LECTURES IN GENETICS EIGHTH E TION Dolores A. Ramzez Profesor of Genetics Inst of Plane Bresting Collegeof Agere Univesity ofthe Phipps Ls Boe Merlyn . Mendiono Profesor of Genetes Instat of Bilge Secs Collage of Arts and Sciences Universi af the Philippines Los Baton Rita P. Laude Professor of Genetics Insite of Bislogia Sece annie of Ats ad Scenes 'siverity of the Philippines Los Baton University of the Phiippines SUMS Los BasLECTURE FIVE, ‘THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF HEREDITY se cle pln ea eet OF Ua eel pia dh fig 2 hhc compound or male Fac nc rap Be Sn oe wey png so all arin rt ne my purposes aria yo being te soy of banan pees sd dan cae or rea er ok rar ac tans ohm Se 8 a a iv wren pee tog ao ope Sere we leh pa ete em Se Of conc oy Faker sxond Wwe rac a arate Mes 1B. The Chemical Composition ofthe Chromosome sae Se i nr a sept nt ty ie a sche epi miata es mee oo em E Deosyribonaci al DNA) 12 Risa sal NA) 2 Prag 22 Nowe mest pte eet en 2 ple. DNA asthe Genede Material In coding mole be te genetic mari HJ Male (1922) pointed out ‘hetaoal ate the folowing arcs 1 mole mat aes dope hl with extroninary Fei: The ‘Rpord ror neon oles prom lon cope 2 ‘Themokeirrcrarc mo ey sabe 20 tha tors oF mursions occur reve ey bw goes 5. Whar theta been tenor or mutton, the eor/mutnon s duped as Fly the organ Tat accounts forth inhertance of manne that 1. iment awe freon we 5 Temmsrbe alee tame icmson fm genera Yo generation. Por sim th fe el ing nan soe ‘fcmies no oly tht the developing inal == harman eine ot 8 be, dog corm nite ora se meld but lo hats x pact Hur See © Theemaine wore und aed in he molesle mate doe ond tte ito acon. Somehow, thir mslecle must influence embryonic ereopmens to produces wong onganiam: Inter Words th BOOTS pst evzonment reduce the pho Sends have shown hat the esc mate ofthe chromosome are or the id fest oro butte DNA Fabowng ae fv ofthese sts: ‘DNA coe inal lp sur an gio ad of specs scaly ‘ons Even unde condoms of sara, which dmc the soo! Of ‘tot a components he amount of DNA andthe chromosome mmber sin achnged seat of DNA in hep ates perm nel i ada found in Sey So an ce econo See ne Be DNA concn’ choncrnic oe ss esd 2» Bete of 0k dia dang he meat pi fl oh en Fey cerct NA te ds ” 4. SCAR Seow the fo ager ace a ape ai rn oa hte, eh a, ha 2 showing diffe in DNA content. Also, the cells with chromosomes Panto eo penn hemes ve ce 5. Ate ee oe eee HE tenet stnmpon of DNA fen cide peo he Bre wen ee cts etn a fons, beeen, cen nd eee geennete © Tires cog py he dod te dtp 7 gee tet tin ig ate ot ms i eh ern a Spat art, oe yp la ae eee me ry ee oe ea Sees a ae ae abe yet ne we cate amy ef ie et sehen sc eae ce syle ce ee eee ee tees wacarter, Tere geet Bathe ig ante Rec ae re Same sree erat ea ae Tat eae ae eae er ec eh Inand, exttaces convnining DNA exhibited trantforensn Rx 08 the coher Rocce ae sa eo ne 289 masdeeton, fhe Baten feign ‘erved a6 the Soe ‘mansfereg, 1. Rinna Se ede sa ely un Segui forearm ema cot oe oe ce cc fe fom gt de a al ae seca Pract cas on, ts pong hat Zink and Lad (1952 ay hed DNA de he ined D. Chemical Composion of DNA At poh pining he DNA ee oe PT st Ps em ena ay et op the near srr of DNA Ts yn so Pare Fecillcnpmrer indore ine TBEDKA pment stg mies Ba— i ote i lone B. Molecule Structure of DNA Tg of i ta pe of mt ge sn ar Re ee ea Sees eee eee mao ak ea ne eigenen ata fate came 2 RRS ie ip le hago cetetaelO aie Spends ara scion ancien pe » Regen Scie y ee deme chosen spears Seaatee tapes re Ce ooh « REESTRIT atit o wsndne ete cw I ee tnd Crick proposed a double hex structure for DNA (Pgure 