UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.

Santiago City, Philippines

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

1
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. demonstrate an understanding about psychology, its goals, its objectives and the
issues involved.
2. discuss the significance of studying psychology, its history and the rationale
behind it concerning one’s everyday life.
3. distinguish various different psychological perspectives.
4. explain the importance of the study of the neurobiological factors and human
development to the field of psychology.

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

2
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

One of the great things about psychology is that it can be applied to

almost every situation and our everyday life. The study of psychology can be
interesting and at the same time can be confusing for some. The exploration of
the mind, its processes and the factors that contribute or cause our behavior to
occur is something that we have pondered at some point in our life.

Psychology not only helps you understand why people do the things they
do, but it also helps you better understand yourself and your reactions to others.
Psychology can help you comprehend how your brain and body are
connected, how to improve your learning abilities and memory, and how to
deal with the stresses of life.

In this module, you will be introduce to the basic concepts of psychology,

how it came to be, who are the people involved in its development, its goals,
the issues involved and so much more. The topics that are discussed in this
module should be able to help you grasp the nature and have a deeper
understanding of Psychology.

―When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to

change ourselves.‖ This are the words of Viktor Frankl, a neurologist, a
psychiatrist, the author of the now classic book entitled ―Man’s Search for
Meaning‖ and a holocaust survivor.

Direction: after reading the quotation above, answer the following

questions in a separate sheet of yellow paper.

1. What came to your mind when you read the quote?

2. What do you think Mr. Frankl meant with what he said?
3. How do you deal with a stressful situation?
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

3
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Unit 1: What is Psychology?

The word psychology is based on two words from the Greek
language: psyche, which means ―life‖ or, in a more restricted sense
―mind‖, or ―spirit‖, and logia, which is the source for the current
meaning, ―the study of…‖

Psychology is defined as the science that studies behaviour

and mental processes and seeks to apply that study in the service of human welfare
(Bernstein, D. A. 2016). Behavior includes all of or outward or overt actions and reactions
such as talking, facial expressions, and movement. The term mental processes refer to
all the internal or covert activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and
remembering. Why ―scientific‖? To study behavior and mental processes in both
animals and humans, researchers must observe them. Whenever a human being
observes anyone or anything, there’s always a possibility that the observer will see only
what he or she expects to see. Psychologists don’t want to let these possible biases
cause them to make faulty observations. They want to be precise and to measure as
carefully as they can-so they use the scientific method to study psychology.

Topic 1: What are the goals of Psychology?

Every science has the common goal of learning how things work. The goals
specifically aimed at uncovering the mysteries of human and animal behavior are
description, explanation, prediction and control.

1. Description – the first step in understanding anything is to describe it.

Description involves observing a behavior and noting everything about it:
what is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens, and under what
circumstances it seems to happen.
2. Explanation – Finding explanations for behavior is a very important step in
the process of forming theories of behavior. A theory is a general

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

4
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

explanation of a set of observations or facts. The foal of description provides

the observation, and the goal of explanation helps to build the theory.
3. Prediction - determining what will happen in the future is a prediction.
Once we understand more about what happens and why it happens, we can
use that information to make predictions about when, why, and how it might
happen again in the future. Successfully predicting behavior is also one of
the best ways to know if we understand the underlying causes of our actions.
4. Control – the focus of control, or the modification of some behavior, is to
change a behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one.

Topic 2: Major Issues in Psychology

Nature VS Nurture

Nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment) is one of the major issues that
psychologists address. How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically
determined nature (heredity), and how much is due to nurture, the influences of the
physical and social environment in which a child is raised? Furthermore, what is the
interplay between heredity and environment? These questions have deep
philosophical and historical roots, and they are involved in many topics in psychology.

Conscious VS Unconscious

A second major question addressed by psychologists concerns conscious versus

unconscious causes of behavior. How much of our behavior is produced by forces of
which we are fully aware, and how much is due to unconscious activity—mental
processes that are not accessible to the conscious mind? This question represents one
of the great controversies in the field of psychology. For example, clinical psychologists
adopting a psychodynamic perspective argue that psychological disorders are
brought about by unconscious factors, whereas psychologists employing the cognitive
perspective suggest that psychological disorders largely are the result of faulty thinking
processes.

