UNIT – II: Flow chart for manufacturing of Synthetic filament with their properties & end-uses.

Viscose Rayon - Man Made Fiber : Spinning methods, Manufacturing, Properties

Viscose Rayon is a man made ,natural polymeric  cellulose or regenerated cellulose or filament or staple fiber,
viscose regenerated cellulose obtained by the viscose process .The name viscose was derived from the word
“viscose”. A viscose solution is as thick as honey.

Flow chart of viscose rayon manufacturing:

Preparation of wood pulp

↓
Steeping & Pressing
(Formation of soda cellulose &excess alkali is pressed out)
↓
Shredding
(In two or three hours formation crumbs)
↓
Ageing
(In atmospheric oxygen D.P fall of 800-350)
↓
Churning
(Xanthation or Sulphidising)
↓
Mixing
↓
Repening
↓
Spinning
↓
Drying
1.      Preparation of the wood pulp:

The starting material is timber. Here the bark is removed and the wood is chipped into pieces about 7/8×1/
2×1/4 inches. The chips are treated with calcium bi-sulphite and then cooked with steam under pressure for about 14
hrs. Then bleached with hypochlorite and converted into paper boards’ sheets.

2.     Steeping & pressing:

The flat, white sheets of board contain about 90 -94% of pure cellulose. They are first conditioned by
storing in a room at a definite humidity and temp. This conditioning is necessary. The sheets are then stacked
vertically in the press and then soaked in a 17.5% solution of caustic soda for 1-4hrs. 

3.     Shredding:

The shredders are water cooled and will take 200 lb of pressed soda cellulose at a time. In two or three hrs
they break in up into fine Crumbs.

4.     Ageing:

Some depolymerisation occurs and the degree of polymerization falls from about 800-350 in this process.

5.     Churning:

About  10% of their own (crumbs) weight of carbon disulphide is added  and the crumbs and disulphide are
churned up together , a deep orange ,  gelationous mass of sodium cellulose Xanthate formed. Churning is continued
for about three hrs , the churns rotating at about 2 rpm.

6.     Mixing(solution):

In this mixers the sodium cellulose xanthate is stirred with dilute caustic soda for 4 to 6 hrs, the vessel
being cooled. The xanthate dissolves to a clear –brown, viscose  liquid ,similar in appearance to honey this
liquid ,similar in appearance to honey this liquid is known as “viscose” but is still too impure ,too acetated and too
young to spin.

7.     Repening :

The viscose solution is stored for 4 to 5 days( at 10-18 degree C) and during storage it ripens . The viscose
solution is filtered to remove undissolved materials that might disrupt the spinning process or cause defects in the
rayon filament. Bubbles of air entrapped in the viscose must be removed prior to extrusion or they would cause
voids, or weak spots, in the fine rayon filaments.

Spinning – (Wet Spinning):

Production of Viscose Rayon Filament: The viscose solution is metered through a spinneret into a spin bath
containing sulphuric acid (necessary to acidify the sodium cellulose xanthate), sodium sulphate (necessary to impart
a high salt content to the bath which is useful in rapid coagulation of viscose), and zinc sulphate (exchange with
sodium xanthate to form zinc xanthate, to cross link the cellulose molecules). Once the cellulose xanthate is
neutralized and acidified, rapid coagulation of the rayon filaments occurs which is followed by simultaneous
stretching and decomposition of cellulose xanthate to regenerated cellulose.
 Physical properties of Viscose Rayon:

1. Moisture absorption: Viscose rayon absorbs moisture more than cotton. Viscose rayon moisture content 13% at
65% relative humidity.
2. The density of Viscose rayon is 1.53 g/cm3.
3. Tensile strength: Less tensile strength than cotton in wet condition. Tenacity of viscose rayon is 2.4-3.2 gpd.
4. Elasticity: Less elasticity than cotton, about 2-3% less.
5. Abrasion resistance: Low.
6. Flammability: Like as cotton.
7. Melting temp: Do not decompose at 176ºC to 204ºC.

Chemical properties of viscose rayon:

1. Effect of acid: Acid like H2SO4 or HCl, break down the macromolecules of viscose and produce hydro-cellulose.
Dilute acid for short time do not attack.
2. Effect of alkali: Concentrated alkali causes swelling and reduces strength. But week alkali does not damage.
3. Effect of bleaching: Viscose can withstand both oxidizing and reducing bleaches.
4. Biological agent: mildew, bacteria etc affect the color, strength and luster of rayon.
5. Dye affinity: Better affinity for dyes than cotton.
6. Flammability: Burns rapidly.

