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Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super
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Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges

super structure under different span conditions
K. Hemalatha a, Chippymol James b, L. Natrayan c,⇑, V. Swamynadh d
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
c
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
d
Department of Civil Engineering, Aditya College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A bridge is a structure that provides passage over an obstacle without closing the path below. The
Received 9 June 2020 required crossing may be for a road, rail, pedestrian, canal, or pipe. For constructing the bridges has many
Received in revised form 2 July 2020 types of sections among which Tee beam and Box girder bridges have selected. T-beam bridges are cast-
Accepted 5 July 2020
in-situ bridges, popular for short spans and economical. Similarly, the widely used box girder bridge
Available online xxxx
selected which is economical for long spans, that may be either single or multi-celled girder. The type
of bridge is concerned with providing maximum efficiency of material and construction technology. As
Keywords:
the span increases, the dead load that is an important growth factor also increases. To reduce dead load,
Tee Beam Girder
Box Girder
unnecessary material, which not used to its full potential, is removed from this section, which can be in
Numerical calculation the shape of box girders or cellular structures depending on whether the shear deformations neglected or
Courbon’s method not. In the present study, a two-lane simply supported RCC Tee beam girder and prestressed concrete box
Piguead’s curve girder bridge analyzed and designed for dead load and IRC moving loads, where the considered moving
load is of the tracked vehicle of class A-A loading. Courbon’s method adopted for analysis and designing.
Dead load and live load calculations have done manually. Shear force and bending moment for a vehicular
load have calculated. Piguead’s curves used for bending moment calculations. The main objective of this
paper is to check whether both the T and box girder bridges have adopted for the assumed data with dif-
ferent span conditions.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science.

1. Introduction the form of bridge. The main purpose is to resist the load that is
going over it. This assists in transmitting the forces framed by
The bridge is a structure that fills the gap. For the most part, it the loads to the under the framework [3].
crosses a road or railway by a natural or artificial barrier [1]. The
bridge is the most responsible structure in conveying the free pro- 1.1.1. Deck plate
gression of traffic. It is a structure built to travel and build across a Decking considered a rail of a venue or rail surface. Decks sup-
river, abyss, highway or any other physical barrier [2]. The work ported by using rays or heavy beams. These kinds supported
required from the bridge and the area where it built determines through a deep foundation, especially piles and covers.
the design of the bridge.
1.1.2. Beam
1.1. Superstructure A beam is a basic component that most fundamentally opposes
loads completed along the side to the beam’s axis. The loading
Additional components in the superstructure are Deck plate, done to the beam brings about reaction forces.
Beam, Truss, and so on. These components range entrusting on
1.1.3. Truss
⇑ Corresponding author. A truss is a structure that ‘‘is a -pressure member of the force, in
E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Natrayan). which the contributors are prepared so that the whole frame

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering:
Materials Science.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
2 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

behaves as a single item”. A ‘‘two-pressure member” is an architec-

tural aspect in which the force carried out to the most effective
points [4]. Trusses normally include five or more triangular gadgets
with immediate ends whose ends linked at the joints.

1.2. Substructure

The components concerned in the substructure are Piers, Abut-

ments, Wall Wings and Returns, Parapets and Hand drills,
Foundation.
This project mainly deals with T beam Girder Bridge and
Box Girder Bridge. Girder Bridge is a bridge that makes use of gird-
ers to guide its deck. The two abundant familiar types of modern
steel girder bridge are the plate and box. A girder rendered from Fig. 2. Box Girder Bridge.
concrete or metal. Various small bridges, specifically in unsophisti-
iest possible weight in the extreme conditions is also a factor even
cated areas, use concrete field girders where water overtopping
though it occurs rarely [8].
and corrosion arise [5].