5-1). The nh ae sr tes ute ernapecnnthnts thy Orpen cae ace Sec cgteeat et anaes This helical cil ives the appearance of circular sarcase that has the same sen A a PE ct a ee ih Sacto seven wr a er al Se copiaed Ga meee a ae Stl sty Sef ep fone so sat a complet sn of 30 inves TO tae pais 34 A long The dameter Of dole elie 20 . oe emer mci sand, Wao nd ik pepe he bydgen ton teeter sf as pie pie) Atngh gs ‘onde re werker thane al Chel Bond he th nyo ss oa slong teen ofthc DNA moll ets gh ei aby an Shy he ‘tel. Thetydrpen bondage epost fh spony pao seni tyne, wal th oie ed pin 05 The Wn CMa of ague 52 Nokia nay ing adenine ill acon UG Sid conpuion of DNA (Nowe the opelse be the pment) tic of mer sce mod ere cm plan ber nae (ecto ce i yt ete eco ft ch te peo oe re gcc in beng oe of he mow nga anes of Wan (ick eel of Bp the phy he ee ma I ao ‘Stone fret plo an impos stn ene ncn Te nc wy Fine pocie mands mer by ope of be os es eo mt Stibe BNA sukels. T ancy = pdb wi de rer oan oa ea alee Organization of DNA in Chromosomes 1. Protagyoe chromosomes “The B, ciais DNA mk ho ol ransomed i 20 lamer and aor 10 og Zonal in be ES le emis of wh ne 20" A ag and eile DNA rc ho ett og hin he ae mat Tamed by hrving the DNA rc led ot nue fp Bi pb BN lene ch op he DNA fe ok eg ‘Rpeting igo 2 Sst the condemn of he Ef DNA fan ‘Stomoome or moc rs DNA fam i hnanne aoe Ea2 Bakaryotcchomoromes The DNA. is aly one of uth he DAN Fags composed o an ocamer compos of reach ofthe hse proses (EAH, H, and) and DNA. Ths DNA 0 sue pry ae abet 0 A.natest sound te ocames Another atone, Hy sabes te nsec of he BRIERE fs hk eed etna Pe 9 nats oe cs the components of the cukayene in we canons fs gery mic which peed ‘the cheese ithe flo G. Replication or Synthesis of DNA. 4. Mode of DNA rpicaton Of forthe vali of the DA = Sante eros Hae DN a be Te fee N89 of epion, any she de Camera made the para Ta Dugas a composed whol of acy se oo i oa toe hich eh dg oleae compen The db ge seine ty gett Watson nd Cake for sem conservatce mde of ‘DNA Spent 8 Th asd on ey epee one conning hem NE COMM for many generations ia the eure me thon abr hie jh Bee alee Ne me BNA wee NT ep ine ines 18,48 Nor "A cle ma for bevel she DN ey sn cs ser pi andthe bye ay NANUNZ ‘BNA double nei ex a pb jae Histones Histone Ht ‘techng oe an ("besa on sing") { hho |x ©) tooped {) Metaphase chromosomeNaeSeDawy a “eee 55 Denis hit Gj ofRicabon sod Suh oe day aca ‘Eireann fo Tama he senicomeroie miss SN Pes hl ate 7 DNR fase stig tl Ma ieee ten “NBA fo othe NB a eh ofthe DNA cnc Dyn dna ea acme er a "8 BNA ed ele rn ca ee ease xs In 1963 Job a kd the profs for temiconserte mode of DNA hl te El DNA eee wens fad ieee ae sy Inge ah sal crue me developed a ccbsque oF soln Ib eemotomes snd bling tho wth once (19 thymidine The mee ‘Sab ose eps of fe whoe Ef domtame tn ened {SiC DNA Tepid n't somone fon See ees wee th a ‘Saar experienc opening DNA fn pokayooe delete ogee ‘tired he tema comenathe te of DNA nai 2. Procets of BNA replication mesmo wil equ the ning va agi ceme DNA cs hpy wi e syed DNA mek sete 422, _Deoerbonadetde popes 07 SGT, CT on 23,_DNA helicase (Helicunwinding poten pone forte wing ofthe picasa sitet pa de 24, Single-strand DNA binding protein (SRP) is spol for peeing she sented tcl stan fm ntesing Me t Sap nlesueea DN ae pace fa” STOMP by Bedi a, DNA wpe of DNA rs hon nn mr of ac ae nag en PES ily ae a nee a ten te ical ny nae Si ch Rempel anes etree se TEIR'S emoved. che phoopealowc bond inten 7 302 sumtin. fe Phat ee pee $a eas a ms sage cnt ht oa he ae Soe SL ln omit ae Sc Free fom ee Se DN Te noe Toe, which ‘complet the