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Single Phase Rectifier

1. A rectifier converts an AC signal to a DC signal using diodes. 2. Single-phase rectifiers include half-wave and full-wave configurations. Full-wave rectifiers use either a bridge rectifier or center-tapped transformer to produce DC voltage over both half-cycles. 3. Full-wave rectifiers produce a higher average DC output voltage compared to half-wave rectifiers.

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86 views11 pages

Single Phase Rectifier

1. A rectifier converts an AC signal to a DC signal using diodes. 2. Single-phase rectifiers include half-wave and full-wave configurations. Full-wave rectifiers use either a bridge rectifier or center-tapped transformer to produce DC voltage over both half-cycles. 3. Full-wave rectifiers produce a higher average DC output voltage compared to half-wave rectifiers.

Uploaded by

YT Zhou
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 

2 X Single‐Phase 
Rectifier  
(AC‐DC 
Converter) 
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the differences between half-wave rectifier and full-wave
rectifier; and
2. Explain the operating principles of bridge rectifier, centre- tapped
rectifier and half-wave rectifier.

X INTRODUCTION
A rectifier is a device that converts an ac signal to a dc signal. The diode is
usually used for this process. The rectifiers can be further divided into single-
phase rectifier and three-phase rectifiers. In this topic, various circuit topologies
that allow single-phase rectification will be analyzed.
14 X TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER)

Figure 2.1: Rectifier

2.1 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER


A basic half-wave rectifier with a resistive load (R) is shown in Figure 2.2 The
power supply is an AC signal, v0, and the objective is to create a load voltage, v0,
which has a single polarity. A diode is used because it allows current to flow in
one direction only.

Figure 2.2: Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier


 
(a) Positive half-cycle
For the positive half cycle of the source, the diode is on. Therefore, current
flows through the load R and a voltage output, v0 is observed.
 
 
TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER) W 15

(b) Negative half-cycle


For the negative half cycle of the source, the diode is off, making the current
zero. Since no current flows, the voltage v0 is zero during the negative half-
cycle.

This is how the rectifier works.

Figure 2.3: Supply voltage and output voltage


 
The voltage waveforms across the source, load and diode are shown in Figure 2.3.

(i) The DC or average output voltage is


Vm
VO( dc ) = VO( AVG ) = ............................................ (2.1)
π
(ii) The DC output current for the resistive load is:
VO( dc ) Vm
IO = = ................................................... (2.2)
R πR

(iii) The rms output voltage and current are:


Vm
Vo ,rms = ............................................................ (2.3)
2
Vrms Vm
I o ,rms = = .................................................. (2.4)
R 2R

(iv) The average power absorbed by the resistor in Figure 2.1 is:
Vo2,rms
P = I o2,rms R = ................................................ (2.5)
R
16 X TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER)

Example 2.1 
For the half-wave rectifier of Figure 1, the power supply is a sinusoidal
voltage of 120V rms at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load resistor is 5 Ω .

Determine a) the average load current and b) the average power absorbed by
the load.

Solution:
Given Vrms = 120V and R = 5 Ω .

(a)
Vm = Vrms × 2 = 120 × 2 = 169.7 V
Vm 169.7
IO = = = 10.8 A
πR 5π

(b) Vm 169.7
Vo ,rms = = = 84.9V
2 2
V2 84.9 2
P = o ,rms = = 1441.6W
R 5

Example 2.2
Given a half-wave rectifier of Figure 2.1, with peak supply voltage of 120V
and R = 5 Ω . Determine (a) the average or dc output voltage, (b) the dc output
current, (c) the rms output voltage, and (d) the rms output current.

Solution:
Given Vm = 120V and R = 5 Ω .

Vm 120
(a) VO( dc ) = VO( AVG ) = = = 38.19V
π π

VO Vm 120
(b) IO = = = = 7.638 A
R π R 3.142 × 5

Vm 120
(c) Vo ,rms = = = 60V
2 2

Vrms Vm 120
(d) I o ,rms = = = = 12 A
R 2R 2 × 5
TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER) W 17

2.2 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER


The objective of a full-wave rectifier is to produce a voltage or current that is
purely dc. There are two types of single-phase full-wave rectifiers: Bridge
rectifier (Figure 2.4); Center-tapped rectifier (Figure 2.5).