1.3.3. IRC class AA loading

1.2.1. T-beam girder bridge
There are two types of vehicles specified under this category,
This is a load path structure of reinforced concrete, timber and
which are tracked and wheeled vehicles. The IRC Class AA tracked
metal with T-shape traverse section. The exterior of the T-shape
vehicle that resembles an army tank of 700kN and a wheeled vehi-
cross-section performs as a flange or reduction member in with-
cle that resembles a heavy-duty army truck of 400kN. This project
standing compressive pressures. T-Beam Girder showed in Fig. 1.
consider IRC class AA loading. On the other hand, another type of
The web of the beam below the compression flange fulfills to avoid
loading designated as Class 70R specified instead of Class AA load-
shear stresses.
ing [9].

1.2.2. Box girder bridge

2. Methodology
In this sort of bridge, primary beams comprise girders within
the form of hollow boxes. The box is often rectangular or quadran-
Courbon’s method used to analyze and design both Tee beam
gle in cross-section. Box Girder bridge showed in Fig. 2. These
bridge deck and Box girder bridge deck. The following are the steps
bridges normally employed for freeway flyovers and trendy ele-
involved.
vated configurations of light rail carriers [6].
2.1. RCC Tee beam girder bridge
1.3. Types of load
Characteristic Strength of Materials
Dead load, Live load and Moving loads considered for the design Cross Section of Deck
of Super Structure in this paper. Design of Interior Slab Panels
a. Dead load Bending moments and Shear forces
1.3.1. Dead load b. Live load Bending moments and Shear forces
It is necessary to make a preliminary estimation for the dead c. Design of Ultimate Moments and Shear forces
load and perform the design based on the estimated value [7]. d. Design of Section
The weight of the structure can then be calculated and then com- e. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength
pared with the previously estimated weight. It might be necessary Design of Longitudinal Girders
to make more cycles of design on new D.L. The dead load is consid- a. Reaction Factors
ered in is 875-1986 (part-1). b. Dead load from slab per girder
c. Live load Bending moments in girder
1.3.2. Live load d. Live load Shear
A Live Load is the moving weight the bridge will hold, such as e. Dead load Moments and Shear force
traffic. The number of cars, trucks and other vehicles that will tra- f. Design bending moments and shear forces
vel across it at any given time based on traffic patterns. The heav- g. Design of section for maximum BM and SF
Design of Cross Girders

2.2. Pre stressed concrete cellular box girder bridge

Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel

Cross Section of Box Girder
Design of Slab Panel
Dead load Bending moments and Shear force
a. Live load Bending moments and Shear force
b. Design of Ultimate Bending moments and Shear forces
c. Design of Deck Slab and Reinforcements
d. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength
Design of Web Girder
a. Dead load Bending moments and Shear force
Fig. 1. T-Beam Girder. b. Live load Bending moments in Web Girder

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

c. Live load Shear force in Girder

d. Design Bending moments and Shear forces
e. Check for Minimum Section Modulus at Service loads
f. Prestressing Force
g. Check for Stresses at Service Loads
h. Check for Ultimate Flexural Strength
i. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength
j. Supplementary Reinforcement

Fig. 4. T-Beam and slab Bridge Deck.

3. Bridge designing

3.1. Preliminary data of RCC Tee-beam girder bridge

Span length (centre to centre of bearings) = 16 m, Clear width of

carriage way = 7.5 m, Kerbs on either side = 600 mm
300 mm,
Thickness of the wearing coat = 80 mm,
Thickness of deck slab = 200 mm, There are 3 main girders and
4 cross girders provided,
The three main girders provided at every 2.5 m centers,
Width of main girders (centre to centre) = 300 mm
The four cross girders are provided at every 4 m centers, Width
of cross girders = 300 mm
Depth of main girder = 160 cm at the rate of 10 cm per meter of
span
Materials: M-25 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD
reinforcements
Live load: IRC Class AA tracked vehicle Fig. 5. Position of wheel load for maximum bending moment.

