a . As related to AM, what is over modulation, under modulation and 100% modulation? . Define modulation index of an AM signal 3. A transmitter radiates 9 kW without modulation and 10.125 kW after modulation. Determine depth of modulation. N A. Define the transmission efficiency of AM signal. 5. Draw the phasor diagram of AM signal. 6. Advantages of SSB. 7. Disadvantages of DSB-FC. 8. What are the advantages of superhetrodyne receiver? 9. Distinguish between low level and high level modulator. 10. Give the parameters of receiver. 11. Define sensitivity and selectivity. 12. Define fidelity. 13. What is meant by image frequency? Scanned with CamScanner14. Need for modulation. 15. Application of AM. 16. What is meant by diagonal clipping and negative peak clipping? 17. Define envelope. 18. Distinguish between linear and non linear modulator. 19. What are the limitations of AM 20. Draw the envelope of AM 21. Differentiate phase modulation and frequency modulation. 22. When a signal m(t) = 3 cos (2p x 103t ) modulates a carrier c(t) = 5 cos (p x 106t), find the modulation index and transmission bandwidth if the modulationisAM. 23. 23. What do you mean by narrowband and wideband FM? 24, 24. Give the frequency spectrum of narrowband FM? 25. 25 Define frequency deviation in FM? 26. 26 state Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth? Scanned with CamScanner35 A carrier of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a signal x(t)=20sin 36 (2009x103 t ). What is the bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency sensitivity of themodulator is 25 KHz per volt? 37 What is the bandwidth required for an FM wave in which the modulating frequency signal is 2 KHz and the maximum frequency deviation is 12 KHz? 38 Determine and draw the instantaneous frequency of a wave having a total phase angle given by @(t)= 2000t +sin10t. Scanned with CamScanner1.(i) What is the principle of Amplitude modulation? Derive expression for the AM wave and draw its spectrum. (8) (ii) Describe the frequency analysis of Angle modulated waves. Explain their Bandwidth requirements. (8) 2) (i) A modulating signal of 2 cos5000t is amplitude modulated over a carrier signal of 5cos20000t . Derive expressions for the modulation index, LSB and VSB frequencies, Bandwidth and the ratio of Side Band Power in the Total Power of AM wave. (8) (ii) Explain the principle of Angle Modulation. Derive and explain phase deviation, Modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation. (8) Scanned with CamScanner3) (i) Write short notes on : (1) AM voltage distribution. (4) (2) AM power distribution. (4) (ii) An audio frequency signal 10 sin 2*3.14* 500¢ is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin 5*3.14*10*5 t. Calculate (1) Modulation index (2) (2) Side band frequencies (2) (3) BW required (2) (4) Total power delivered to the load of 600 _. (2) 4) (i) Compare FM and AM. (12) Scanned with CamScanner6) (i) Derive the expression for a Amplitude Modulated wave and draw its spectrum. (10) (ii) Obtain a relationship between carrier and side band powers in an AM DSBFC wave and explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSB FC system. (6) 7) (i) Define modulation index for FM and PM and obtain the relation between modulation index and modulating signal for FM and PM. (ii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of angle modulation with amplitude modulation. 8) (i) Distinguish between FM and PM by giving its mathematical analysis. (8) Scanned with CamScanner8) (i) Distinguish between FM and PM by giving its mathematical analysis. (8) (ii) Derive the relationship between the voltage amplitudes of the side band frequencies and the carrier and draw the frequency spectrum. (8) 9) In an AM modulator, 500 KHz carrier of amplitude 20 V is modulated by 10 KHz modulating signal which causes a change in the output wave of 77.5 V. Determine : (1) Upper and lower side band frequencies (2) Modulation Index (3) Peak amplitude of upper and lower side frequency Scanned with CamScanner1. (i) Draw FSK Transmitter and explain. Describe its Bandwidth Considerations. (8) (ii) For a BPSK modulator with a Carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies, draw the output spectrum, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud (Assume f= 5MHz) 2) (i) Draw and explain the operations of Non-coherent and coherent FSK modulators. (8) (ii) Draw QPSK modulator and explain. Describe its Bandwidth considerations. (8) 3) (i) Explain the principle of FSK transmitter and receiver. (10) Scanned with CamScanner4) (i) Compare the various types of digital modulation techniques. (8) (ii) Explain the eyepattern in base band digital transmission with a neat diagram. (8) 5) Describe FSK transmitter and FSK receiver. 6) Explain in detail carrier recovery with a suitable block diagram. 