Week 5 - Student

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The passage discusses the key wine regions and characteristics of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

Some of the main wine regions in South Africa discussed are Paarl, Stellenbosch, and Constantia.

Some climatic factors that influence the South African wine regions mentioned are the cooling effect of the Benguela Current, strong southeasterly winds, and average rainfall and temperature ranges.

Week 5

 South Africa
 Australia
 New Zealand
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 state the TWO (2) wine regions in South Africa.
 explain the climate in South Africa.
 explain the terroir in South Africa.
 state the TWO (2) grape varietals in South Africa.
 state the classifications used in South Africa.
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 state the SIX (6) wine regions in Australia.
 explain the terroir in Australia.
 state the FIVE (5) red grape varietals in Australia.
 state the FIVE (5) white grape varietals in Australia.
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 state the TWO (2) wine regions in New Zealand.
 explain the terroir in New Zealand.
 state the ONE (1) white grape varietal in New Zealand.
 state the ONE (1) red grape varietal in New Zealand.
More than 3,314 farmers
cultivate some 99,463
hectares of land under
vines. The annual harvest in
2014 amounted to
1,519,708 tons (1,181.1
million litres), of which 81%
was used for wine.
1. Bot River 12. Kwazulu-Natal 23. Walker Bay
2. Breedekloof 13. Lower Orange 24. Worcester
3. Cape Agulhas 14. Oilfants River 25. Wellington
4. Cape Point 15. Overberg
5. Central Orange 16. Paarl
6. Constantia 17. Philadelphia
7. Darling 18. Plettenberg Bay
8. Durbanville 19. Robertson
9. Elgin 20. Stellenbosch
10. Franschhoek 21. Swartland
11. Klein Karoo 22. Tulbagh
 Nearly all South African wine is grown and made in the Western Cape.

 Uniquely surrounded by two oceans.

