1

BloodBank IE: Blood Bank

Management System using Cloud
Computing

Christian Cobalida

[email protected]

BSc. (Hons) in Computing in Cloud Computing

Supervised by Stephen Larkin

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Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would want to convey my heartfelt gratitude to my parents and family for
all of their assistance, guidance, and ongoing support as I near the finish of my Honours
Degree.

Second, I'd want to thank my supervisor for his assistance with this assignment. Stephen
Larkin has been a great help to me throughout the project.

Stephen's advice has been invaluable, and it's always a pleasure to meet with him for our
weekly sessions.

Third, I'd want to thank everyone who helped me during my B.Sc. (Hons) Cloud Computing
studies, including my lecturers, classmates, and friends. I am grateful for all of their support,
critical criticism, and professional advise during my education.

Declaration

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I hereby declare that, except where otherwise mentioned, the work contained in this project
is solely my own and has not been submitted as part of any degree at this or any other
Institute/University.

_________________________
Christian Cobalida
2022

Abstract
The focus of this paper is BloodBank IE, a modern Angular application that manages blood
banks and donors. BloodBank IE allows blood donors to donate to patients in need via a
progressive online application. Furthermore, BloodBank IE makes use of modern frameworks
like Ionic with Angular.js for the front-end, NgRx for the back-end, and Node (Express.js) for

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the backend with Cloud Firestore as the database. Donors can use BloodBank IE's database
to obtain a list of nearby blood camps where they can donate blood without having to fill out
paperwork. When a patient needs a particular type of blood, BloodBank IE searches its
database for local hospitals and donors who can assist. When a patient requires a specific
kind of blood, the program searches hospitals and registered users for matching blood types.
Using a self-developed API, BloodBank IE allows hospitals, blood banks, and blood camps to
register fast and easily. Customers can sign up via the sign-up form, and Google uses OAuth
with Firebase Authentication. In addition to email, message, and location-based services for
registered hospitals, blood camps, and users, BloodBank IE makes them available to users
via Google APIs or third-party applications. The site also features a search function for
people in the same county, as well as an article page containing blood-related information.
The application is hosted in the cloud by Firebase Hosting and uses Firebase Cloud
Messaging to notify users about the next available blood camp. Data from BloodBank IE may
be mined and organized in a common style, which can help promote awareness about blood
drives. This article and smartphone application address the issue of lowering latency in the
blood donation process by simplifying management, making blood donation smooth, and
identifying blood donors.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements

Declaration

Abstract

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
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2 Literature Review
2.1 Background Research
2.2 Use of mobile applications
2.3 Socia media advertisements
2.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)
2.5 Availability
2.6 Comparison of the related and proposed systems
2.7 Cloud computing
2.8 Google Cloud Platform
2.9 Amazon Web Services
2.10 Microsoft Azure
2.11 Amazon Web Services vs Microsoft Azure vs Google Cloud Platform

3 Proposed Solution
3.1 Design
3.1.1 Database
3.1.2 Ionic & Angular
3.1.3 NodeJS & Express
3.1.4 Security
3.2 Implementation
3.2.1 Cloud Application
3.2.2 Progressive Web App
3.2.3 Firebase Hosting
3.2.4 Firebase Authentication
3.2.5 Firebase Cloud Messaging
3.2.6 Architecture Diagram

4 Conclusion

References

1 Introduction
The blood carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body. The need for blood is
increasing as the population grows. Because of the growing population, there are many
potential blood donors around the world. Despite this, fewer than 10% of the world's total
population donates blood. As the population grew and medical science advanced, demand
for blood increased.

Blood banking is the practice of storing and preserving donated blood or blood components
for future use in transfusions. A patient's blood type must also be determined to ensure
compatibility with a transfusion. In some cases, patients may not be able to get the right

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amount of blood at the right time because blood banks lack interrelationships in the form of a
networked database, which makes it impossible to track all blood donors.

Blood is wasted due to a lack of communication and synchronization between blood banks
and hospitals. The issues can be resolved by automating the current manual blood bank
management system. To bridge the gap between donors and recipients and to reduce the
effort required to find blood donors, a high-end, efficient, universally available, and scalable
system must be developed. People can easily look for blood in nearby areas during an
emergency using GPS with the help of this Android app, and blood can be seen in real-time
and at the right location.

2 Literature Review

2.1 Background Research

Smartphone apps can help tremendously by increasing people's willingness and accessibility
to donate blood regularly. The supply and quality of blood available for donation continue to
be a major source of concern in various countries. Blood banks should run countless
campaigns to raise awareness of blood donation and encourage people to register as
volunteers to maintain continuous blood recruitment. They must also use modern technology
to organize the blood donation process to increase the willingness and convenience of
volunteer donors [1].

