Cryptography and Network Security

Chapter 1 Introduction
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable. The Art of War, Sun Tzu

Cryptography
Cryptography (from Greek krypts, "hidden", and grphein, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge the art of encryption.

Background
Information Security requirements have changed in recent times traditionally provided by physical and administrative mechanisms computer use requires automated tools to protect files and other stored information use of networks and communications links requires measures to protect data during transmission

Definitions
Computer Security - generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers Network Security - measures to protect data during their transmission Internet Security - measures to protect data during their transmission over a collection of interconnected networks

Aim of Course
our focus is on Internet Security consists of measures to deter, prevent, detect, and correct security violations that involve the transmission of information

Services, Mechanisms, Attacks

need systematic way to define requirements for security consider three aspects of information security:
security attack security mechanism security service

consider in reverse order

Security Service
is something that enhances the security of the data processing systems and the information transfers of an organization intended to counter security attacks make use of one or more security mechanisms to provide the service replicate functions normally associated with physical documents
eg. have signatures, dates; need protection from disclosure, tampering, or destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be recorded or licensed

Security Mechanism
a mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack no single mechanism that will support all functions required however one particular element underlies many of the security mechanisms in use: cryptographic techniques

Security Attack
any action that compromises the security of information owned by an organization information security is about how to prevent attacks, or failing that, to detect attacks on information-based systems have a wide range of attacks can focus of generic types of attacks

OSI Security Architecture

ITU-T X.800 Security Architecture for OSI defines a systematic way of defining and providing security requirements for us it provides a useful, if abstract, overview of concepts we will study

Security Services
X.800 defines it as: a service provided by a protocol layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers RFC 2828 defines it as: a processing or communication service provided by a system to give a specific kind of protection to system resources X.800 defines it in 5 major categories

Security Services (X.800)

Authentication - assurance that the communicating entity is the one claimed Access Control - prevention of the unauthorized use of a resource Data Confidentiality protection of data from unauthorized disclosure Data Integrity - assurance that data received is as sent by an authorized entity Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by one of the parties in a communication

AUTHENTICATION
Peer entity authentication- Used in logical connection to provide confidence in the identity of the entities connected. Data origin authentication- Used in connectionless transfer to provide assurance that source of received data is as claimed.

ACCESS CONTROL
Prevention of unauthorized use of a resource

DATA CONFIDENTIALITY
Connection confidentiality- Protection of all user data on a connection. Connectionless confidentiality- Protection of data in a single data block. Selective field confidentiality- confidentiality of selected fields within user data on connection or in single data block. Traffic flow confidentiality- Protection of information that is derived from observation of traffic flows.

DATA INTEGRITY
Connection integrity with recovery- Provides for integrity of all user data on connection and detects any modification, insertion, deletion, replay of any data within entire data sequence with recovery. Connection Integrity without Recovery Selective field connection integrity- it determines whether any selected fields have been modified, inserted, deleted or replayed. Connectionless integrity Selective field connectionless integrity.

NONREPUDIATION
Non repudiation, Origin- Proof that the message was sent by specified party. Non repudiation, Destination- Proof that message was received by the specified party.

Security Mechanisms (X.800)

specific security mechanisms:
encipherment, digital signatures, access controls, data integrity, authentication exchange, traffic padding, routing control, notarization

pervasive security mechanisms:

trusted functionality, security labels, event detection, security audit trails, security recovery

ENCIPHERMENT
Use of mathematical algorithms to transform data into a form data that is not readily intelligible. Transformation and subsequent recovery of data depend on algorithm and encryption keys.

DIGITAL SIGNATURES
Data appended to or a cryptographic transformation of a data unit that allows recipient to prove the source and integrity of data unit and protect against forgery.

ACCESS CONTROL & DATA INTEGRITY

Variety of mechanisms that enforce access rights to resources Variety of mechanisms used to assure the integrity of data unit or stream of data units.

AUTHENTICATION EXCHANGE & TRAFFIC PADDING

A mechanism intended to ensure identity of an entity by means of information exchange. Insertion of bits into gaps in a data stream to frustrate traffic analysis attempts.

ROUTING CONTROL & NOTORIZATION

Enables selection of particular physically secure routes for certain data and allows routing changes when breach of security is suspected. Notarization- Use of trusted third party to assure certain properties of data exchange.

PERVASIVE SECURITY MECHANISMS

Trusted functionality Security label Event detection Security audit trail Security recovery

Classify Security Attacks as

passive attacks - eavesdropping on, or monitoring of, transmissions to:
obtain message contents, or monitor traffic flows

active attacks modification of data stream to:

masquerade of one entity as some other replay previous messages modify messages in transit denial of service

Attack: Interruption

Cut wire lines, Jam wireless signals, Drop packets,

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Attack: Interception

Wiring, eavesdrop
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Attack: Modification

intercept

Replaced info

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PASSIVE ATTACKS
Release of message contents- Telephone conversation, electronic mail message and transferred file may contain sensitive information- we should prevent opponent from learning contents of these transmissions. Traffic analysis- we mask contents of messages so that opponents even if they capture message , could not extract information. But opponent could determine location and identity of messages being exchanged.

ACTIVE ATTACKS
Masquerade- One entity pretends to be a different entity. Authorized entity with few privileges obtain extra privileges by impersonating an entity that has those privileges. Replay- Passive capture of data unit and its subsequent retransmissions to produce an unauthorized effect.

ACTIVE ATTACKS
Modification of messages- messages are altered, delayed, reordered. Denial of service- Prevents the normal use or management of communications facilities. Disruption of entire network by disabling network or by overloading it with messages to degrade performance

Model for Network Security

Model for Network Security

using this model requires us to:
design a suitable algorithm for the security transformation generate the secret information (keys) used by the algorithm develop methods to distribute and share the secret information specify a protocol enabling the principals to use the transformation and secret information for a security service

Model for Network Access Security

Model for Network Access Security

using this model requires us to:
select appropriate gatekeeper functions to identify users implement security controls to ensure only authorised users access designated information or resources

trusted computer systems can be used to implement this model

Summary
have considered:
computer, network, internet security defs security services, mechanisms, attacks X.800 standard models for network (access) security