 Generally, the Cape has a hot Mediterranean climate with


moderately cool pockets.
 The Benguela Current runs from the Antarctic up the west
coast of South Africa and has a cooling effect.
 Strong southeasterly winds known as the Cape Doctor are
prevalent in summer.
 Several mountain ranges run throughout the wine-producing regions affecting altitude, soil
and aspect
 Average rainfall is between 300 – 1000mm per
year.
 Irrigation is permitted and water-management /
water-conservation is an important concern.
 Bushvines are widely-planted in older, inland
vineyards although trellising is increasing.
 Average mean temperature at harvest is between
19°C - 23°C in February.
Region: Coastal
District: Paarl
 Large and varied region situated around the second-largest granite outcrop in the
world.
 Surrounded by Groot and Klein Drakenstein mountains, and the Franschhoek
ranges.
 Home to KWV headquarters and Nederburg.
 Irrigation supplied by the Berg River which flows through the valley.
 Two separate wards are increasing in importance –Voor Paardebergand
Simonsberg-Paarl.
 Soils –Table Mountain sandstone near the river, granite around the town of Paarl,
shale to the north.
 Mean temperature in February is 23.2⁰C.
 Average annual rainfall is 800–900mm.
 Mainly known for Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay and Shiraz, although increasing
numbers of Mediterranean varieties are now being planted too.
Region: Coastal
District: Stellenbosch
 Considered the business, educational and research centre of the Cape winelands.
 Main educational institutes –University of Stellenbosch, Elsenburg School of
Agriculture, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Institute for Viticulture and Oenology.
 Stellenbosch Wine Route was South Africa’s first in 1971.
 Contains some of the country’s most prestigious and well-known wineries within
seven different wards.
 Soils –sandy valley floors and predominantly granitic soils (Oakleafand Tukulu) on
slopes.
 Mean temperature in February is 21.5⁰C.
 Average annual rainfall is 600–800mm.
 Mainly known for top quality red blends but virtually all varieties are grown here.
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
 Prestigious ward containing some of South Africa’s finest wineries.
 Vineyards predominantly south-westerly aspect on slopes of the Simonsberg.
 Red blends –both Bordeaux and Cape –are most famously made here.
 South Africa has the oldest viticultural soils in the world, dating back over 500
million years.
 Soils vary greatly even within one hectare. The three most important soil groups
are derived from shale, granite and sandstone.
 The Cape winelands are surrounded by two mighty oceans that generate fogs,
mists and winds, which cool the vineyards.
 The Cape winelands are crisscrossed by steep mountain ranges, giving each valley
and wine region a different individual character.
A huge variety of red-wine
varieties are planted. The
most widely planted are
Cabernet Sauvignon and
Shiraz (Syrah).
A large variety of white-
wine varieties are also
planted. The most important
are Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon
Blanc and Chardonnay.
South Africa has the most
Chenin Blanc plantings in
the world – 17,934 ha in
2014.
 Also known as Steen – a Dutch word mean “stone”
 Most plantings are found in the district of Paarl.
 Four (4) principal styles:
1. Fresh and fruity, often with citrus aromas and flavours, bright acidity and always
unwooded;
2. Rich and ripe unwooded with lees contact, rich aromas and flavours, often of ripe
stone fruit;
3. Rich and ripe oaked wines that are usually rich in ripe, almost honeyed fruit, although
some put the emphasis on minerals; and
4. Sweet wines
The Pinotage grape variety
is unique to South Africa. It
was developed in 1925 by
Prof Perold at the University
of Stellenbosch, and is a
cross between Pinot Noir
and Hermitage (Cinsaut).
Pinotage wine was first
released commercially in
1961.
 A cross between Pinot Noir with Cinsault
(Hermitage)
 The third most planted red-wine variety in South
Africa
 The most plantings are found in the Swartland,
followed by Paarl and Stellenbosch.
 When it comes to the aroma, associations include
plum, black cherry, mulberry, strawberry,
occasionally raspberry and bramble, sometimes
spice and cloves.
 In terms of flavour profile, Stellenbosch Pinotage
typically displays black cherry, plum and black
currant fruit with firm tannins.
 White  Fortified wines
 Cape white blends  White Muscadel
 Simple – unoaked  Hanepoot – Muscat d’Alexandrie
 Premium – oaked  Muscadel – Muscat Blanc à Petit Grains

 MCC (Méthode Cap Classique)  White Jerepigo

 Traditional bottle-fermented sparkling wine  Jerepiko

 Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Chenin Blanc,  Fortified, unfermented grape juice


Pinotage  Port-style wines
 Dessert wines  Cape White
 Special Late Harvest  Cape Pink
 Noble Late Harvest  Sherry-style wines
 Wine made from naturally dried grapes
 Natural Sweet
 White  Fortified wines
 Cape red blends  Red Muscadel
 30%-70% Pinotage  Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains
 ‘South African character’  Port-style wines

 ‘Chocolate/Coffee’ wines  Cape Ruby

 Fermented with toasted staves  Cape Late Bottled Vintage

 Bordeaux red blends  Cape Vintage

 Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot  Cape Tawny

 Mediterranean red blends


 Grenache Noir, Cinsaut, Carignan,
Mourvèdre, Tempranillo
 Dry reds
 Mainly entry level red wines
 Established in 1973.

Every bottle awarded Wine of Origin (WO) carries a Certification


Seal which guarantees:
 the wine has been approved by a tasting panel;

 100% of the grapes used come from the named area of


production;
 if vintage is stated, 85% of the wine comes from that year; and

 if a variety is specified, 85% of the wine is made from that variety.