3.2. Design of T-beam girder bridge a. Bending Moment

Permissible stresses: rcb = 8.3 N/mm2, rst = 200 N/mm2, Design B.M including impact and continuity factor given by
m = 10, j = 0.9, Q = 1.1
MB (short span) = (1.25* 0.8* 31.01) = 31.01 KN-m
3.2.1. Cross-section of deck
Cross section of Bridge deck showed in Fig. 3. Three main gird- Similarly, ML = W (m2 + 0.15* m1) = 350(0.024 + 0.15* 0.085)
ers provided at 2.5 m centers. Fig. 4 exposed T-Beam and slab = 12.845 KN-m
Bridge Deck.
ML (long span) = (1.25* 0.8* 12.845) = 12.845 KN-m
b. Shear forces
3.2.2. Interior slab panel designing
Position of wheel load for maximum bending moment showed
Position of wheel loads for maximum shear showed in Fig. 6.
in Fig. 5.
Dispersion in the direction of span,

Fig. 3. Cross section of Bridge Deck.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
4 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Position of wheel loads for maximum shear. Fig. 7. Crosswise position of IRC class AA Tracked vehicle.

v ¼ x þ 2ðD þ HÞ ¼ 0:85 þ 2ð0:08 þ 0:2Þ ¼ 1:41m

2W 1
Reaction factor inner girder RB = 3
ð1 þ 0Þ = 0.667 w1
where, D = depth of the wearing coat, H = depth of slab, x = wheel If axle load (w) = 700 KN
load contact area along the span. W = 0.5 w
The above formula referred from clause 305.16.3 of IRC 21- RA = (1.107* 0.5* w) = 0.5536 w
2000.

 R = (0.667* 0.5* w) = 0.3333 w
Shear force = W Lx
L
= 47.60 KN
Shear force with impact = (1.25* 47.60) = 59.50 KN b. Dead load from slab for girder

c. Dead load bending moments and shear forces Details of Deck slab showed in Fig. 8.
Total dead load of deck= (2* 15.116) + (6.56* 5.3) = 65 KN/m
Dead load = 6.56 KN/m2 It assumed that all girders share the dead load equally.
Total load on panel = (4*2.5*6.56) = 65.6 KN Dead load/girder = (65/3) = 21.66 KN/m
From Pigeaud’s curve, m1 = 0.049 and m2 = 0.015
MB = 65.6 (0.049 + 0.15* 0.015) = 3.36 KN-m c. Live load Bending moment in girder
Taking continuity into effect,
MB = (0.8* 3.36) = 2.688 KN-m Influence Line for bending moment in Girder as illustrated in
ML = 65.6 (0.015 + 0.15* 0.049) = 1.46 KN-m the Fig. 9.
Taking continuity into effect, Bending moment = 0.5(4 + 3.1)* 700 = 2485 KN-m
ML = (0.8* 1.468) = 1.174 KN-m Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer
Dead load shear force = 7.216 KN girder is
= 2485* 1.1* 0.5536 = 1513 KN-m
d. Design ultimate moments and shears forces Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for inner
girder is
Short span moment = MBU = [1.35MBD + 1.5MBL] = 2485* 1.1* 0.3333 = 912 KN-m
= [(1.35* 2.688) + (1.5* 31.01)] = 50.13 KN-m
Long span moment = MLU = [1.35MLD + 1.5MLL] d. Live load shear
= [(1.35* 1.174) + (1.5* 12.85)] = 20.85 KN-m
Short span shear = VBU = [1.35VBD + 1.5VBL] Fig. 10 showed the Position of IRC class AA loads for maximum
= [1.35* 7.216 + 1.5* 59.5] = 99.0 KN shear.
Maximum live load shears with impact factor in Inner girder =
e. Design of section (366*1.1) = 402.6 KN,
Outer girder = (255*1.1) = 280.5 KN
Provide 16 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers (Ast
provided = 1340 mm2). e. Dead load bending moments and shear forces in main girder
For long span, the moment being comparatively small, provide
10 mm diameter bars at a spacing of 150 mm. Dead load on main girders illustrated in the Fig. 11.
Maximum bending moment at centre of span obtained as,
2
f. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength M max =31:7416
8
+25:216
4
+ 25:216
4
(center of span) = 1218 KN-m
Dead load shear at support =31:7416 2
þ 25:2 þ 25:2
2
¼ 292KN
The ultimate shear strength of the reinforced concrete deck slab
has checked by using the equation.
Vrdc = [0.12 K (80*q1 *fck) 0.33] bw*d (from clause 10.3 of IRC-
112:2011)
Vrd = [0.12 * 2.00(80 * 0.0088* 25)0.33] (1000 * 152)
= 98.5* 1000 N
= 98.5KN = 99KN approximately (hence safe)

