LEARNING MODULE 1: Physical education function and objectives;

Concept of physical education and its legal basis; and

Components of physical fitness

Intended Learning Outcomes:

 Understand and inculcate the importance of physical education;

 Recognize the types of development, objectives of Physical Education and the components of
physical fitness;
 Perform the basic movements of flexibility and the warm-up/conditioning exercises.

HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Many experts trace the beginnings of physical education back to the Ancient Greeks, who had
organized physical education programs by the 700’s B.C at educational establishments called
“gymnasia” (gymnasiums).
• Roman Citizens – physical education was part of the general education but its primary
value was in military training.
• Europe in the Middle Ages (400’s - 1500’s) – many sports and other physical activities
were considered sinful.
• Renaissance (1300’s – 1600’s) – revival of interest in Greek and Roman culture brought a
return to competition and fitness sports and body building activities.
• Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States (1800’s) – physical education
programs were introduced into schools.
• 1990’s – the most important development was the large – scale provision of physical
education courses for girls and for people with disabilities.

Physical Education

- It is the vital and integral part of general education designed to promote the optimum
development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally and mentally through total body
movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities. (Panganiban, 1999)

- It provides opportunities to acquire lifelong skills that are essential to his physical, mental,
social and emotional development. (Oyco, 2000)

Four Types of Development:

1. Organic
– Development of power and endurance in the heart, lungs heat-regulating
mechanism, and digestive and eliminating organs. These various organs gain
power and stamina from use.
2. Neuromuscular
– the development of skills and coordination required in the mastery of life’s
varied activities can be directly attributed to physical education; also to the development of
strength in the skeletal muscles used in such coordination.
3. Interpretive
 – strengthens the thinking, interpreting and problem-solving processes of the
individual. It is developed particularly in team sports, through learning the rules and signals
and the special techniques such as skills in pitching a curve ball, etc.
4. Emotional
– the development and maturing of impulses and emotions through activities
which give them expression under natural controls such as officials, rules, traditions, and
the person’s desire to stay in the game and play are inherent in team sports where fear,
anger, joy and other powerful emotions are experienced.
Objectives of Physical Education
1. Physical Development
- The acquisition of physical skills can motivate an individual to participate further in
physical activities: hence, healthy growth and development of each learner will be
enhanced.
2. Social Development
- provides acquisition and practice of desirable social traits necessary for adjustment
to happy living and to the social life in general.
Ex. Traits are:
 Friendliness
 Cooperation
 Respect for the rights of others
 Good sportsmanship
 Good leadership and followership
 Honesty in group competition
3. Emotional Development
- The informal nature of physical education offers opportunities for the
development of expression and emotional traits needed for emotional master like:
 Self confidence
 Self-control
 Self-reliance
 Courage
 Determination
 Personal Discipline
4. Mental Development
- Through participation in physical education activities the individual develops his
mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying movement, as the
learner acquires knowledge and understanding of rules and strategies of games and sports
as well as dance, and the ability to analyze and give judgments.

LEGAL BASES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Article 1 of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO,

Paris, 1978 and Recommendation 1, Interdisciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts on
Physical Education, UNESCO, Brisbane Australia, 1982. States that:
 “The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right for all…”
“And this right should not be treated as different in principle from the right to
adequate food, shelter, and medical care. “
Article XIV, section 19, 1986 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines –
“The State shall promote Physical Education and encourage sports programs,
league competitions, and amateur sports including training for international competition to
foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert
citizenry.”
“All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout
the country and in cooperation with athletic club and other sectors.

What is Physical Fitness?

 It is a combination of medical fitness (body soundness) and dynamics fitness (capacity for
action).
 It is the ability of an individual to perform one’s daily activities efficiently without undue
fatigue, reduce the risk of health problems and with extra “reserve” in case of emergency.

Importance of Physical Fitness:

Through regular exercises, physical fitness helps individual:

 In the proper growth of young bones and muscles;

 Improve the ability to avoid and recover from illnesses and accidents;

 Improve posture and appearance by strengthening muscles that support the body;

 Minimize stress response;

 Maintain proper body weight;

 Prevent heart ailment;

 Delay aging process;

 Feel good and younger as a human being, and

 Experience joy of participation in any recreational or sports activities.

PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS
1. Health-Related Components

 Muscular Strength
 The ability of muscles to lift a heavy weight or exert a lot of force
one time.

 Muscular Endurance
 The ability to use muscles for a long period of time without tiring.

 Cardiovascular Endurance
 The ability of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and blood to work
efficiently and to supply the body such as bones.

 Body Composition
 The combination of all the tissues that make up the body such as
bones.