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2.2 Use of mobile applications
According to a study [2] on blood donation mobile apps, there is a need to contact blood
donors as soon as there is an urgent need for blood donation so that the person in need can
stay healthy. This study aimed to reach out to people who would like to donate blood in an
emergency as well as those who would like to receive blood. The study looked at three apps
that let blood donors and recipients communicate and developed a mobile app that could
operate on smartphones with Android operating systems, which are currently the most
popular operating systems. In future versions of the developed application, enhancements
will include: providing communication through the application instead of providing blood
donors' phone numbers, searching for blood donors with the location service, and updating
registration information (19). The study recommends using mobile applications for blood
donations to reach a wide range of people, especially in areas with a limited supply of blood.

The goal of the research on an Android blood bank management system [3] was to create an
online blood bank project that would store information about blood donors in case of an
emergency. This project aims to establish direct contact between the donor and recipient.
The willingness of the donor, the location, the last donation date, and the blood group are the
four major components of the project. Transparency in blood donation, ensuring that
obtaining blood from blood banks is a corruption-free process, and effective management of
blood banks were all goals of the project.

2.3 Socia media advertisements

According to a study on blood donation systems on mobile computing systems [4], blood
donation and blood transfusion services are critical for saving lives. As a result,
advertisements for blood donation are widely shared on social media to encourage more
people to donate blood for patients who require transfusions right away. Because there is no
communication system between donors and blood donation centers, giving blood takes time.
The lack of communication among blood donation centers, blood banks, and health centers
has an impact on the quality of blood donation and transfusion services in the health care
industry. The purpose of this study was to develop a cloud-based and mobile-based blood
donation system. The system enables blood donation facilities and donors to communicate,
as well as the distribution of blood information across multiple blood donation centers and
health organizations within a country. The app allows users to receive notifications when
urgent blood donations are needed, determine if they qualify to donate blood, find nearby

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blood donation centers, and schedule an appointment at a time and date that is convenient
for them. Through social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, the app also assists in
the formation of a blood donation community.

2.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)

To address the issue of a lack of blood donors, a blood donation and life saver-blood
donation app were developed. The app makes use of GPS to help users locate blood donors
in their immediate vicinity. When the user enters the required blood type, the application will
immediately notify the nearest blood donor. If the nearest blood donor declined, the app
would notify the next person in line [5].

Finding appropriate blood donors for individuals who require blood transfusions takes time.
This issue spurred the creation of an Android app that connects blood donors with receivers.
The requester can use the app to notify volunteer blood donors that they are still in need of
blood. If a donor is available to donate blood, the application will notify the requester [6].

2.5 Availability
In an emergency, such as a blood transfusion, quick action is required, and visiting blood
banks to check on blood availability takes time. The RedDonate Blood Bank Donation
Application was designed to cut down on the time spent looking for blood donors as well as
the availability of the blood the patient requires. The system maintains a database of blood
donors' contact information to assist people in need of blood.

2.6 Comparison of the related and proposed systems

To demonstrate the similarities and differences between the related systems and the
proposed system, the points listed below are the functions available for each related system
and the proposed system. The Google Play rating (4+ stars) and the number of downloads
(1,000+) were used to select the following mobile applications.

The functionalities that were used as metrics to compare the related systems and the
proposed system are listed below:

A. Schedule Blood Donation Appointment

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Aims to allow blood donors to organize a blood donation booking at a time and date
that is convenient for them.
B. Locate Nearest Blood Banks
Based on the user's current location, it displays the nearest blood banks.
C. Manage Donor Information
Enables the donor to update their personal information. The blood donor's donation
history is also included in this.
D. Send Blood Request
Allows a blood request from the blood requester to be sent directly to a blood
services organization, such as the Irish Blood Transfusion Service, or a list of
registered donors.
E. Manage Blood Donation Events
A response to an event, such as a blood drive, can be viewed, managed, and/or
added.
F. Verify Blood Requests
Allows blood bank staff to verify the legitimacy of requests for blood.
G. Share Blood Donation to a Social Media Platform
Permits a blood donor to post about their successful blood donation on social media
sites like Facebook and Twitter to promote others to donate blood.

