CHEM 1115 (General Inorganic and Organic Chemistry)

Atomic Structure and Quantum

Theory
Gerardo V. Ilagan, R.Ch
Faculty, Department of Chemistry
 Brief History
B.C.
400 B.C. Demokritos and Leucippos use the term "atomos”
2000 years of Alchemy

1500's
 Georg Bauer: systematic metallurgy
 Paracelsus: medicinal application of minerals
1600's
Robert Boyle:The Skeptical Chemist. Quantitative experimentation, identification of
elements
1700s'
 Georg Stahl: Phlogiston Theory
 Joseph Priestly: Discovery of oxygen
 Antoine Lavoisier: The role of oxygen in combustion, law of conservation of
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mass, first modern chemistry textbook
 Brief History
1800's
Joseph Proust: The law of definite proportion (composition)
 John Dalton: The Atomic Theory, The law of multiple proportions
Joseph Gay-Lussac: Combining volumes of gases, existence of diatomic molecules
Amadeo Avogadro: Molar volumes of gases
Jons Jakob Berzelius: Relative atomic masses, modern symbols for the elements
 Dmitri Mendeleyev: The periodic table
 J.J. Thomson: discovery of the electron
 Henri Becquerel: Discovery of radioactivity

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 Brief History
1900's
 Robert Millikan: Charge and mass of the electron
 Ernest Rutherford: Existence of the nucleus, and its relative size
 Meitner & Fermi: Sustained nuclear fission
 Ernest Lawrence: The cyclotron and trans-uranium elements

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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

▸ In 1808, John Dalton developed an

atomic theory.
▸ Dalton believed that a few kinds of
atoms made up all matter.
▸ According to Dalton, elements are
composed of only one kind of atom
and compounds are made from two
or more kinds of atoms.
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 Five Principles of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. All matter is composed of extremely small

particles called atoms, which cannot be
subdivided, created, or destroyed.
2. Atoms of a given element are identical in
their physical and chemical properties.
3. Atoms of different elements differ in their
physical and chemical properties.

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 Five Principles of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

4. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple, whole-number ratios to form
compounds.
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined,
separated, or rearranged but never
created, destroyed, or changed.

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 Subatomic Particles
▸ Experiments by several scientists in the
mid-1800s led to the first change to Dalton’s
atomic theory. Scientists discovered that
atoms can be broken into pieces after all.
▸ The smaller parts that make up atoms are
called subatomic particles.
▸ The three subatomic particles that are most
important for chemistry are the electron, the
proton, and the neutron.

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 Discovery of Electrons
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce
the presence of a negatively charged particle.

Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is

contained at a very low pressure.
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 Discovery of Electrons

Thomson believed that the

electrons were like plums
embedded in a positively charged
“pudding,” thus it was called the
“plum pudding” model.

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 Discovery of Electron’s Mass

▸ 1909 – Robert Millikan

determines the mass of the
electron via Oil Drop Experiment
Mass of the electron
is
9.109 x 10-31 kg

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 Discovery of Nucleus

▸ Ernest Rutherford performed the

gold foil experiment, which
disproved the plum-pudding model
of the atom.

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 Discovery of Nucleus

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 Discovery of Nucleus
▸ The nucleus is the dense, central portion
of the atom.
▸ The nucleus is made up of protons and
neutrons.
▸ The nucleus has all of the positive charge,
nearly all of the mass, but only a very small
fraction of the volume of the atom.

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 Protons and Neutrons
▸ Protons are the subatomic particles that have a positive
charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.
▹ The number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number,
which determines the identity of an element.
▹ Because protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges,
a neutral atom must contain equal numbers of protons and
electrons.
• Neutrons are the subatomic particles that have no charge
and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.
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 Protons and Neutrons

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 Protons and Neutrons

▸ Protons and Neutrons Can Form a

Stable Nucleus
▹ Coulomb’s law states that the
closer two charges are, the
greater the force between
them.
▹ The repulsive force between
two protons is large when two
protons are close together.
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 Protons and Neutrons

▸ Protons form stable nuclei despite the repulsive force

between them.
▸ A strong attractive force between these protons
overcomes the repulsive force at small distances
▸ Because neutrons also add attractive forces, some
neutrons can help stabilize a nucleus.
▹ All atoms that have more than one proton also have
18 neutrons.
 Are Protons and Neutrons Fundamental
Particles?
▸ Protons and neutrons are NOT
fundamental particles.
▹ Protons are made of two “up”
quarks and one “down” quark.
▹ Neutrons are made of one “up”
quark and two “down” quarks.
▹ Quarks are held together by
“gluons”

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 Are Protons and Neutrons Fundamental
Particles?