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

5
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Observable behaviour VS Internal mental processes

The next issue is observable behavior versus internal mental processes. Should
psychology concentrate solely on behavior that can be seen by outside observers, or
should it focus on unseen thinking processes? Some psychologists, particularly those
relying on the behavioral perspective, contend that the only legitimate source of
information for psychologists is behavior that can be observed directly. Other
psychologists, building on the cognitive perspective, argue that what goes on inside a
person’s mind is critical to understanding behavior, and so we must concern ourselves
with mental processes.

Free will VS Determinism

Free will versus determinism is another key issue. How much of our behavior is a
matter of free will (choices made freely by an individual), and how much is subject to
determinism, the notion that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond people’s
willful control? For example, some psychologists who specialize in psychological
disorders argue that people make intentional choices and that those who display so-
called abnormal behavior should be considered responsible for their actions. Other
psychologists disagree and contend that such individuals are the victims of forces
beyond their control. The position psychologists take on this issue has important
implications for the way they treat psychological disorders, especially in deciding
whether treatment should be forced on people who don’t want it

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

6
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Difference VS Similarities

Differences versus similarities. To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent
are we different? For instance, are there basic psychological and personality
differences between men and women, or are men and women by and large similar?
And what about people from different ethnicities and cultures? Are people around the
world generally the same, or are they influenced by their backgrounds and
environments in different ways?

Topic 3: The History of Psychology

The Early Roots of Psychology

We can trace psychology’s roots back to

the ancient Greeks, who considered the mind to
be a suitable topic for scholarly contemplation. Later philosophers argued for hundreds
of years about some of the questions psychologists grapple with today. For example,
the 17th-century British philosopher John Locke believed that children were born into
the world with minds like ―blank slates‖ (tabula rasa in Latin) and that their experiences
determined what kind of adults they would
become. His views contrasted with those of Plato
and the 17th-century French philosopher René
Descartes, who argued that some knowledge
was inborn in humans.

John Locke (1632-1704)

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

7
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Wilhelm Wundt and the first experimental laboratory

It really started to come together in a laboratory in

Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. It was here that Wilhelm Wundt
(pronounced as Vill-helm Voont, 1832-1920), a physiologist,
attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the
human mind. In his laboratory, students from around the
world were taught to study the structure of the human
mind. Wundt believed that the mind was made up of
thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic
elements. In order to inspect these nonphysical elements,
students had to learn to think objectively about their own
thoughts-after all, they could hardly read someone else’s
mind. Wundt called this process objective introspection,
the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s
own thoughts and mental activities (Rieber & Robinson,
Wilhelm Wundt 2001, cited by Ciccarelli & White 2013). For example, Wundt
(1832-1920) might place an object, such as a rock, into a student’s
hand and have the student tell him everything that he was
feeling as a result of having the rock in his hand-all the sensations stimulated by the
rock.

This was really the first attempt by anyone to bring objectivity and measurement
to the concept of psychology. This attention to objectivity,
together with the establishment of the first true
experimental laboratory in psychology, is why Wundt is
known as the father of psychology.

Titchener and Structuralism

One of Wundt’s students was Edward Titchener

(1867-1927), and Englishman who eventually took Wundt’s
idea to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Titchener
expanded on Wundt’s original ideas, calling his new
viewpoint structuralism because the focus of study was the
structure of the mind. He believed that every experience
could be broken down ito its individual emotions and Edward B. Titchener
sensations (Brennan, 2002). Although Titchener agrees with ( 1867-1927)
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

8
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Wundt that consciousness, the state of being aware of external events, could be
broken down into its basic elements, Titchener also belived that objective introspection
could be used on thoughts as well as on physical sensations. For example, Titchener
might have asked his students to introspect about things that are blue rather than
actually giving them a blue object and asking for reactions to it. Such an exercise might
have led to something like the following: ―What is blue? There are blue things, like the
sky or a bird’s feather. Blue is cool and restful, blue is calm…‖ and so on.

Structuralism was a dominant force in the early days of psychology, but it

eventually died out in the early 1990s, as the structuralists were busily fighting among
themselves over just which key elements of experience were the most important.