7) (i) Describe with neat diagram, the operation of a QPSK modulator. Draw its phasor and constellation diagram. (10) (ii) Explain the bandwidth considerations of QPSK system. (6) Scanned with CamScanner8) What is carrier recovery? Discuss how carrier recovery is achieved by the squaring loop and Costas loop circuits. (16) 9) Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the operation. Determine the : (i) peak frequency deviation (ii) minimum bandwidth (iii) baud for FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51 kHz, and input bit rate of 2 kbps. 10) Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator and explain its operation. For QPSK modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram. Scanned with CamScanner11) What is known as Binary phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter and Receiver and also obtain the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth. 12) (i) Illustrate the concept of 8 QAM transmitter with the truth table. (8) (ii) What is the need for carrier Recovery? Explain the Costas loop method of carrier recovery. (8) Scanned with CamScanner1. State and prove Sampling theorem. 2. Explain various data formats with clear example. 3. What is eye pattern. What are the interpretations obtained from it? 4. Write notes on Intersymbol Interference. 5. Explain in detail the Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission of baseband PAM signal 6. Write notes on adaptive equalization. 7. (i) Describe in detail the PCM technique with focus on its sampling rate, and signal to quantization Noise ratio. (8) Scanned with CamScanner(ii) What is ISI? Explain the applications of eye pattern to detect ISI. (8) 8. (i) With a block diagram, explain the adaptive Delta Modulation technique. (8) (ii) What is DPCM? Explain its principle with neat block diagram. (8) 9. (i) Explain the elements of PCM system with a neat block diagram. (12) (ii) What is companding? (4) 10 (i) Find the signal amplitude for minimum quantization error ina delta modulation system if step size is 1 volt having repetition period 1 ms. The information signal operates at 100 Hz. Scanned with CamScanner(ii) Describe the operation of DPCM system with a relevant diagram.(12) 11. For a PCM system with the following parameters, determine (i) Minimum sampling rate (ii) Minimum number of bits used in the PCM code (iii) Resolution and (iv) Quantization error Maximum analog input frequency = 4 KHz Maximum decoded voltage at the receiver = + 2.55 V Minimum dynamic range = 46 dB. Scanned with CamScanner12. Describe DPCM transmitter and receiver with suitable block diagram. 13. (i) Draw the block diagram of a PCM transmitter and explain the function of each block. (6) (ii) What are the types of sampling? Explain the operation of the sample and hold circuit. (10) 14. Draw the block diagram and describe the operation of a delta modulator. What are its advantages and disadvantages compared to a PCM system? (16) 15. What is companding? Explain analog companding process with the help of block diagram. Scanned with CamScanner15. What is companding? Explain analog companding process with the help of block diagram. 16. How does delta modulation differ from PCM? Explain delta modulation transmitter with the help of a block diagram. 17. (i) Explain in detail the Delta modulation transmitter and Receiver. (10) (ii) Discuss the draw backs of delta modulation and explain the significance of adaptive delta modulator. (6) Scanned with CamScanner1. Define pseudo noise sequence. 2. Define spread spectrum technique 3. Differentiate Slow and fast FH SS technique. 4. Differentiate TDMA and FDMA. 5. Define processing gain for DS SS technique 6. What are the advantages of Spread Spectrum techniques? 7. Differentiate DS -SS and FH-SS. 8. Define processing gain for FH SS technique 9. What are the disadvantages of DS SS techniques? Scanned with CamScanner10. What are the advantages of FH SS techniques? 11. What are the applications of spread spectrum modulation? 12. Design processing gain in spread spectrum modulation. 13. Define effective jamming power and processing. 14. What is the principle of frequency hopping spread spectrum? 15. A spread spectrum communication system has the following parameters;information bit duration Tb = 4.095 ms, PN chip duration Tc = 1 ms. Determine Processing Gain. Scanned with CamScanner16. What is meant by slow frequency hopping and fast-frequency hopping? 17. What is frequency hopping? 18. What is meant by an orthogonal code? 19. Define Pseudonoise sequence? 20. What are the different types of multiple access techniques? 21. What is the significance of PN sequence? 22. What are the types of FH spread spectrum technique? Scanned with CamScanner3. Explain in detail the characteristics of PN sequence 4. Explain the two common multiple access technique for wireless communication. 5. Differentiate direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum technique 6. Compare and contrast TDMA and CDMA techniques. 7. (i) Draw the circuit of a P-N sequence generator and explain. (8) (ii) Describe the concept of FHSS in detail. (8) Scanned with CamScanner