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 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers

▸ The number of protons that an atom has is known as the

atom’s atomic number.
▹ The atomic number is the same for all atoms of an
element.
▹ Because each element has a unique number of protons
in its atoms, no two elements have the same atomic
number.
■ Example: the atomic number of hydrogen is 1 because the
nucleus of each hydrogen atom has one proton. The atomic
21 number of oxygen is 8.
 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers

▸ Atomic numbers are always

whole numbers.
▸ The atomic number also reveals
the number of electrons in an
atom of an element.
▹ For atoms to be neutral, the
number of negatively charged
electrons must equal the number
of positively charged protons.
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 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers

▸ The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom.
▸ One can calculate the number of neutrons in an atom by subtracting
the atomic number (the number of protons) from the mass number
(the number of protons and neutrons).
▸mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons
▸ Unlike the atomic number, the mass number can vary among atoms of
a single element.

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 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers

Example: a particular atom of neon has a mass number of 20.

Because the atomic number for an atom of neon is 10,
neon has 10 protons.

number of protons and neutrons (mass number) = 20

 number of protons (atomic number) = 10
number of neutrons = 10

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 Atomic Structures Can Be Represented by
Symbols
▸ Each element has a name, and the same
name is given to all atoms of an
element.
▹ Example: sulfur is composed of
sulfur atoms.
▸ Each element has a symbol, and the
same symbol is used to represent one of
the element’s atoms.
▸ Atomic number and mass number are
sometimes written with an element’s
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symbol.
 Isotopes
▸ are atoms of the same element having different masses
because they contain different numbers of neutrons. In
other words, isotopes have different mass numbers.
▸ For example, all of the following are isotopes of hydrogen

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 Isotopes

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 Sample Problem 1

18 8 8 18
Arsenic 75 33 75
Phosphorus 16 15 31

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 Rutherford Vs. Bohr Model

▸ The experiments of Rutherford’s team led to the

replacement of the plum pudding model of the atom with a
nuclear model of the atom.
▹ Rutherford suggested that electrons, like planets orbiting the sun,
revolve around the nucleus in circular or elliptical orbits.
▹ Rutherford’s model could not explain why electrons did not crash
into the nucleus.

▸ The Rutherford model of the atom was replaced only two

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years later by a model developed by Niels Bohr
 Rutherford Vs. Bohr Model

▸ According to Bohr’s model, electrons can be only certain

distances from the nucleus. Each distance corresponds to a
certain quantity of energy that an electron can have.
▹ An electron that is as close to the nucleus as it can be is in its
lowest energy level.
▹ The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the higher the energy
level that the electron occupies.
▸ The difference in energy between two energy levels
is known as a quantum of energy.
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 Rutherford Vs. Bohr Model

▸Rutherford’s model of an atom • Bohr’s model of an atom

• electrons orbit the nucleus • electrons travel
just as planets orbit the sun around the nucleus in
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specific energy levels
 Present Day Model

▸ Thomson’s experiments demonstrated that electrons act

like particles that have mass.
▸ In 1924, Louis de Broglie pointed out that the behavior of
electrons according to Bohr’s model was similar to the
behavior of waves.
▸ De Broglie suggested that electrons could be considered
waves confined to the space around a nucleus.
▹ As waves, electrons could have only certain frequencies which
32 correspond to the specific energy levels.
 Present Day Model
▸ The present-day model of the atom takes into
account both the particle and wave properties
of electrons.
▸ In this model, electrons are located in orbitals,
regions around a nucleus that correspond to
specific energy levels.
• Orbitals are regions where electrons are likely to
be found.
• Orbitals are sometimes called electron clouds
because they do not have sharp boundaries.
Because electrons can be in other places, the
33 orbital has a fuzzy boundary like a cloud.
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 Thanks!
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used in analysis of Phosphorus using
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