3.2.3. Longitudinal girders designing

a. Reaction Factors
Using the theory of Courbon’s, the I.R.C class AA loads aligned
for maximum eccentricity as illustrated in the Fig. 7.
Reaction factor for outer girder RA = 2W
3
1
½1 þ 3I2:51:1
2I2:52
 = 1.107 w1 Fig. 8. Details of Deck slab.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

Fig. 9. Influence Line for bending moment in Girder.

Fig. 10. Position of IRC class AA loads for maximum shear.

Fig. 11. Dead load on main girders.

f. Design of bending moments and shear forces Balance shear force, VR.d.s = (998–278) = 720 KN
Using 10 mm diameter, 4-legged stirrups, the spacing of stir-
Design bending moment and shear values showed in Table 1. rups evaluated from IS 112:2011 as

g. Design of Reinforcements for Flexure  

087  f y  Asv  z
Sv ¼
V R:d:s
Provide 16 bars of 25 mm diameter providing an area of
7854 mm2 at an effective depth of 1450 mm arranged in 4 rows.
where z = lever arm to be taken as 0.9d for RCC sections
h. Design of Reinforcements for Shear  
087  415  4  79  0:9  1450
Sv ¼ ¼ 206 mm
Hence, shear reinforcements designed to resist the balance 720  103
shear force. Provide 10 mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 200 mm centers.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
6 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Design Bending moment and shear.

B.M Service load BM Design ultimate load BM Units

D.L.B.M L.L.B.M Total design B.M = [1.35DLBM + 1.5LLBM]
Outer girder 1218 1513 3914 KN-m
Inner girder 1218 912 3012 KN-m
S.F D.L.S.F L.L.S.F Total design S.F Units
Outer girder 292 280.1 814.4 KN
Inner girder 292 402.6 998 KN

3.2.4. Design of cross girders Materials: M-60 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD
Loads and position of live load for maximum BM in cross girder reinforcements
as illustrated in the Fig. 12. Live load: IRC Class AA tracked vehicle, Loss ratio = 0.80
The moments and shear forces being comparatively of smaller
magnitude. Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter at top and bottom
3.4. Pre stressed concrete cellular box girder bridge deck-design
with 10 mm diameter stirrups at a spacing of 200 mm. Adopt
10 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 150 mm centers throughout
3.4.1. Maximum permissible stresses in concrete and steel
the length of the cross girder.
High tensile strands of 15.2 mm diameter conforming to IS:
6006–1983 and fe-415 HYSD bars are used where, fy = 415 N/mm2.
3.3. Preliminary data of pre stressed concrete cellular box girder bridge

Span length = 50 m, Width of carriage way = 7.5 m, Thickness of 3.4.2. Cross section of box girder
wearing coat = 80 mm Four celled box girder has adopted and cross section showed in
Width of footpaths on either side of roadway = 1.25 m, Fig. 13.
Cross-section: Multi celled box girder, Thickness of web as per clause 9.3.2.1 of IRC: 18–2000 is
Cell dimensions = 2 m wide
2 m deep,
Thickness of web = 300 mm, Thickness of top slab = 300 mm, Tw ¼ ð200 þ diameterofcableductÞ ¼ ð200 þ 100Þ ¼ 300mm
Thickness of bottom slab = 300 mm, At end supports where anchorages are located, web thickness
increased to 600 mm
Thickness of top and bottom slab = 300 mm

3.4.3. Slab panel design

a. Bending Moments and Shear force of dead load

Dead load bending moment in four span continuous slabs as
illustrated in the Fig. 14.
Maximum negative bending moment due to dead load at
supports
= (0.107 * gL) = (0.107 * 9 * 2) = 1.93KN-m
Maximum positive bending moment at centre of span
= (0.077 * gL) = (0.077 * 9 * 2) = 1.38KN-m
Maximum shear force = (0.60 *gL) = (0.60 * 9 *2) = 10.8KN

Fig. 13. Cross section of deck.