End uses of viscose rayon:

1. It is used in making umbrella cloths and protective cloths.

2. It is used as sewing embroidery threads.
3. Viscose + cotton, this blend is used for reducing cost.
4. Viscose + polyester, this blend is used for comfort strength and absorbency.
5. Uses in curtains, cushions, beach and sports wear.
6. Fire fabrics and evening gowns.
7. High tenacity rayon is used as reinforcement to mechanical rubber goods (tires, conveyor belts, hoses),
applications within the aerospace, agricultural and textile industries, braided cord, tape.

The production of viscose fibres video link:

https://youtu.be/zcxcPVX5ejY
 Manufacturing Process of Acetate Rayon

Manfacture of cellulose acetate

Unlike in the case of viscose rayon, where cellulose is dissolved and regenerated, cellulose acetate is
manufactured by converting cellulose into a chemical compound of cellulose ( or chem modified cellulose) which
is then dissolved in a suitable solvent ( chloroform or acetone) and spun by evaporating the solvent. Thus while
viscose and cuprammonium rayons are regenerated fibres, acetate rayon is regenerated modified fibre.

Raw Material

Cotton linters and wood pulp are the most common employed raw materials for the manufacture of acetate rayon.

Flow chart of manufacturing process:

Purification of cellulose
↓
Activation
↓
Acetylation
↓
Hydrolysis(for acetate)
↓
Precipitation
↓
Washing & drying
↓
Blending
↓
Dope preparation
↓
Dry spinning

Purification of cellulose: 
The cotton linters are purified by Kier boiling for 4-10 hrs with alkali solution os Na2CO3 then they are bleached
with NaOCL. Then the linters washed and dried.

Activation: 
In this stage, the pufified cotton linters or wood pulp are steeped in glacial acetic acid (3:1) at room temperature for
easy acetylation.

Acetylation Process

The pretreated purified cotton linters are fed into an acetylator ( closed vessel) containing a mixture of acetic
anhydride, glacial acetic acid and a small amount of concentrated sulphuric acid. For every 100 kg of cotton
linters, 300 kg of glacial acetic acid, 500 kg of acetic anhydride and 8-10 kg of concentrated sulphuric acid may
be used. The acetylator consists of a metal tank having a circular door at the top. The door is sealed after adding
the mixture of chemicals and cotton linters. A stirrer having many blades rotates in the acetylator to mix the
ingredients thoroughly. The acetylation reaction is an exotherimic reation. Heat is removed by circulating cold
water through a jacket fitted to the acetylator. The acetylation reation is completed in 7-8 hours at 25-30 deg c.
Triacetate is formed at this stage and it is in the form of a suspension in the acetylation mixture called the acid
dope.

Hydrolysis (Partial Deacetylation)

The acid dope from the above process is stored in jars for ageing. Acetic acid, water and sulphuric acid are added
and allowed to stand for 10-20 hours. During this period, called ripening period, partial conversion of acetate
groups to hydroxy groups takes place.
Precipitation

The mixture is then diluted with water and stirred continuously when white flakes of acetate rayon get precipated.
The flakes are placed in a centrifuge and the excess water is forced out of the cage through perforations. The
flakes are then dried.

Spinning Solution or Dope

Acetate rayon is manufactured by dry spinning. It is dissovled in a volatile solvent (Acetone) to form the spinning
solution or dope. This solution is forced through a spinnerette into a chamber in which hot air is circulated. The
solvent evaporates leaving filaments of acetate rayon.

The details are as follows. Dried acetate flakes are mixed with three times the weight of acetone in enclosed tanks
which are provided with powerful stirrers. The acetate dissolves slowly in the solvent. It takes about 24 hours for
the complete dissolution to give a thick clear liquid called dope. The solution is filtered and deareated.

Spinning Process

The dope is spun into acetate rayon filaments on the dry spinning process. The dope is fed from a spinning tank
into spinning cabinets. The dope coming out of the spinnerette travels a distance of 2-5 meters vertically
downwards to a feed roller, from where it is guided on to a bobbin at a much greater speed than the speed of
spinning. This imparts twist to the filaments.