William James and Functionalism

William James was an instructor at Harvard University during the late 1870s. Unlike
Wundt and Titchener, James was more interested in the importance of consciousness to
everyday life rather than just its analysis. He believed that scientific study of
consciousness itself was not yet possible. Conscious
ideas are constantly flowing in an ever-changing
stream.

Instead, James focused on how the mind allows

people to function in the real world-how people work,
play, and adapt to their surroundings, a viewpoint he
called functionalism. (He was heavily influenced by
Charles Darwin’s ideas about natural selection, in which
physical traits that help an animal adapt to its
environment and survive would pass those traits on the
their offspring.) If physical traits could aid in survival, why
couldn’t behavioral traits do the same?
William James (1842-1910)
Gestalt Psychology

Another important reaction to structuralism was the development of Gestalt

psychology in the early 1900s. Max Wertheimer (pronounced Vert-hi-mer), like James,
objected to structuralist point of view, but for different reasons. Wertheimer believed
that psychological events such as perceiving and sensing could not be broken down
into any smaller elements and still be properly understood. For example, you can take
a compact disk player apart, but then you no longer have a CD player – you have a
pile of unconnected bits and pieces. Or, just as a melody is made up of individual notes
that can only be understood if the notes are in the correct relationship to one another,
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

9
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

so perception can only be understood as a whole,

entire event. Hence, the familiar slogan, ―The
whole is greater than the sum of its parts‖. The
Gestalt psychologists believed that people
naturally seek out patterns (―wholes‖) in the sensory
information available to them. Gestalt (Gesh-talt) is
a German word meaning ―an organized whole‖ or
―configuration‖, which fit well with the focus on
studying the whole patterns rather than small
pieces of them.

Women in Psychology

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) In many scientific fields, social prejudices

hindered women’s participation in thebearly
development of psychology. For example, many universities would not admit women to
their graduate psychology programs in the early 1900s.

Despite the hurdles they faced, women made notable contributions to psychology,
although their impact on the field was largely overlooked until recently. For example,
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) was the first woman to receive a doctorate in
psychology, and she did important work on animal behavior. Leta Stetter Hollingworth
(1886–1939) was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on
women’s issues. She collected data to refute the view, popular in the early 1900s, that
women’s abilities periodically declined during parts of the menstrual cycle
(Hollingworth, 1943/1990; Denmark & Fernandez, 1993; Furumoto & Scarborough, 2002).
Mary Calkins (1863–1930), who studied memory in the early part of the 20th century,
became the first female president of the American Psychological Association. Karen
Horney (pronounced ―HORN-eye‖) (1885–1952) focused on the social and cultural
factors behind personality, and June Etta Downey (1875–1932) spearheaded the study
of personality traits and became the first woman to head a psychology department at
a state university. Anna Freud (1895–1982), the daughter of Sigmund Freud, also made
notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior, and Mamie Phipps Clark
(1917–1983) carried out pioneering work on how children of color grew to recognize
racial differences (Horney, 1937; Stevens & Gardner, 1982; Lal, 2002).

Topic 4: Perspectives of Psychology

The men and women who laid the foundations of psychology shared a common
goal: to explain and understand behavior using scientific methods. Seeking to
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

10
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

achieve the same goal, the tens of thousands of psychologists who followed those
early pioneers embraced—and often rejected—a variety of broad perspectives.

The perspective of psychology offer distinct outlooks and emphasize different

factors. Just as we can use more than one map to find our way around a particular
region – for instance, a map that shows roads and highways and another map that
shows major landmarks – psychologists developed a variety of approaches to
understanding behaviour. When considered jointly, the different perspectives
provide means to explain behaviour in its amazing variety.

Biopsychological Perspective

Biopsychology, or the study of the biological bases of behaviour and mental

processes, isn’t really as new a perspective as one might think. Also known as
physiological psychology, biological psychology, psychobiology, and behavioural
neuroscience, biopsychology is part of the larger field of neuroscience: study of the
physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system.

In the biopsychological perspective, human and animal behaviour is seen as a

direct result of events in the body. Hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, and
diseases are some of the biological causes of behaviour and mental events.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Proponents of the psychodynamic perspective

argue that behavior is motivated by inner forces
and conflicts about which we have little awareness
or control. They view dreams and slips of the
tongue as indications of what a person is truly
feeling within a seething cauldron of unconscious
psychic activity.

