible by the CPU and volatile vs secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs, etc.) which has larger storage capacity but is slower and non-volatile. 2. Cache memory which stores frequently accessed primary memory data to reduce access time. 3. Units of computer memory such as bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. and how they relate to one another.

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51 views5 pages

2021 y NOTES - 2

The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage. It describes: 1. Primary memory (RAM and ROM) which is directly accessible by the CPU and volatile vs secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs, etc.) which has larger storage capacity but is slower and non-volatile. 2. Cache memory which stores frequently accessed primary memory data to reduce access time. 3. Units of computer memory such as bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. and how they relate to one another.

Uploaded by

Sora Rose
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© © All Rights Reserved
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M.E.

S INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA -QATAR


Notes 2021- 2022

Section : BOYS’&GIRLS’ Date:04/05/2021


Class &Div. : XI(ALLDIVISIONS) Subject: CS
Lesson / Topic: BASIC COMPUTER ORGANISATION(UNIT-1)
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COMPUTERMEMORY:
1. A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for
processing.
2. A computer system uses binary numbers to store and process data.
3. The memory can be both primary and secondary depending upon its
location in the computer system.

UNITS OF MEMORY:
The binary digits 0 and 1, which are the basic unit of memory, are called BITS.
Theses bits are grouped together to formWORDS.
A FOUR-bit word is called a NIBBLE (Eg: 1010,1110,1001,etc.).
An EIGHT-bit word is called a BYTE (Eg: 10100101, 01001101,etc.).
COMPUTER MEMORY UNITS

SL NO: UNIT DESCRIPTION


1. Binary Digit 1 Bit
2. Byte 1 Byte = 8 Bits
3. Kilo Byte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Byte
4. MegaByte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
5. Giga Byte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
6. TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
7. PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
8. ExaByte (EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB
9. ZettaByte (ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
10. YottaByte (YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB
11. BrontoByte 1 BrontoByte = 1024 YB
12. GeopByte 1 GeopByte = 1024 BrontoByte

1. TYPES OFMEMORY:
o Computers have TWO types ofmemory:
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1. Primarymemory
2.Secondarymemory
1. PRIMARY MEMORY:
It is an essential component of a computer system.
Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before processing.
The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read / write operation.

There are TWO types of primarymemory:
a. RAM (Random Access Memory)
b. ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM ROM
1. Random Access Memory 1. Read Only Memory
2. Volatile Memory 2. Non-Volatile memory
3. The content stored in RAM will loss
3. The content stored in ROM will be
even when the power is switched off.
remains same even when the power is
turned off.
4. It is used for storing the data temporarily 4. It is used as a small but faster
while the computer is working. Permanent memory.
5. Both Read and write operations can 5. Only Read operation can take
take place. Place.


NOTE: ROM is slower than RAM: Because it is used to store several essential instructions to check
basic hardware components such as booting (BIOS: Basic Input Output System), procedure to load
Operating System and frequently needed functions.

2.SECONDARYMEMORY:
 It is a Non-Volatile memory.
 It has large storage capacity than primary memory.
 It is slower and cheaper than the primary memory, but it cannot be accessed
directly bythe CPU.
 Contents of the secondary storage need to be first brought into the primary
memory forthe CPU toaccess.
 Primary memory has limited storage capacity, either in RAM (or) ROM. Thus a
computer system needs auxiliary (or) secondary memory to permanently store the
data or instructions for futureuse.Eg:HDD (Hard DiskDrive),SSD (Solid-
StateDrive),CD (CompactDisc),DVD (Digital Versatile Disc / Digital
VideoDisc),USB (Universal SerialBus),BLU RAY DISC. etc

3.CACHE MEMORY:
It is a very high speed memory is placed between the CPU and the primary memory It stores the
copies of the data from frequently accessed primary memory locations,thus reducing the
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average time required to access data from primarymemory.

COMPUTERMEMORY-SECONDARY STORAGE-HARD DISC



1. Secondary storage devices are used to store large amount of data permanently which is not possible by
primary or main memory.
2. The amount of data can hold in Disc can be defined as Disc Capacity.
3. One of the most commonly used secondary storage device is HD (Hard Disk).
HD (Hard Disk)
1. It is a non-volatile high capacity storage device.
2. Its Disk Capacity starts from 1GB to Several TBs.
3. It consist of a solid round disc packed one another made up of
a magical material and sealed inside a case.
4. It is generally fixed inside a computer,
5. Data is stored on platters, sectors and cylinders to keep it
organized and easier to find.

6. Each platter is divided into concentric rings called


“TRACKS”. Each track is divided into segments of
“SECTORS”.A cylinder consists of sets of tracks
described by all heads at a single peek position.
1. SOFTWARE
A software is a set of instructions/code which is given to the computer to perform a specific
task.

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Classification of Software
SOFTWARE

SYSTEM APPLICATION SOFTWARE UTILITYSOFTWARE


SOFTWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM GENERAL PURPOSE

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS

CUSTOMISED SOFTWARE
DEVICE DRIVERS

(1) Application software: It handles specialized/ common tasks a user wants to


perform, such as hotel management, banking, any data processing, word
processing etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE:


 General Purpose application Software:These are ready to use software
for daily use purpose .e.g. Microsoft Office Package, DBMS etc.
 Special Purpose Application Software: It is a tailor made software which
is designed as per the user’s requirement.E.g. Attendance tracking System,
Online Ticket Reservation.
(2) System software: Controls the internal computer operations and hides the

Complexity of computer system from user and application software.

FUNCTIONS:
 Reading and receiving information.
 Translating Data and instructions.
 Controlling all peripheral devices (input and output).
 Processing and generating output.

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:


 OPERATING SYSTEM: It acts as a mediator between the user and the
hardware of the computer. An Operating System (OS) is a system program
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that controls and manages the computer resources (hardware, software,
processing...etc.)

E.g. Windows, Mac OS ,LINUX …etc


 LANGUAGE PROCESSORS: It translates all High Level Language (HLL)
programs into Machine Level Language. Mainly there are 3 language
processors.
ASSEMBLER: Converts Assembly language to Machine language.

E.g.: Nasm Assembler.


COMPILER:It converts high-level language code to machine code in
one session.E.g. C, C++, Java.
INTERPRETER: It converts high-level language code to machine
code in line by line.E.g.Python, Perl.
 DEVICE DRIVERS:It is a computer program that operates or controls a
particular type of device that is attached to a computer.E.g. Kernel Device
Driver.

(3) Utility software: Which helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources.

E.g.Are antivirus software, backup software and disk tools. (System maintenance

software)

Some of the commonly use Utility Softwares are:


 Antivirus Software:Itis a computer program used to prevent, detect, and
remove malware(viruses).Kaspersky
 Disk Defragmenter:It will re arrange the files and unused space on the hard
Disk.Microsoft's Defrag
 Backup Utility: It helps in taking the backup of the data.ie duplicating the
disk information and save it in any storage device or to any mail
accounts.Cloudberry
 Compression Utility: It is used to compress the large sized files. 7 Zip
 Disk Cleaner:It is designed to free up disk space on a computer's hard drive
by cleaning up unwanted files(accessed/used) ,cache memory
etc.CCleaner 5

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