Physical Properties of Acetate Rayon

 Acetate filament: It is in broken strands. The length relies on the capacity of winding mechanism. Modern
winders hold many pounds of yarns with one or two knots per cone.
 Acetate staple fibre: It can be cut into desired length. Commonly desired lengths are 1.50, 2, 2.50 and 3
inches till 7 inches for silk industries.
 Fineness: The diameter of the strand ranges from 1.5 to 4.1 deniers for filaments and 1.5 to 20 deniers for
staple fibres.
 Appearance and Color: The luster and color may be as desired. Bright luster may be received by lesser
twist. Staple are not as lustrous as filaments. Various shades from paler tints to heavy may be acquired as they
are the whitest fibres.
 Density: The density ranges from 1.25 to 1.33 gm per cc. relying on the methods of measurement and
moisture at the time of making.
  Absorption: The hygroscopicity is corresponding to cellulose but absorption is much less since hydroxyl
groups are removed by acetyl groups.
 Tenacity: The wet strength is 65% of dry strength. The fibres can be changed in tenacity by the
manufacturers.
 Elasticity: Under general situations, elastic recovery of fibre is completed within few seconds. But for
longer time and heavier load creep, deterioration or clearage occurs.
 Thermal properties: It is a thermoplastic material. With temperature it becomes soft. It can be ironed at the
temperature up to 120° C. Above this sticking and melting occurs.
 Conductivity: It is a perfect insulator. The static electricity is created by friction.

Chemical Properties of Acetate Rayon

 Effect of alkalis: It is stable to water even at boil and can withstand soap solutions and alkalis at normal
temperature.
 Effect of acids: It is unaffected by thin solution but is attacked by strong acids. The degradation of
molecules occurs and the chain breaks.
 Effect of oxidizing agents: Mild oxidizing agents may be utilized i.e. chlorine is old and mild peroxide.
 Effect of organisms: It is resistant to attack by bacteria and mildew but it is attacked by moth which makes
holes in fabric.

End Uses of Acetate

The uses of acetate are :

     The breathable nature of the fabric makes it suitable for use as a lining fabric for apparels.
     Acetate is used for making cigarette filters and other filters, ink reservoirs for fibre tip pens.
     It is used for making high absorbency products like diapers and surgical products.
     It is also used for making eyeglass frames.

Polyester : Manufacturing, Properties of Polyester

These fibers are also known as Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc. 

These fibres are synthetic textile fibres of high polymers which are obtained by esterification of dicarboxylic acids,
with glycols or by ester exchange reactions between dicarboxylic acid esters and glycols. 

Thus Polyester is made by polymerizing using ester exchange reaction between dimethyl teraphthlate and ethylene
glycol.

Raw Materials

The main raw materials required for the manufacture of Terylene polyester fibres are p-xylene ethylene glycol and
methanol. 
Dacron ( Du Pont ) is produced by poly-condensation reaction using Teraphthaleic Acid (TPA) and Ethylene Glycol

Production

The polymer is made by heating teraphthalic acid with excess of ethylene glycol ( Both of high priority) in an
atmosphere of nitrogen initially at atmospheric pressure. A catalyst like hydrochloric acid speeds up the reaction.

The resulting low molecular weight ethylene glycol teraphthalate is then heated at 280 deg C for 30 minutes at
atmospheric pressure and then for 10 hours under vacuum. The excess of ethylene glycol is distilled off. the ester
can polymerise now to form a product of high molecular weight. The resulting polymer is hard and almost white
substance, melting at 256 deg C and has a molecular weight of 8000-10000. Filaments are prepared from this. 

Spinning of Polyester Fibres

The polymer is extruded in the form of a ribbon. This ribbon is then converted into chips. 
The wet chips are dried and fed through a hopper, ready for melting. This molten polymer is then extruded under
high pressure through spinneret down to cylinder. 

Each spinneret contains 24 or so holes. A spinning finish is applied at this stage as a lubricant and an antistatic
agent. The undrawn yarn is then wound onto cylinders. 

This yarn goes to the drawing zone, where draw twist machines draw it to about four times their original length.
This is hot drawn in contrast to cold drawing of nylon filaments. 

For the production of staple fibres, the filaments are first brought together to form a thick tow. These are distributed
in large cans. The tow is drawn to get correct strength. Then it is passed through a crimping machine, the crimps
being stabilized by heating in ovens. It is then cut into specified lengths and baled ready for dispatch.   