 Flexibility
 The ability to use your joints fully through a wide range of motion.
It involves four basic movements namely:
a. flexion – bending a body segment
b. extension – straightening a body segment;
c. abduction – moving a limb away from the body; and
d. adduction – moving limb toward the body
Types of stretching:
a. Passive Assisted Stretching
 Involves relaxing a specific body part and just allowing the
partner to move the limb of the stretcher to gain a new range
of movement.
b. Static Stretching
 Involves stretching a segment of the body of the farthest
point and holding that position for a certain period of time.
c. Ballistic Stretching
 Involves a sudden, bouncing or jerking rhythmic movement
of specific part of the body.
2. Skill-Related Components

 Agility
 the ability to change body positions quickly and keep the body
under control when moving.

 Balance
 the ability to keep the body in a steady position while standing and
moving.
Two Categorization of Balance:
a. Static Balance – is the ability to maintain one’s equilibrium in a
fixed position such as standing one foot or on a balance beam.
 b. Dynamic Balance – is the ability to maintain one’s equilibrium
while the body is in motion. Walking on a balance beam is an
example of this type of balance.

 Coordination
 The ability of body parts to work together when you perform an
activity.

 Power
 The ability to combine strength with speed while moving.

 Speed
 The ability to move all or a part of the body quickly.

 Reaction Time
 The ability to move quickly once a signal to start moving is
received.
WARM-UP/CONDITIONING EXERCISES
Warm-up should include stretching and exercises of moderate intensity that cause sweating and
increase in muscle temperature. Another important practice to follow in an exercise program is to
gradually start the exercise session and gradually taper off at the end. The warm-up or conditioning
exercise allows various body systems to adjust to increase metabolic demands.
1. Jog in Place
Jog slowly in place for 30-60 seconds. Lift your knees.

2. Rope Jumping
Jump slowly for 60 seconds. Keep your elbows close to
your sides. Turn the rope wide smaller circular motion of
your hands and wrist and jump high enough to clear the
rope.
3. Neck stretch
Bend your neck alternately to the left, right, front, and to the
back. Hold each position for 5 seconds and do 2 repetitions. Do
not rotate your neck each movement must be distinct.

4. Arm and Shoulder Stretch

Interlace your fingers straighten and lift the arms to produce
strength/stretch in the arms,
shoulders and chest. Hold for 15
– 30 seconds.

5. Triceps and Shoulder Stretch

 Gently and slowly pull the elbow behind the head. Hold for 15 – 30 seconds and reverse arms.

6. Side Stretch
Keep your hips facing font and bent to the left. Hold for 5 – 10
seconds and repeat to the right side. Do repetitions on each
side.

7. Calf Stretch
While standing, place your left foot near the wall. Keeping the right
foot flat on the floor, move right leg back until you feel the stretch in
the calf muscle. Hold an easy stretch for 10 – 30 seconds. Do not
bounce. Stretch the other leg.

8. Chest Stretch
Place flat palm of right arm against a wall. Slowly rotate
forward until you feel the stretch in your chest. Hold the
stretch for 10 – 30 seconds. Stretch the other side.

9. Shoulder Stretch
Extend your left arm in front of your body. Using the left wrist,
place the right wrist underneath and pull inward toward your
body while keeping the left arm extended. Hold for 10 – 30
seconds. Stretch the other side.

10. Quadriceps Stretch

Supporting your body with your
left arm against a solid object, grab your left toes with right arm.
Pull your heel up to your buttocks until you feel the stretch in
your thigh. Hold for 10 – 30 seconds. Stretch the other side.

11. Forearm Stretch

Extend your arm. Using your left hand, pull your fingertips back
toward your body until you feel the stretch in your forearm. Hold
the stretch for 10 – 30 seconds. Repeat using the other arm.

12. Inner Thigh Stretch

While seated, pull both feet inward toward the body. Grab your
feet with your hands, while using the elbows to press downward
 slightly on the knees. You should feel this stretch in your inner thighs. Hold for 10 – 30
seconds.

13. “Cat” (Back) Stretch

To stretch the upper back, hands and knees should be
on the floor. Just as cat would do slowly lift the back up
toward the ceiling and hold in for 10 – 30 seconds.

14. Spinal Twist

While seated, extend the left leg in front of you. Bend your right
leg, placing your right leg, placing your right foot on the outside
of the left knee. Extend your right arm behind you to support
your body. Place the left arm on the outside of the right leg.
Slightly twist the torso using your left arm until you feel until
you feel the stretch in your side. Hold for 10 – 30 seconds. Stretch the other side.

15. Hamstring Stretch

While seated, extend your left leg in front of you. Bend
your right leg, placing the bottom of your foot on the
inside of the left knee. Place your right hand on top of
your left hand. While keeping the lower back
straightened, reach toward your left foot. Hold this for 10
– 30 seconds. During this stretch, keep the foot of the
straight leg upright with the ankle and toes relaxed.
Repeat for the right leg.

References
Benson, J. (2015). Mr. Benson's Classroom. Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/site/bensonpehealth/health-and-skill-related-fitness components?
fbclid=IwAR1JksvFy1hLUarahq093dNSmHqc92Hj1RoWn7FCKQqGID0B_ombH9pqCMY
Tulio, D. D. (2005). Physical Fitness Self-Testing Activities: PE1. Katha Publishing Co., Inc. .