puesta yame™ME . Secon vc te pes Pg ep, amet‘Beaune gees Gea ‘Simmons, 2083) . ; on png eon mien St eres tage agen BNA Poms (epee arr NET UNDtN + PP [ibe aN = brn phoe pe ih «jamie 208 Tecoma aunen Pit nl setae diy eno e poving smn ai YH ot RI pe Has he DNA yh nin 21. Primtie lates empaied oF 0 CO marcaset MPs of RNA primer sans RNA. primes 28 DNA potymcraze I which he > 3 (pine enya and 9 —> §° gon ag uc ssa hc A pen epg DNA 29. DNA ligase i + pining come casing the fommon of conn Phonpoiner Dad brace ajc sot have bon spn by ac [ithe of imac nnd Insenen 20H enact PO, ed) gure 5:7. Mccann of act of DNA pobymene (& mille wk fGom she 3 OM roup ofthe feet DNA sand rot ht Colne stachment of» new aude ba rd ep [fof pyophospte. The new nucleo is pssne By DHE Paling be DNA sepa sandcoxyme td sobeune ae Motte la Pure band descbed Se flow The BNA double hel servers the empl for DN sess, Thr double bake xiao eae gestodene run ep _ Ota gmat San OT "ips 58 Procos of pcan a he opening Fok sD ci hunni f te hs wee tempts i Thcengt SO sing, sd here, aesemmpani by ATP hyarapi Then ‘has peat! BNA Tang prea binds to one of te sepa sands te fr oer he me no remiss cre te fe sce fats DNA tr seg on hs cee spr secaaity BN by Duell pa now rad or DNAse wih east 2c the st Someone pee | OF RNA primer senting te, ‘mw besatesned consanouty an hs fee wth leading stand The ae ead, which & apa ssid acta a ef wo a be ei rf he ei an hg DNA times the i DR tt al gat ae a Sones DNA is pa eA pn red bya => om Seoviy, Removal tthe RNA primer and tees by DNA wd pode ‘lek (absence sf + puede bod) bomen tw donna ued DNA\sinnds This nck walle cowl by DNA fe wh eee # ean Site Hidencer sh the ro sna sate sion The compl repleston apparatus moving slong e DNA moka he open fk le ‘epnome which ts componed ofthe haocnene DNA PagmeaI (ne eae fore epics the ing sana the second cna com pene he gigs) Sad the prmosome which amps of DNA hase snd DNA primase gue 33, knew oa DNAs he te DN pe i ssh mp om he pasos he rd ce BAA DRApaennse i, epee ag td on Pg 59. The proace of oy case cna DNA Penge nce “iment ot i dng on hg ets ea HY Simmons 30‘Prac DNA polmeaes “Thera diferent DNA poten poke pte. The different ape sod a onebos we peed bw (abe). FypeoF DNA Pome exons) Sykes of DNA ding epic Spates of sor apt DNA Dues remcral(S 3eronscese) Prooftendng("" exonsles) DNA Palmer ‘Symes of DNA ding rena Proofing = 5' exons) DNA Polen IE DNA synthene xa Profiending (8 ~ 3 exonucease) Palmer 1Y Repleadon of damaged DNA DNA Pater caso of aged DNA, ules repeon ca CE ehaniam of eaarocrepeaton sina to prokaryote, They dlr ‘ute ena needed. Mow ofthe cmap rrpenile for DNA spon mands have ben Wend a chances (Table 32), “ssn mapa Pastas and Annes oo rostanaer 5 —— ' one Spa DNA dor epi 5 polis ‘Sputens of engrned Prostentng O~5 tomachan) DNA Pols x response fr sh thet of ala stand Hho fons a= prime to nat wean pee DNA Pl pe forte sue ofthe Fegan oe DS Pel and hve protein sins ~$ ecca DRA Pols funcinns dors DN rope le DNA Poly needa none DNA repletion Is sara pcg sty (5 extmals) 3. Gonformations of DNA replcaion ‘The paces imal in DN. repon woul be he same in all opi ‘geet the conformation of DN repesson ty depending on he ey ces mr la the peo He ck fe me a Sa, tp D5 ins ge eo ln DA mae ie pnts wre DN tepeton ttn Ts de bye fone of ‘pension “ouLS" The ttaon pane maybe one per DNA mle inh se ‘femal ies, or hundreds af stason pois pet DNA mole a inthe oe of Ig esharyone chemo Once sepleaon babe fxm grows aa DRA replicon procul un bec cone If thee anyone eon pl, ‘epleton i comple wh ropeaton sachs te 0 tn of he DNA mek Intec where