Properties of Polyester:

Physical properties
 Moisture regains
The moisture regain of polyester is low, ranges between 0.2 to 0.8 per cent. Although polyesters are non-
absorbent, they do not have wicking ability. In wicking, moisture can be carried on the surface of the fibre
without absorption.
 Specific gravity
The specific gravity 1.38 or 1.22 depending on the type of polyester fibres is moderate. Polyester fibres
have a density greater than polyamide fibres and lower than rayon. Fabrics made from polyester fibres are
medium in weight.
 Heat effect
The melting point of polyester is close to that of polyamide, ranging from 250 to 300°C. Polyester fibres
shrink from flame and melt, leaving a hard black residue. The fabric burns with a strong, pungent odour.
Heat setting of polyester fibres, not only stabilizes size and shape but also enhances wrinkle resistance of
the fibres.

Chemical properties
 Effect of alkalies
Polyester fibres have good resistance to weak alkalies high temperatures. It exhibits only moderate
resistance to strong alkalies at room temperature and is degraded at elevated temperatures.
  Effect of acids
Weak acids, even at the boiling point, have no effect on polyester fibres unless the fibres are exposed for
several days. Polyester fibres have good resistance to strong acids at room temperature. Prolonged exposure
to boiling hydrochloric acid destroys the fibres, and 96% sulfuric acid and causes disintegration of the
fibres.
 Effect of solvents
Polyester fibres are generally resistant to organic solvents. Chemicals used in cleaning and stain removal do
not damage it, but hot m-cresol destroys the fibres, and certain mixtures of phenol with trichloromethane
dissolve polyester fibres. Oxidizing agents and bleachers do not damage polyester fibres.
 Miscellaneous properties
Polyester fibres exhibit good resistance to sunlight, and it also resists abrasion very well. Soaps, synthetic
detergents, and other laundry aids do not damage it. One of the most serious faults with polyester is its
oleophilic quality. It absorbs oily materials easily and holds the oil tenaciously.

Characteristics of polyester

 Polyester fabrics and fibers are extremely strong.

 Polyester is very durable: resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant, mildew
and abrasion resistant.
 Polyester is hydrophobic in nature and quick drying. It can be used for insulation by manufacturing hollow
fibers.
 Polyester retains its shape and hence is good for making outdoor clothing for harsh climates.
 It is easily washed and dried.

Uses of Polyester:

1. Woven and Knitted Fabrics, especially blends.

2. Conveyor belts, tyre cords, tarpaulines etc.
3. For filling pillows
4. For paper making machine
5. Insulating tapes
6. Hose pipe with rubber or PVC
7. Ropes, fish netting and sail cloth.

Acrylic Fiber: Properties, Production Flowchart and Application

Acrylic Fiber
Acrylic Fiber is synthetic fiber is made of polymerization of acrylonitrile with an molecule weight above ~100000,
about 1900 monomer unit. For a called as ‘Acrylic”. Typical Co-monomer are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate.
Acrylic is defined as a refers to a fiber containg at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer, while in modacrylic the
percentage of acrylonitrile must be less than 85% but greater than 35%.

Raw Material:

Acrilonitrile is used as a monomer to produce acrylic fibres. The polymer of acrylic can be produced by using
various methods. The various methods of production of acrylic monomer are given below:

1st Method

In one commercial method, hydrogen cyanide is treated with acetylene:

CH=CH       +            HCN ———>-(CH2=CH-CN)

  (acetylene)          (Hydrogen Cyanide)          (Acrylonitrile)

In this method of production hydrogen cyanide reacts with acetylene gas and the acrylonitrile results after reaction. 