Fig. 12. Loads and position of live load for maximum BM in cross girder. Fig. 14. Dead load bending moment in four span continuous slabs.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 7

 
b. Bending Moments and Shear force of live load Ast
q1 ¼  0:02
bw  d
Position of IRC class AA load for max BM in slab showed in
Fig. 15.
 
2094
Maximum positive BM at middle of end span = [0.210 * QL] ¼ ¼ 0:008
1000  250
= [0.210 * 116.4 * 2] = 48.9KN-m
Maximum negative BM at ultimate support = [0.181 * QL]
= [0.181 * 116.4 * 2] = 48.13KN-m Vrdc ¼ ½0:12  1:89ð80  0:008  60Þ0:33 ð1000  25Þ
Maximum shear force = [0.60 * Q] = [0.60 * 116.4] = 69.8KN
¼ 191:6  1000N
c. Ultimate Bending Moments and Shear forces design
¼ 191:6KN > 119:3KNðhencesafeÞ
The design ultimate bending moments obtained by applying the
appropriate safety factors to the service load bending moments
and shear forces [10]. 3.4.4. Web girder design
Total positive bending moment
a. Bending Moments and Shear Forces of Dead load
Mup = [1.35Md + 1.5ML] = [(1.35*1.38) + (1.5*48.9)] = 74.2KN-m The dead load bending moment coefficients for a two span con-
tinuous beam shown in Fig. 16. The dead load BM’s at mid support
Total negative bending moment and mid span sections computed as

Mun = [1.35Md + 1.5ML] = [(1.35*1.93) + (1.5*42.13)] = 65.8KN- MgB = 0.125gL2 = (0.125 * 43 * 502) = 13438 KN-m
m MgD = 0.071 gL2 = (0.071 * 43 * 502) = 7633 KN-m

Total maximum shear force = [1.35Vg + 1.5Vq] = [1.35*10.8 Dead load shear is maximum near the mid support section and
+ 1.5*69.8] = 119.3KN is computed as

d. d) Deck Slab and Reinforcement designing Vg = 0.62gL = (0.62 * 43 * 50) = 1333KN

b. Bending Moments of live load in Continual Web Girder
The area of tension reinforcement required to resist the
moment calculated by the equation, Position of IRC class AA live loads for maximum reaction in gir-
  der showed in Fig. 17.
Ast  f y
Mu ¼ 0:87  f y  Ast  d 1  Hence the concentrated load, Q = 385KN
b  d  f ck This load acting over a length of 3.6 m in the longitudinal direc-
Provide 20 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers (Ast = 2094 - tion positioned at the centre of span of two span continuous beams
mm2) as main reinforcements and 12 mm diameter bars at to compute the maximum positive and negative moments [11].
150 mm centers as distribution reinforcements. Position of live loads for maximum moments in two span con-
tinuous beam exposed in Fig. 18 and Live load bending moment
e. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength coefficients for a two span continuous girder showed in Fig. 19.
Maximum positive live load BM with impact factor at centre of
The ultimate shear strength of the reinforced concrete deck slab span computed as
checked by using the equation
Mmax (positive) = (I.F) (0.203QL) = (1.1)*(0.203 * 385 * 50)
Vrdc ¼ ½0:12Kð80  q1  f ck Þ
0:33
bw  d = 4298 KNm
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
200 Maximum positive live load BM with impact factor at mid sup-
K¼1þ  2:00
d port computed as
" rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi#
200
¼ 1þ ¼ 1:89
250

Fig. 16. Dead load bending moment coefficients.