In conclusion, blood donation systems can assist patients, blood donors, blood donation
centers, and various health organizations in ensuring that the donation process is as efficient
as possible. The blood donation process can be used in a variety of ways, and new systems
are being developed to make it easier for blood donors and donation centers to
communicate, as well as for patients to find blood donors when they require transfusions.
Various mobile applications for blood donation are currently in use in various parts of the
world. The majority of these applications are successful, demonstrating that technology can
help with blood donation.

2.7 Cloud computing

Cloud Computing allows users to access on-demand computing resources such as servers,
databases, networking, and software through the Internet for a pay-per-use charge. Self-
service access, broad network access, resource pooling, quick elasticity, and a measure of
service are the five basic qualities of a cloud model.

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Figure 1 Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, Software as a

Service

In general, it uses three models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS), Cloud Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), while it's delivered through four
delivery methods: Private cloud, Community cloud, Public cloud, and Hybrid cloud (Mell and
Grance, 2011). Implementing cloud services can eliminate the need for organizations to
prepare for and acquire servers and other IT equipment weeks or months in advance. As a
result, hundreds of thousands of servers can be set up in minutes, and results are supplied
much more quickly.

2.8 Google Cloud Platform

In the high-scale cloud computing space, Google is the leader, and tools like Kubernetes,
MapReduce, and TensorFlow have grown beyond Google and now constitute our default
toolset (13). Google Cloud's share of worldwide cloud-related revenue is around 9%,
according to data from market analytics firm Statista (14) for the fourth quarter of 2020.
Combined, Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure handle almost five times more platform and
infrastructure accounts than one might expect.

In every market, Google has the one luxury no other #3 player has. The company holds the
top position in a different, virtually one-player market: online advertising. In some scenarios,
it has a competitive advantage because its cloud services can mature and find their
audiences, despite ranking 3rd among these three firms in terms of market share and
revenue.

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2.9 Amazon Web Services
Amazon Web Services is a subsidiary of Amazon.com that was created to make use of the
company's unused computing resources (storage, databases, and compute power). Amazon
Web Services (AWS) was founded in 2006 and now provides a diverse set of cloud-based
services that is constantly growing.

AWS's greatest strengths are its ability to innovate better than its competitors, its engineering
prowess to deeply innovate, and its large financial commitment to the service. Netflix, Airbnb,
and Expedia are among AWS's high-profile and high-volume customers. The company is
based on a pay-per-use model and its pricing model from hourly to secondly.

2.10 Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure ranks second in the market after Amazon Web Services as Microsoft's cloud
platform. Similar services are provided by Azure, which is best suited to companies that
already possess a Microsoft infrastructure. Users of Azure are familiar with the brand,
resulting in an automatic preference among Microsoft customers. Active Directory and
System Center are two of the key Microsoft on-premises platforms Azure is compatible with.

2.11 Amazon Web Services vs Microsoft Azure vs Google Cloud

Platform
Although AWS is the current market leader in terms of capacity and service, Microsoft and
Google are quickly catching up to AWS. Microsoft, in particular, is keeping a close eye on
AWS, which focuses on enterprise solutions. Google, on the other hand, continues to
strengthen its position by offering good integrations with open-source projects and third-party
applications.

3 Proposed Solution
As discussed below, this paper represents a blood bank management system based on
advanced technologies and a stage process methodology.

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3.1 Design

3.1.1 Database
The BloodBank IE application needs persistent data to retain data for blood camps and
donors. The application will use a non-relational database system to manage this data.

Firebase is a cloud-based development platform best known for its real-time database, which
is still a multi-node, key-value database specialized for synchronizing data between user
computers or smartphones and centralized cloud storage. It's made to make developers'
lives easier by taking care of a lot of the data pushing and pulling. As a result, app
developers are freed from the coding headaches that come with maintaining versions and
locales. They can add new components to Firebase, and the data will be consistent
throughout the system.

Realtime and Firestore are the two databases offered by Firebases. Real-time updates,
offline synchronization, scalability, and multi-region deployment are all features of Firestore,
which is a more robust and powerful database. The project will be implemented using Cloud
Firestore in this case. Cloud Firestore is a versatile, scalable database for mobile, web, and
server applications, powered by Firebase and Google Cloud. Firestore is a NoSQL document
database that scales automatically and provides great performance, designed for ease of
application development.

Figure 2 Firestore Database Schema

The database will consist of 3 core tables that make up this application:
● The users table will be populated by the data received during the registration
process. The table will consist of donor information.
● The bloodCamp table will be populated by the blood camp registered venues
during the registration process. The table will consist of the venue of the blood camp
information.

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● The locations table will be populated by the verified venues for blood camps. The
table will consist of the coordinates of the blood camp.