Figure 2.4: Bridge Rectifier

Figure 2.5: Center-Tapped Rectifier

2.2.1 Bridge Rectifier


(a) Positive half-cycle
For the positive half cycle of the supply, the diode D1 and D2 are on and D3
and D4 are off. The voltage across the load is +Vs when D1 and D2 are on.

(b) Negative half-cycle


For the negative half cycle of the supply, the diode D3 and D4 are on and D1
and D2 are off. The voltage across the load is +Vs when D3 and D4 are on.
18 X TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER)

Therefore, the output voltage shown in Figure 2.6 is always positive for both
half-cycles.

Figure 2.6: Output voltage waveform

2.2.2 Centre-Tapped Rectifier


The centre-tapped rectifier works in the same way as a bridge rectifier as shown
in Figure 2.7. The voltage and current waveforms for the center-tapped
transformer are shown in Figure 2.8. Only one diode can conduct at any time.

(a) Positive half-cycle


For the positive half cycle of the supply, the diode D1 is on and D2 is off.
The current will flow following Loop 1.

(b) Negative half-cycle


For the negative half cycle of the supply, the diode D1 is off and D2 is on.
The current will flow following Loop 2.
TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER) W 19

Figure 2.7: Circuit diagram showing the current flow


during the positive and negative half-cycle
 
The transformer provides electrical isolation between the power supply and the
load.

(i) For both the bridge and center-tapped transformer rectifiers, the DC or
average output current is:
2 Vm
VO( dc ) = VO( AVG ) = ............................................ (2.6)
π

(ii) The dc output current for the resistive load is


VO 2Vm
IO = = .................................................. (2.7)
R πR

(iii) The rms output voltage and current are


Vm
Vo ,rms = ..................................................... (2.8)
2
Vrms V
I o ,rms = = m ............................................... (2.9)
R 2R

Note: The DC or average output voltage ⎛⎜ m ⎞⎟ is higher than the DC output


2V
⎝ π ⎠
⎛V ⎞
voltage ⎜ m ⎟ for single-phase half-wave rectifier in the previous section.
⎝π ⎠
20 X TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER)

Figure 2.8: The Voltage and Current Waveforms for


the Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier
TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER) W 21

Example 2.3
Given a centre-tapped rectifier in Figure 2.4, with peak supply voltage of 120V
and R = 5 Ω . Determine (a) the average or dc output voltage, (b) the dc output
current, (c) the rms output voltage, and (d) the rms output current.

Solution:
Given Vm = 120V and R = 5 Ω .

2 Vm 2 × 120
(a) VO( dc ) = VO( AVG ) = = = 76.39V
π π

VO 2 × Vm 2 × 120
(b) IO = = = = 15.278 A
R πR 3.142 × 5

Vm 120
(c) Vo ,rms = = = 84.85V
2 2

Vrms V 120
(d) I o ,rms = = m = = 16.97 A
R 2R 2 ×5
22 X TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER)

Example 2.4
Draw the equivalent circuit diagram for a single-phase full-wave bridge
rectifier, the source voltage, the output voltage and the voltages across all the
diodes.

Solution:
TOPIC 2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER (AC-DC CONVERTER) W 23

• A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal to a DC signal.


• The diode is usually used for this process.
• The rectifiers can be further divided into single-phase rectifier and three-
phase rectifiers.
• The objective of a full-wave rectifier is to produce a voltage or current that is
purely DC.
• There are two types of single-phase full-wave rectifiers: Bridge rectifier and
Centre-tapped rectifier.

Bridge rectifier Single-phase rectifier


Centre-tapped rectifier Sinusoidal voltage
Full-wave rectifier Three-phase rectifiers
Half-wave rectifier

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