2nd Method

Ethylene--Air Oxidation--> Ethylene oxide + HCN--> Ethylene cyanahydrin--Dehydration at 300 deg C (catalyst)--
> Acrylonitrile

After the production of the acrylonitrile , acrylic fibre  production completes in following steps

o Polymerization in solution

o Direct feeding of the dope to spinning

o Wet spinning / Dry spinning, Di methyl formamide(DMF) use as solvent for both Process

o Drawing

o Winding

The production method of acrylic fibre follows below process chart:

Polymerisation: 

In a continuous polymerisation process, 95% acrylonitrile and 6% methyl acrylate (400 parts) 0.25% aqueous
solution of K2S2O8 (600 parts), 0.50 % Na2S2O5 solution ( 600 Parts) and 2N H2SO4 (2.5 Parts) are fed into the
reaction vessel at 52 °C under nitrogen atmosphere giving a slurry with 67% polymer. The slurry is continuously
withdrawn, filtered and washed till it is free from salts and dried.
Dry spinning:

Dry  spinning method is used to produce the acrylic filaments. The polyacrylonitrile polymer is dissolved in a
organic solvent (dimethyl formamide). It is heated and extruded into  heated spinnerets. As fibre comes out from
spinneret, it comes in contact of hot air or steam. The solvent ( dimethyl formamide) is evaporated and it is sent to a
recovery unit. Now these newly formed filaments are hot and dried. The filaments are hot stretched at 100 °C to 250
°C depending on the time of contact in the drying assembly to several times of their original length.

Wet Spinning :
wet spinning is mostly prefer for production of acrylic fiber.In this fiber make by using solvents in particular
coagulation bath mix with appropriate percentage of solvent and other chemical. This process take more time to
produce fiber compare to other spinning methods like, dry & melt. The polymer is dissolved in Dimethylformamide.
The solution is pumped and extruded through spinneret into a water bath, in which polyacrylnitrile is insoluble, so
the polymer precipitates. Due to the process parameters, a fiber can be formed and taken out from the water bath

Video Url of Wet Spinning: https://youtu.be/x0VFeMTSIb4

https://youtu.be/uIdZmU8RtVQ

Properties of Acrylic Fibres

Physical properties

 Density: Acrylic has a warm and dry hand like wool. Its density is 1.17 g/cc as compared to 1.32 g/cc of
wool. It is about 30% bulkier than wool. It has about 20% greater insulating power than wool.
 Moisture Regain: Acrylic has a moisture regain of 1.5-2% at 65% RH and 70 deg F.
 Tenacity: It has a tenacity of 5 gpd in dry state and 4-8 gpd in wet state.
 Elongation & Elastic recovery: Breaking elongation is 15% ( both states). It has a elastic recovery of 85%
after 4% extension when the load is released immediately.
 Thermal Stability: It has a good thermal stability. When exposed to temperatures above 175 deg C for
prolonged periods some discolouration takes place.
 Shrinkage: Acrylic shrinks by about 1.5% when treated with boiling water for 30 min.

Chemical properties

 Effect of Acids: It has a good resistance to mineral acids.

 Effects of Alkalies: The resistance to weak alkalies is fairly good, while hot strong alkalies rapidly attack
acrylic.
 Effects of microorganism: Moths, Mildew and insects do not attack Acrylic.
 Effects of Bleaching agent: It has an outstanding stability towards commonly bleaching agents.
 Effect of sunlight: no damage due to sunlight

Some Major Acrylic Fiber Uses:

 Apparel: Sweaters, socks, fleece wear, circular knit apparel, sportswear and childrens wear
 Home Furnishings: Blankets, area rugs, upholstery, pile; luggage, awnings, outdoor furniture
 Other Uses: Craft yarns, sail cover cloth, wipe cloths
 Industrial Uses: Asbestos replacement; concrete and stucco reinforcement

Nylon 6: 

Nylon 6 is made from one component namely Caprolactum, which has six carbon atom. Nylon 6 fibers are tough,
possessing high tensile strength, as well as elasticity and luster. They are wrinkle-proof and highly resistant to
abrasion and chemicals such as acids and alkalis. The fibers can absorb up to 2.4% of water, although this lowers
tensile strength. The glass transition temperature of Nylon 6 is 47 °C. Nylon 6 Manufacturing Process is as follows:
 Monomer structure of Nylon 6

Flow Chart of Nylon-6 Manufacturing Process

Meltzer
↓
Mixing tank
↓
Filter
↓
Autoclave
↓
Condensation polymerization
↓
Melt spinning
↓
Drawing
↓
Texturization
↓
Winding
 Nylon 6 is produced by ring-opening chain-growth polymerization. In presence of water vapor and an acid catalyst
at the melt. After removal of water and acid, the nylon 6 is melt-spun at 250°–260°C into fibers. Nylon 6,6 is
prepared by step-growth polymerization of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. After drying, the nylon 6,6 is
melt-spun at 280°–290°C into fibers.