3.1.2 Ionic & Angular

The BloodBank IE app will be built with the Ionic framework, which is a platform for building
mobile apps on top of the web.

The open-source Ionic mobile SDK is the company's most well-known product. Ionic SDK
allows web developers to create iOS and Android apps as well as mobile-ready Progressive
Web Apps using common online tools, frameworks, and languages.

With Angular and Ionic, you can build blazing-fast mobile, web, and desktop apps using
highly optimized Angular components. The Ionic Angular components are compatible with
iOS, Android, and PWAs. With native plugins, DevOps, expert services, and more, it's
backed by a company dedicated to enterprise app development.

3.1.3 NodeJS & Express

Node.js and Express are used to create the backend. Express is used to develop a full-
featured REST API with GET, POST, DELETE, and PUT/PATCH routes. Client HTTP
requests for database data transactions are handled by the API. Passport and npm handle
session management, cookie management, and password encryption (salting and hashing).
To manage API requests and deprecated npm package warnings, the backend code is
written in JavaScript and Express.

3.1.4 Security
During registration, Firebase authenticates users using a built-in hashing technique. To hash
account passwords, Firebase Authentication uses an internally customized version of scrypt.
Firebase Auth will rehash the password the first time an account logs in successfully,
regardless of the algorithm used to upload the password. If a password hash is available for
this version of Scrypt, it will be present in accounts retrieved via Firebase Authentication;
otherwise, an empty one will be present.

The application will implement a strong password policy which will be:
● At least 8 characters
● At least 1 numeric character

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● At least 1 lowercase letter
● At least 1 uppercase letter
● At least 1 special character

Password policies will be enforced at the client-side using regular expressions (RegEx)
implemented in JavaScript and combined with HTML validation to ensure policy
implementation. In addition, the password field will be validated on the server-side before
salted hashing and subsequent entry to the database.

3.2 Implementation
The paper breaks down the entire process of developing a mobile app into several modules,
including front-end (client-side development), back-end (server-side development), and
deployment on the Firebase Hosting cloud server.

3.2.1 Cloud Application

Within the models folder are core interfaces that correspond to each user that has a specific
role in the project, Donor, and BloodCamp. Within the application, there are various
components that each have their function, such as login and searchdonors.

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Figure 3 User, BloodCamp Interface Code Snippet

When a user decides to register or log in to the application, the data will execute and pass
through the typescript files login.ts and register.ts. Based on the information entered, the
database checks to see if there are any existing users. As soon as the user has completed
the registration and login confirmation checks, they are redirected to the relevant landing
page.

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Figure 4 Login Snippet Code

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Figure 5 Register Snippet Code

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Figure 6 BloodBankIE Login and Registration Page

Once the user has logged in, depending on the role they have, some functions of the
application are limited to them such as searching for blood banks, searching for donors, and
subscribing for notifications about the next available blood camps.

If the user selects the SEARCH DONORS, the data will pass through the filterList($event)
function to be executed. It will look through the usersProfile collection database if it has a
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matching user or blood group. If it has matching details from the data, it will return all detailed
information about the donor(s).

Figure 7 Search Donors Code Snippet

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Figure 8 Search for Donors Page

If the user selects the SEARCH BLOOD CAMPS, the data will pass through the
filterList($event) function to be executed. It will look through the bloodcamp collection
database if it has a matching blood camp name or county. If it has matching details from the
data, it will return all detailed information about the blood camp(s).

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Figure 9 Search Blood Camps Code Snippet

Figure 10 BloodBankIE Search for Blood Camps Page

In terms of notification for the next available blood camps, a token is generated which will be
sent to the Cloud Messaging in Firebase to register for it to be able to send a notification to
the user. SUBSCRIPTION page does this function as well, except if the user clicks the
"REQUEST PERMISSION" button it will generate a token which the admin will use to store

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and register to Cloud Messaging to be able to get notifications for the next available blood
camp sessions.

Secondary to the core functionality, the logged-in user is allowed to update their profile
information. When the user updates their information, the unique id of the user will be used to
send the user to the "UPDATE PROFILE" page. The page will auto-generate the data read
from the usersProfile collection. After the user clicks the "UPDATE PROFILE" button, the
data will be encapsulated and sent back to the collection with updated details.

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Figure 11 Update Profile Code Snippet

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Figure 12 Update Profile Page

If the admin logs in, they will be able to implement CRUD capabilities to a blood camp and
delete users from the database.

If the admin selects the BLOOD CAMPS button, it will list out all of the registered blood
camps in a list with a "CREATE BLOOD CAMP" button at the top of the page, and at the
right side of each every blood camp there is an edit and delete icon.