Fig. 15. Position of IRC class AA load for max BM in slab. Fig. 17. Position of IRC class AA live loads for maximum reaction in girder.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
8 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

f. Prestressing Force

The cables are arranged in a parabolic concordant profile so that

the centroid of the group of cables has an eccentricity of 700 mm
towards the top fibre at the mid support section B and an eccen-
tricity of 350 mm towards the soffit at mid span section D. The cen-
troid of the cables is concentric at the end supports A and C.
Fig. 18. Position of live loads for maximum moments in two span continuous beam.

g. Check for Stresses at Service Loads

All the stresses are well within the maximum permissible limits
of 20 N/mm2 and no tensile stresses develop at transfer and service
load stages.

Fig. 19. Live load bending moment coefficients for a two span continuous girder.
h. Check for Ultimate Flexural Strength
The ultimate flexural strength of centre span and mid support
sections greater than required design ultimate moment. Hence,
the design satisfies the limit state of collapse as specified in IRC:
112-2011 [12].

i. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength

Nominal shear reinforcements of 10 mm diameter two legged

stirrups designed using the relation,
   
0:87  f y  Asv 0:87  415  2  79
Fig. 20. Position of IRC class AA loads for maximum shear force in web girder. Sv ¼ ¼ ¼ 475 mm
0:4b 0:4  300

Mmax (negative) = (I.F) (0.0938QL) = (1.1)*(0.0938 * 385 * 50) The stirrups provided at a maximum spacing of 300 mm
= 1986KNm throughout the span as per IRC: 112-2011 specifications [13].
c. Shear force of live load in Girder
j. Supplementary Reinforcements
Position of IRC class AA loads for maximum shear force in web
girder slabs showed in Fig. 20. According to Clause, 16.51 of IRC: 112-2011, minimum longitu-
The maximum live load shear force develops in the interior dinal reinforcements of not less than 0.13 percent of gross cross
webs when the IRC Class AA loads placed near the mid support. sectional area to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage crack-
ing [14].


Reaction of load W on interior girder = 35048:2 = 338 KN h i
50
Maximum live load shear force with impact = (338 * 1.1) = 372KN
ASL ¼ 0:0013  1:62  106 ¼ 2106mm2
d. Design of Bending Moments and Shear Forces
12 mm diameter bars distributed in the cross section as shown
in top and bottom flanges and web of the girder.
The design bending moments and shear forces at service and
ultimate loads are compiled in the Table 2.
4. Results
e. Check for Minimum Section Modulus at Service Loads
4.1. Results of Tee-beam girder
h i
Mq þð1gÞM g
Zb  f br
  Cross Section
ð1986106 Þþð10:8Þ13438106
 16

Depth (d) = 0.2 m, Width (w) = 0.3 m, Wearing Course = 80 mm,
 0:292  109 mm3 < ð0:94  109 Þ mm3 ðsection providedÞ Breadth of Cross Girder = 300 mm
Hence, section provided is adequate.
Design of Interior Slab

Table 2
Design bending moments and shear forces at service and ultimate loads of box girder.

Bending Moments (Outer Web Girder)

Section Dead Load Live Load Service Load BM Ultimate Load BM Units
BM (Mg) BM (Mq) (Mg + Mq) (1.35 Mg + 1.5Mq)
Mid Span at D 7633 4298 11,931 16,751 KNm
Mid Span at B 13,438 1986 15,429 19,730 KNm
Shear Forces (Inner Girder)
Dead Load SF (Vg) Live Load SF (Vq) Service Load SF (Vg + Vq) Ultimate Load SF (1.35Vg + 1.5Vq) Units
Middle Support Section 1333 372 1705 2357 KN

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 9

Dead Load = 6.56 KN/m2, Dead Load on Panel = 65.6 KN, Design of Slab Panel
Bending moment for Short span = 2.688 KN-m,
Bending moment for Long span = 1.174 KN-m, Shear force for Dead Load = 7.20 KN/m2
Short span = 7.216 KN Max (ve) Bending moment = 1.93 KN-m
Max (+ve) Bending moment = 1.38 KN-m
Live Load Max Shear force = 10.8 KN

