PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

PMRE 6001: RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

LE CTURE : 6

Credit Hour: 3/week

Course Teacher: Dr. Afifa Tabassum Tinni

PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N

For gas reservoir N, Np= 0

G= initial gas in place, SCF

Gas MBE

Rock and water compressibility are negligible compared to gas compressibility

PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N

• Volumetric gas reservoirs

We,Wp = 0

Plot of P/Z vs Gp is a straight line with slope –Pi/ZiG and intercept Pi/Zi
At P/Z= o, Gp= G
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N

• Water drive gas reservoirs

Deviation from straight line indicates

water encroachment

MBE for volumetric gas

reservoir
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N

• Water drive gas reservoirs

For water influx and production

Rearranging

For volumetric reservoir We=0, RHS of the equation is constant,

For water drive, LHS increases
The line produced by the several of RHS values at different time or
production when extrapolated gives G.
The difference between the horizontal line and straight light gives
, , so We can be determined
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Darcy’s law: empirical law that introduces flow rates into reservoir engineering

Iron cylinder
1 m Unconsolidated sand pack
Manometers above and below sand pack

Finding;
Velocity ∝ difference in manometric height

Test fluid: water, variation: type of sand pack ( changing K)

PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Others; variation of Darcy’s experiment:

Orientation at different angles

Finding;
∆h is always the same for a given flow rate( irrespective of
the orientation

Darcy’s law- independent of the direction of the flow in the

earth’s gravitational field
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Others; variation of Darcy’s experiment:

Darcy’s law in differential form:

φ, fluid potential, potential energy per unit mass

φ – work required by a frictionless process, to transport a unit mass of fluid, from a state of atmospheric pressure and zero
elevation to the point of question
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Generalized Darcy’s law:

Irrespective of fluid type, k- absolute permeability

Criteria for the Darcy’s law to be valid

• 100% fluid saturation
• Viscous flow
• Non reactive system
Sign convention:
Linear flow:
Absolute units
Radial flow
Darcy units

Unit:
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Radial steady state flow: well stimulation

Constant flow rate q, dp/dt= o, at all points

Oil withdrawn from the reservoir= fluid encroachment at r=re

Homogenous reservoir

Well is perforated across the entire formation thickness

Darcy’s law for radial system

Separating variables and integrating

Pressure change is logarithmic with respect to radius

PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Radial steady state flow: well stimulation

During drilling wellbore P > formation P ( to prevent inflow) drilling mud flow towards
formation wellbore damage
Skin development
Additional p drop by Van Everdingen

S= mechanical skin factor, dimensionless

In field units
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Radial steady state flow: well stimulation

Productivity index, STB/d/psi

Maximizing PI well stimulation

Methods for well stimulation:

• Well stimulation
- with acids
- S becomes 0 or positive

• Increasing the effective permeability

- by hydraulic fracturing
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

Radial steady state flow: well stimulation

Methods for well stimulation:

• Reduction in oil formation volume factor

- choosing the correct surface separator/ combination of separator

• Reduction in re/rw
- little influence on PI
- underreaming increases rw
• Increasing the well penetration
- if possible
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

The mechanics of supplementary recovery:

Supplementary recovery: increasing the reservoir natural energy, generally by injecting a fluid ( most
common: water flood)

Mobility : directly proportional to the fluid velocity

Ideal displacement: sharp interface between oil and water

Ahead the interface: only oil is moving with connate water

Behind the interface: only water is moving with residual oil

This occurs when end point mobility ratio

Oil velocity is equal or greater than water velocity, no water

bypasses
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

The mechanics of supplementary recovery:

Non ideal displacement: M>1

Water travels faster than oil, water bypasses and forms

tongues
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

The mechanics of supplementary recovery:

Mobility control:

Should be less than or equal to 1

Methods for mobility reduction

• Polymer flooding ( increase water viscosity): by water soluble polymers like polysachharides
• Thermal methods ( decrease μo/μd)
hot water injection
steam injection
in situ combustion

• Tertiary flooding : flooding with soluble or miscible fluid

PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6

I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW

The mechanics of supplementary recovery:

Tertiary flooding methods

• Miscible flooding ( LPG)

• CO2 flooding ( soluble flooding)- CO2 increases oil saturation and decreases oil viscosity

• Surfactant flooding:

surfactants:
dissolves in oil and increases the oil saturation

reduces the surface tension between oil and water