 http://www.wosa.co.za/home/
Australia is home to an
amazing array of diverse
climates and these are
reflected in our unique and
regionally distinct wine
regions.
 Western Australia
 Western Australia is the largest State and
spans the western third of the Australian
continent, although the winemaking regions are
almost entirely concentrated in the south-west
and great southern land divisions of the State.
 The regions include Blackwood Valley,
Geographe, Great Southern, Peel, Pemberton,
Manjimup, Margaret River and Swan District.
 South Australia
 South Australia is the most important wine producing state
and is consistently responsible for almost 50% of
Australia’s annual production.
 It is also home to some of the most famous regions,
historic estates and oldest vines in the country.
 It is the driest state in Australia but diagonally dissected
by the Murray River which supplies critical water for
irrigation in many regions.
 There are a multitude of different soil types and local
mitigating influences such as altitude and cooling ocean
breezes that allow for a wide range of wine styles.
 The most recognized vineyard areas include: Barossa
Valley (Shiraz), McLaren Vale (Shiraz, Grenache), Clare
Valley (Riesling) and Coonawarra (Cabernet Sauvignon).
 New South Wales
 The area around Sydney has the longest
history of grape growing in Australia.
 The famous region by far is the Hunter Valley.
 The Hunter Valley is one of the oldest areas of
winemaking in the country.
 The Hunter Valley can be broken up into two
major winemaking areas: Upper Hunter Valley
and Lower Hunter Valley.
 Upper Hunter Valley:
 Shiraz and Semillon
 Lower Hunter Valley:
 Chardonnay
 Victoria
 Victoria is the second smallest state but is
home to more individual wineries than any
other state in Australia.
 It also has the greatest diversity of regional
climate which allows for the production of
virtually every imaginable wine style from
fine sparkling wine, high quality Pinot Noir,
savoury Shiraz and the historic fortified
wines of Rutherglen.
 Famous areas include Yarra Valley and
Mornington Peninsula.
 Tasmania
 The pristine island state of Tasmania is situated off the
southern coast of Australia in the cool waters of the
Southern Ocean.
 Chardonnay and Pinot Noir do particularly well in these
cool conditions and also form the backbone of the
renowned sparkling wines.
 Pinot Noir is the other strong suit and the style is
distinctly fragrant and lighter bodied with delicate
flavors of red apple and cherry.
 Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Gris are also grown.
 Queensland
 It was once considered too close to the tropics
and too hot to produce quality wines.
 Grapegrowers and winemakers noted that in
the higher altitudes (700 to 1000 metres
above sea level) of the ranges running inland,
there were cooler climates and rich
volcanic soils.
 It allows the production of some stunning
wines as the grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon,
Shiraz, Chardonnay and Viognier grow
through warm springs and summers and
relatively cool autumns.
 Australia’s land mass is almost equal to that of the United States and considerably
larger than Europe.
 It is also the flattest continent. Its highest peak is only 2,228m.
 Australia is not at cool latitudes but cool climate regions exist due to the impact
and influence of altitude and the surrounding oceans.
 There are three main mountain ranges that impact the viticultural areas in Australia.
 Darling Scarp in Western Australia:
 This is the edge of the Yilgarn Craton and roses only to 400m.The best Western Australian regions are on
this scarp - from Perth Hills down to Pemberton.
 Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia:
 This range makes viticulture possible in Adelaide Hills, Clare, Barossa and Eden Valleys.
 Great Dividing Range in Eastern Australia:
 This is a major landform consisting of mountains and uplands. It is important to most of the GIs in New
South Wales and Victoria. It brings height and acts as a barrier to tropical rain systems that come down
the east coast effectively creating a rain shadow. The only major wine region on ’wrong’ side of range is
the Hunter Valley which typically experiences mid-summer and harvest rain.