ther ne acs ion poe, adja ke fie em a bruce az sptcason conten Upon completion of tpn op Ht dae Pihet"anahner mics ach ontining 4 toner ved nals rated Sno ate produced Tyre 510 lees eenson of ener DNA msec IH Ky Figur 5:10. Digan of renal mpictonl lner DNA moe sve ition pas22, Comber DNA Tht fem Specie repinton pont oa the aie [DNA a enti Repetto sled byte forme of septeion “ie=s {hsp anda epcrion proceeds wed deco round te chrome ‘ett al ponte The mio poss mee nn Sint the Geek fener shea (®, hence the nue Thom cfermanen Upon ‘Semple f epeason, two cen ugh DNA eels te proce, cach i ‘etonseried DNA spd alone el Shesied sand igse 1 state he ‘Tea conormason of DNA epson e513. Dagan a Than conto of ican of ecular DNA males 3.3 Grr DNA alg sre seman, Te ling ce, 4 cent ml oe ‘he eeplon ofthe single rand DNA ina, wel a te “oop vain 8 a pode ae shu ge $128, The wollng Gils monk _\ sng smd ONDA ee ia etd ths th pnd of ps in ee pe Sen Pr the Fyre shows S00 akon wat to ee poet ne-sane ln ore © pe he ing fon fanaa cicane St eal nt anaes gil DNA cd. Se agi Sed) RI ye eg Struct tn send nana, a 332 ‘The next sys of DNA sets i so RE see OE sion phag-encuel pron els he RE mec as ah ts) ‘and The new (*) sean shen steed by exeanne ene ad bee by a mechani iwi nad dpc Conpeeseion of POSEWw Fike ew clr (4) ean On the ae ad th diplaced (+) san may seve empl fr gma fe © and of now RE mole ich ould yn he (G) stand pe an pce [Fgue STi The looped” cling cle moa (A chame of Gal procn acon ‘Besa hs il fants hei pennies ind of peony sing gecicalyHewal (8) ad she cesta surcon rocn Sak tan cent es ‘plein td Lod 9 end" prs in he vega te sands a ‘Se Colette fend cs te semen cone ep Miyata Sm tn ema ao oe ee ee tne as repented on he cep ee SEPSIS eyes oh Ses Ron patos sokien red In hayes’ te tele tek Se bn ek ‘otie ahora ecole chore we Sendo) sam 333 The i sg fenton (RF cS yh) esata er in infection when sei of) sean om te diced () sun led by poten at ence epee Fisyas of peer males ove iit DN sane Se phage DNA tompnes we RF seins de de of he Fad BNA prs eg ron pani man reeds DNA sgn, ‘here thertone» nef 2 pdbalonue oer th be ped te rapded DN tcp ad une rms cones ate OF gap The te Framing dsl pcs sven tow subec DNR ago [ice enema pun he hon deed by ak 8 noe lignes 1. RNA polymere catatoen RNA priming i pg DNA sate 2 eee Uo, ley page ad Set DNA syns hene DN As ae coved nh DNA neg pron, 3. dan G protein ls etace pening of phage m 74 BNA ss betel ae ‘re paming eteson inva dw fans €(D} rts Spice DNA clongution fer pring longaton occurs ance» pier i syed single ended eee page DNAcr onan syle inna DN Shes proce om she 3 OF ad of primer and heen gown the 500 2a yet DNA ees Ie BRR gee fendenaon i INTDs wih the ate of one Ppenteapns eee ‘Seonyuccoe inenporatad (ge 57, DNA payne i al Sones pel ‘BNAin combinant dna 7 poten 2d DNA song neo eM ee (DNA EFT and DNA EFI, The ect lading we BNA cnseioe we seeoe oh iene 313 1. DNA BF II) and doa 7 protein frm # prottin comple independent of DNA pmense I, DNA Br pened empl and meade a. ahr they cen he ame BNA os eel mpi ese tcnton re "ATP or GAT a bok pele eas se Snes OF ATP and JAP thao seuss SE CH 3. BNI pohmense fl nde othe DNA BF ped BW col, 4. Theclmpos of DNA poiymse I, DNR EF Tse pt pine a DNA seth in the paoence of INTEFlew 5.13. Mechaniam of DNA el ° masa Aes he iy ebm ithe ded ved DNA ie come imo dh ‘nae 8 RNA primer by acon of he mowed to 3 exoneciase bootateney ee eet deoxyuceoisr in the gan rete. Whe al te formed, DNA tpn ran that only a singe phosphosarter bond remains 10 be spec re ae J he ely made DNA to form the silos DNA. Negve HY inuoduee, posi