The origins of the psychodynamic view are

linked to one person: Sigmund Freud. Freud was an
Austrian physician in the early 1900s whose ideas
about unconscious determinants of behavior had
a revolutionary effect on 20th-century thinking, not
just in psychology but in related fields as well.
Although some of the original Freudian principles Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

11
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

have been roundly criticized, the contemporary psychodynamic perspective has

provided a means not only to understand and treat some kinds of psychological
disorders but also to understand everyday phenomena such as prejudice and
aggression.

Behavioral Perspective

Whereas the neuroscience and psychodynamic approaches look inside the

organism to determine the causes of its behavior, the behavioral perspective takes
a different approach. Proponents of the behavioral perspective rejected
psychology’s early emphasis on the inner workings of
the mind. Instead, the behavioral perspective
suggests that the focus should be on observable
behavior that can be measured objectively. John B.
Watson was the first major American psychologist to
advocate a behavioural approach. Working in the
1920s, Watson was adamant in his view that one
could gain a complete understanding of behavior
by studying and modifying the environment in which
people operate.

In fact, Watson
believed rather John B. Watson (1878-
optimistically that it 1913)
was possible to elicit
any desire type of behaviour by controlling a person’s
environment. This philosophy is clear in his own words:
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him
to become any type of specialist I might select—
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even
beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race
of his ancestors” (Watson, 1924).
Burrhus Frederic Skinner When its primary supporter, John B. Watson,
(1904-1990) moved on to greener pastures in the world of
advertising, B.F. Skinner became the new leader of the
field.
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

12
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Skinner not only continued research in classical conditioning, but he also

developed a theory called operant conditioning, to explain how voluntary
behaviour is learned (Skinner, 1938). In this theory, behavioural responses that are
followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or reinforced. For
example, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother’s attention will cry
again in the future.

Humanistic Perspective

Rejecting the view that behavior is determined

largely by automatically unfolding biological forces,
unconscious processes, or the environment, the
humanistic perspective instead suggests that all
individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in
control of their lives and behavior. Humanistic
psychologists maintain that each of us has the capacity
to seek and reach fulfilment.

According to Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow,

who were central figures in the development of the
humanistic perspective, people strive to reach their full Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
potential if they are given the opportunity. The emphasis
of the humanistic perspective is on free will, the
ability to freely make decisions about one’s own
behavior and life. The notion of free will stands in
contrast to determinism, which sees behavior as
caused, or determined, by things beyond a
person’s control.

The humanistic perspective assumes that

people have the ability to make their own
choices about their behavior rather than relying
on societal standards. More than any other
approach, it stresses the role of psychology in Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
enriching people’s lives and helping them
achieve self-fulfillment. By reminding psychologists of their commitment to the
individual person in society, the humanistic perspective has been an important
influence (Robbins, 2008; Nichols, 2011; Linley, 2013)

Cognitive Perspective
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

13
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Efforts to understand behavior lead some psychologists straight into the mind.
Evolving in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism, which
focused so heavily on observable behavior and the environment, the cognitive
perspective focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

The emphasis is on learning how people comprehend and represent the outside
world within themselves and how our ways of thinking about the world influence our
behavior. Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare
human thinking to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and
transforms, stores, and retrieves it. In their view, thinking is information processing.

Psychologists who rely on the cognitive perspective ask questions on subjects

ranging from how people make decisions to whether a person can watch television
and study at the same time. The common elements that link cognitive approaches are
an emphasis on how people understand and think about the world and an interest in
describing the patterns and irregularities in the operation of our minds.

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

14
 UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
Santiago City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Books:

 Ciccarelli, S., & White, J. N. (2013). Psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Higher Ed.
 Feldman, R. (2014). Essentials of understanding psychology (11th ed.). McGraw-
Hill Education
 Kalat, J. W. (2016). Introduction to psychology (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Websites:

 How the goals of psychology are used to study behavior. (n.d.). Verywell
Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-four-major-goals-of-
psychology-
2795603#:~:text=Predict,how%20we%20think%20and%20act.&text=Prediction%20
also%20allows%20psychologists%20to,the%20mechanisms%20underlying%20the%
20phenomena

THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF
REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

15