If the admin clicks the "CREATE NEW BLOOD CAMP" button, the data inputted from the
form is validated from both the client and server-side, and then it is encapsulated which is
then added to the bloodcamp collection.

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If the admin clicks the edit icon, the unique id of the user is used to direct the admin to the
EDIT PROFILE page. If the admin clicks the delete icon, the unique id of the user will be
used to delete all of the associated user information.

Figure 13 Blood Camps Code Snippet

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Figure 14 Update Blood Camp Code Snippet

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Figure 15 Blood Camp Firestore Collection Code Snippet

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Figure 16 Blood Camp and Update Blood Camp Page

3.2.2 Progressive Web App

A Service Worker and a Web Manifest are required for a PWA. While both of these can be
added manually to an app, the Angular team has a @angular/pwa bundle that is used to
automate this.

An app with the @angular/pwa package will have a service worker and an app manifest by
default. Running ng add @angular/pwa will add the package to the app. After adding this
package, run ionic build —prod and the www directory will be ready to deploy as a PWA.

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Following the installation of @angular/pwa, a new ngsw-config.json file will be produced at
the project's root. This file specifies how Angular's service worker mechanism will manage
cache resources.

3.2.3 Firebase Hosting

The hosting for this project will be provided by Firebase. The PWA deployment is extremely
easy with Firebase Hosting. They have an extremely generous free tier, and it doesn't require
you to set up a complicated deployment process. You just run a single command to upload
the latest version of your application. Upon deployment, the application has been assigned a
Hosting URL, ca2crudapp.web.app, which is used to access the Firebase PWA. The
application can be run like a web application via ionic serve, and will also be able to be
added to the home screen on mobile devices.

3.2.4 Firebase Authentication

To authenticate users, this project use Firebase authentication, which provides backend
services, simple SDKs, and ready-made UI libraries. It works with federated identities like
Google, Facebook, and Twitter, as well as passwords and phone numbers.

In the BloodBank IE application, users are able to register and log in using Google and e-
mail/password authentication. Authentication with Firebase requires Firebase config
parameters, which must be included in environment.ts.

Figure 17 Firebase config params in environment.ts file

3.2.5 Firebase Cloud Messaging

Firebase Cloud Messaging will be used to implement notifications to users in this project
since it provides a cross-platform messaging solution that allows you to reliably send
messages. By using FCM, you can notify a client app that new email or other data is
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available to sync. Using notification messages, you can encourage re-engagement and
retention. To make FCM work, it needs a file to include firebase configuration like the image
from Figure 9 and enable firebase messaging.

Figure 18 Firebase Messaging Code Snippet

A sender ID from Firebase is needed to be able to send messages to users which is stored in
the src/manifest.webmanifest file.

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Figure 20 GCM Sender ID in Web Manifest File

There are two possibilities: PWA is open in the foreground or closed in the backdrop. In the
first scenario, the application will be subscribed to an AngularFire messages object and will
capture inbound push notifications. We also need a user token to target those notifications,
which we receive by executing requestToken, which also asks for user authorization to push
notifications.

Figure 21 FCM Notification Subscription Code Snippet

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Figure 22 Next Available Blood Camp Notification

3.2.6 Architecture Diagram

Figure 10 Arhitecture Diagram

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4 Conclusion
The initiative addresses the issue of blood availability when someone requires it immediately
or when someone wishes to donate blood but lacks the necessary information. The Blood
Donation Management System is a 24-hour, seven-day-a-week system used by a diverse
group of people, including blood donation system personnel, doctors, donors, receivers, and
other general users (9). BloodBank IE enables hospitals/donors and patients to exchange
more efficient and advanced blood transfusions. The project's purpose is to make locating
blood easier and more automatic, as well as to keep track of blood donors, recipients, blood
donation camps, and bloodstock availability in hospitals and blood banks in a centralized
database.

Even though the application is in a good stable condition, there is a function that I would
have liked to be implemented that has never come to fruition. Cloud Functions from Firebase
would have been a major upgrade into improving the application.

With this project, I have become familiar with a wide range of technologies and platforms,
which are rapidly updating and changing. To implement a project smoothly, comprehensive
planning and design will be crucial components, requiring greater attention moving forward.

Throughout the implementation of this project, I have become aware of certain limitations of
the application such as a connectivity requirement to the internet and a dependency on a
single platform provider. Going forward I would like to continue to develop the application by
implementing new features such as improving the user interface and storing blood details in
terms of liters for each blood group from every blood bank.

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2022 Christian Cobalida

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