by BNA gyrase. s< BNA, BNA | 1H. sor Cornceion in INA Replication “The prin in DN. pein it fe epretd vhen ne cons he rogue fer de rps Te gaya ot in opr af DNA pes ae 0 coe psd eee Siegcny of In 10 oe shal ext om on eer 278 (18 0 SSI tour (1157 haw te Sane hae BNA ates re a 108 trelder por sci, ctr Sal Be epee vey 27778 (HS) a) Bay hous (L157 da) "Ti high fly at DN sopltion ae been ata wo te spi of Ingen Bonding here the toe Lae ode complement veo Be Incoming sbmichidecipapine Hoverer pero anes ‘ager ach hur cf Neos per se espe "Stohr ater fre spb for uh pein a BRA een. 1. The “proofreading” fanction ofthe DNA pabmeases “The DNA polymerase pase XP 5 nome iy. Thay sho rite cares Ue ening Deven she 3°08 grap fe tral queen of ie Bowne ge primera sma deme nd Toecion of an incor mucne ae he pei bee of coe nc ing, He DNA pects ten tts wp eee oe mas neha ining $= 5; coud cy ad acy ce peer iri Therein, ach nck nee io ping st! eed ie 2 Repair mechanisms 21. Ras of mie snr Tine son ca be induced beeen sce hing banc nDNA sd ya ge “he mie dries yp pie ih ct sion he DN sin nc hte Te a Johor ofite DNA wn bck ede de eae rn fled in by DN pape cpa peer eae et O {pune The raining kth sed OF DNAs a 22. Nahe wip Nie ds end ng ee ven angen tne ae Ba sein {AE ate ac ess pe pe ‘jm oc Tha ened cna a pee ‘anick near the AP site; chen an exonuclease wil eave the “damaged” porion 2 'DNA sean thus producing «gp. DNA polerse (separ polymer) file ia he ‘pp by sein the corse mccotdes pose the template stan This i ten (elowtd by DNA ie which does he nic 1 RNA a thé Genetic Material Aino DNA bas been comidere tthe genetic mae it as bec bere in {ome vse tha RNA aces to hve pee fl, eg, snbuces moses Ad ‘nana vet Tn thes sce the gene tse appa wo be Seon ce ‘HA RNA plying he ces of ts the See ands eee I all eh ts the tole of the RNA inthe gen stem is a iver been DNA and gine exresion, There are difecnr pes of RIVA sn ths #9, ‘sir mecsenges BNA (tN) anor RNA (RNA so osomal RNA (RNA ‘The dsuncive fees of RNA sei spa abo nae andthe subaru OF ‘hs prem bs, for thyme. Ine RNA thee nos equa betwee he ‘its sad pine stow indcaung te anes oft double heb, Av » sale; RNA ‘mia sSiglesranded wrcrre However, even when RNA is single oar ‘ally soe be aed by is aiy to fal tack om welt otha Seeaional tse ‘tng sd byopea bonding ene ome Fou of ped hell vce LECTURE SIX GENE FUNCTIONS: PROTEINS AND ENZYMES A, Genetic Control of Proteins 1. Gene-enryme reltonship:inbom eof metab “The function ofa gene coma infacace he heompe: Howes bern Be gene and he ental phonon re may ete Cen tae ll Ereanane exacy how fone cil ced re Nhs Oe ag ‘hyn, whe ft ogised ti pete cmon een at Eee Bitmaded te dhouc Sepa 12 ‘Alesponocn Inher ar + Mendelian exe, cue ani an he potion ‘fn ha rm ck upon apr Thsagh ks Redag ape Coed Seabee exeblsh heft tat hapronun sete cage ee dene, {Sntenedinte prods ina mertole pathy sd tne trains acer oy {Totheme ck n chi puon, fn nol aa te ene ae {reaatzed to breatdown proc by ie cee ates ne ‘Sune On the cer hand he alepronans Me we eee eta id bear they lack chi enaye- This, Cato swede eee dan name Tasemore, by feng saptonic ih pheane snd no, # wt sued tae hese rs sc ae Pease oe, ‘Or inborn execs of meron were treed Ch he ads of he retsolam of pheynaaine (igure 1) The ene of ee (SSbeon ced to an pane neon of saya og ago meilen ele metabole ep (Fable 1) 2 One Gene-one enzyme hypothe “The preietclaonsip berwen ges en etaymesbeane beer when Geare W. Beadle and Evade Twn formed a ae pps Fes cen re ap a ‘Mowe praiuer of + mecotole pce ws atc Peet % ‘Theymes cach prodced by a particular gene by a sepwise