Physical Properties

1. Density: 1.14 g/cc

2. Tenacity: Dry= 4.2-5.8 gpd, Wet=4.0-5.3 gpd
3. Elongation at Break: Dry = 24-40, Wet= 28-43
4. Elastic Recovery at 4% extension= 100%
5. Moisture Regain= 4%
6. Because of low MR, wet nylon dries quickly.
7. Melting Point= 215 deg ºC ( Nylon 66-250 deg º C)
8. It is weakened by prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Chemical Properties

1. It is resistant to most organic acids such as benzene, chloroform, acetone, esters ethers, etc.
2.  It dissolves in phenol, cresol, and strong mineral acids.
3. good resistance towards alkalies.
4. Resistant to inorganic acids
These fibers are cylindrical in shape, with smooth surfaces, and without having any markings. The fibers are
uniform in diameter and appear round in cross-section.

Application of Nylon 6:

a. Tyre Cord Manufacturing

b. Fishing Lines
c. Luxury Yachts
d. Stockings with good fit, sheerness, quick washing, and drying properties.

Nylon-6.6:

There are several types of “nylon” polymers. The most widely utilized polyamides in commerce are type nylon 66
and nylon 6. Nylon-6.6 fiber is spun from polyhexamethylene adipamide, a polyamide made by condensation of
hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. Flow Chart of Nylon 66 Fiber Manufacturing Process is as follows:

NH2-(CH2)6-NH2+ HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH   →    –NH-(CH2)6-CONH-(CH2)4-CO–

…………HMD               Adipic acid                                               Nylon-6.6

Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, rigidity, good stability under heat, and/or chemical
resistance are required. It is used in fibers for textiles and carpets and molded parts. It is also used as zip ties,
conveyor belts, hoses, etc. Nylon 66 is also a popular guitar nut material. The manufacturing flow chart of Nylon 66
fiber is given below

Flowchart of Nylon-6.6 Fiber Manufacturing

Hexamethylene diamine + Adipic acid
↓
Mixing tank
↓
Evaporator
↓
Reactor
↓
Autoclave
↓
Melt spinning
↓
Drawing
↓
Texturization
↓
Winding

Polycondensation reaction: In the production of nylon 66 polymer adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine are used.
During polymerization, the diamine and the diacid each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. Therefore the
polymer formed in this reaction is called nylon 66. As with other regular copolymers like polyesters and
polyurethanes, the repeating unit consists of one of each monomer.
Melt spinning: Two-step melt spinning, comprised of spinning and drawing, is considered to be the conventional
method to manufacture nylon filaments. After melting, filtering, and deaerating, the molten polymer is extruded
through a spinneret into a chamber where the melt solidifies into a filament form.

Drawing: When the molten polyester gets solid and gets converted into filament. It has little molecular orientation,
and its slight birefringence is. The desired orientation of molecule and degree of crystallinity is improved by
drawing the filaments.

Properties of Nylon 6,6

Mechanical properties

 Melting point of about 255- 265 ° C

 Stability: Stable.
 Nylon 6,6 is slightly soluble in boiling water.
 It is an amorphous solid.
 Glass transition temperature: 50°C.
 Amorphous density at 25°C: 1.07 g/cm3.
 Crystalline density at 25°C: 1.24 g/cm3.
 Molecular weight of repeat unit: 226.32 g/mol.
 High Abrasion Resistance – Higher levels of resistance to wear by mechanical action
 Good Thermal Resistance – Special grades of nylon can have a melting point of almost 300°C
 Good Fatigue Resistance – This makes it ideal for components in constant cyclic motion like gears
 High Machineability – Cast billets can be machined into various components that would be too costly to
cast into intricate shapes
 Noise Dampening – Nylon is a very effective noise dampener

Chemical properties

 Chemical Resistance – Nylon 6,6 has low resistance to strong bases and acids
 Effects of microorganism: Moths, Mildew and insects do not attack Nylon.
 Effect of sunlight: no damage due to sunlight

Uses of Nylon 6,6

Nylon 6,6 is used for the following:

 Airbags, tires, ropes, conveyor belts, hoses.

 It is a light material so it is suitable to be used for parachutes.
 It is waterproof so it is used to make swimwear.
 It is also resistant to water, so it is used to make machine parts.