Bending moment for Long span = 12.845 KN-m Live Load

Bending moment for Short span = 31.010 KN-m
Shear force for Short span = 59.5 KN Max (+ve) Bending moment = 48.90 KN-m
Max (ve) Bending moment = 48.13 KN-m
Ultimate BMD & SFD for Panel Max Shear force = 69.80 KN

Short span moment = 50.13 KN-m, Long span moment = 20.85 Ultimate BMD & SFD for Panel
KN-m
Short span shear = 99 KN Total (+ve) bending moment = 74.2 KN-m
Total (ve) bending moment = 65.8 KN-m
Design of Section Max shear force = 119.3 KN

Area of steel (Ast) = 1340 mm2 Design of Deck Slab & Reinforcement

Design of Longitudinal Girder Area of steel (Ast) = 2094 mm2

Dead Load = 21.66 KN/m, Bending moment (Outer & Inner gir- Design of Web Girder
der) = 1218 KN-m
Shear force (Outer & Inner girder) = 292 KN Dead Load = 16.16 KN/m
Bending moment at mid span of girder = 7633 KN-m
Live Load Bending moment at mid span of girder 13,438 KN-m
Shear force = 1333 KN
Bending moment (Outer girder) = 1513 KN-m,
Bending moment (Inner girder) = 912 KN-m Live Load
Shear force (Outer girder) = 280.5 KN, Shear force (Inner girder)
= 402.6 KN Bending moment at mid span of girder = 4298 KN-m
Bending moment at mid span of girder = 1986 KN-m
Ultimate BMD & SFD Shear force = 372 KN

Bending moment (Outer girder) = 3914KN-m, Ultimate BMD & SFD

Bending moment (Inner girder) = 3012 KN-m
Shear force (Outer girder) = 814.4 KN, Shear force (Inner girder) Bending moment at mid span of girder16571 KN-m
= 998 KN Bending moment at mid span of girder = 19730 KN-m
Shear force = 2357 KN
Design of Reinforcements for Flexure & Shear
Prestressing Force
Area of steel (Ast) = 7613 mm2, Nominal shear
reinforcement = 203 mm Total area of cable = 11340 mm, Nominal shear
reinforcement = 475 mm
Design of Cross Girders
Supplementary Reinforcement
Dead Load = 18.28 KN-m, Max Bending moment = 266.7 KN-m
Bending moment with impact = 25.10 KN-m, Shear Area of Longitudinal reinforcement (Asl) = 2106 mm2
force = 30.47 KN
Live Load = 198.17 KN, Bending moment = 293.37 KN-m 5. Conclusion
Shear force = 198.17 KN, Total design bending moment = 318.47
KN-m From the above results, ultimate shear strength is within the
Total design shear force = 229.39 KN, Ultimate Bending limits as per IRC 112:2011. Hence the results conclude that
moment = 474 KN-m for 16 m length of span, RCC Tee beam girder bridge is safe to
Ultimate Shear force = 337 KN adopt and easy to build a cast in-situ type of bridge.
Since the deck is casted monolithically with slab, the flange also
4.2. Box girder bears the compressive stresses that mean it will resist the sag-
ging moment on deck more effectively.
Cross Section Similarly, from the results, Ultimate shear strength, minimum
section modulus at service loads, stresses at service loads and
Depth (d) = 2 m, Width (w) = 10 m, Wearing Course = 80 mm ultimate flexural strength are within the limits as per IRC
Thickness of web = 300 mm, Thickness of top & bottom 112:2011 and IS: 1343-2012. Hence, the results conclude that
slab = 300 mm 50 m length of span, Pre stressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge
Area = 1.62 m2, Moment of Inertia = 0.94 m3 has adopted.

Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
10 K. Hemalatha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Please cite this article as: K. Hemalatha, C. James, L. Natrayan et al., Analysis of RCC T-beam and prestressed concrete box girder bridges super structure
under different span conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.119
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