 Large parts of the north are tropical and the center is too hot and dry. The areas most
suited for fine wine production are in the SE and SW of the country. These areas
have cool to warm Mediterranean climates.
 Prevailing cool weather patterns from the cold Southern Ocean moderate the warm
northerly influence of the hot inland.
 Higher latitudes (further from equator) are cooler → southern Australia is much
cooler than the north.
 Soil: Granite, Sand, Limestone
1. Shiraz / Syrah
 Barossa Valley, Eden Valley, McLaren Vale, Clare Valley, Langhorne Creek, Heathcote, Nagambie Lakes, Grampians,
Yarra Valley, Hunter Valley, Canberra District

2. Cabernet Sauvignon
 Coonawarra, Margaret River, Langhorne Creek, McLaren Vale, Barossa Valley, Clare Valley, Yarra Valley and Pyrenees

3. Pinot Noir
 Tasmania, Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, Geelong, Macedon Ranges, Gippsland and Adelaide Hills

4. Grenache
 Barossa Valley, McLaren Vale and Langhorne Creek

5. Merlot
 Margaret River, Wrattonbully and Coonawarra

Other grape varieties include: Mouvedre, Malbec, Tempranillo, Petit Verdot, and Sangiovese.
1. Chardonnay
 Margaret River, Adelaide Hills, Yarra Valley and Mornington Peninsula

2. Riesling
 Clare Valley and Eden Valley. Also Great Southern, Tasmania, Henty, Canberra District and Grampians

3. Semillon
 Hunter Valley, Margaret River and Barossa Valley

4. Muscat
 Rutherglen and Glenrowan

5. Sauvignon Blanc
 Adelaide Hills and Margaret River

Other grape varieties include: Pinot Gris, Viognier, and Verdelho.


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 http://www.wineaustralia.net.au/
 http://winefolly.com/review/australia-wine-regions-map/
 http://www.australia.com/en/articles/australian-wineries.html
New Zealand extends
1,600km (1000 miles) from
sub-tropical Northland (36°
S) to the world’s most
southerly grape growing
region Central Otago (47°
S).
 The North Island
 Home to six of the ten wine regions in New Zealand
 The top regions include: Gisborne, Hawke’s Bay, and Wairarapa
 NZ’s third largest producer
 Rich in history
 Chardonnay is the dominant variety and enjoys great
success, with Pinot Gris a close second though a very wide
range of red and white varieties are successfully
established and new varieties always trialed.
 New Zealand’s second largest wine region
 Best known for its Bordeaux-blend reds and Chardonnay
but aromatic whites are consistently good and Syrah is
increasingly impressive.
 The climate and lengthy growing season also allows regular
production of successful dessert styles. New varieties are
continually trialed.
 Maori for ‘glistening waters’
 Three main sub-regions: Martinborough, Gladstone and
Masterton
 A range of styles and varieties are on offer with standout
Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and aromatics as well as stylish
Chardonnay, Syrah and dessert wines.
 The South Island
 Home to Southern Alps – the tallest mountain range in the Southern Hemisphere
 Two most important wine regions: Marlborough and Central Otago
 New Zealand’s flagship wine region
 One of NZ’s sunniest and driest regions
 A combination of a cool yet high sunshine climate, low
rainfall and free-draining, moderately fertile soil
 Some of the world’s best Pinot Noir
 Mountainous terrain with a unique niche of climate, aspect
and altitude
 Remarkable landscape of soaring snow-capped mountains
and glittering rivers deep within ravines
 The overall climate in New Zealand’s winegrowing regions ranges from temperate
to cool due to the maritime effects of the ocean that surrounds this island nation.
 The warmest regions are found on the North Island, and cooler temperature tend to
be found on the South Island.
 Most of the vineyards and wine regions are sheltered from strong winds that blow
across the Pacific from the west by large mountain chains.
 New Zealand is a land of diverse geography, including dense forests, steep
mountains, and a rugged coastline.
 Sauvignon Blanc
 Sauvignon Blanc is New Zealand’s most widely planted varietal.

 Pinot Noir
 Pinot noir is predominantly grown in the cooler southerly regions.

 Chardonnay

 Cabernet Sauvignon

 Merlot

 Syrah

 Riesling

 Pinot Gris

 Gewürtraminer
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