PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
PMRE 6001: RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
LE CTURE : 6
Credit Hour: 3/week
Course Teacher: Dr. Afifa Tabassum Tinni
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
For gas reservoir N, Np= 0
G= initial gas in place, SCF
Gas MBE
Rock and water compressibility are negligible compared to gas compressibility
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
• Volumetric gas reservoirs
We,Wp = 0
Plot of P/Z vs Gp is a straight line with slope –Pi/ZiG and intercept Pi/Zi
At P/Z= o, Gp= G
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
• Water drive gas reservoirs
Deviation from straight line indicates
water encroachment
MBE for volumetric gas
reservoir
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
• Water drive gas reservoirs
For water influx and production
Rearranging
For volumetric reservoir We=0, RHS of the equation is constant,
For water drive, LHS increases
The line produced by the several of RHS values at different time or
production when extrapolated gives G.
The difference between the horizontal line and straight light gives
, , so We can be determined
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
P E T RO L E U M R E S E RV E E S T I M AT I O N : G A S M AT E R I A L B A L A N C E E Q U AT I O N
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Darcy’s law: empirical law that introduces flow rates into reservoir engineering
Iron cylinder
1 m Unconsolidated sand pack
Manometers above and below sand pack
Finding;
Velocity ∝ difference in manometric height
Test fluid: water, variation: type of sand pack ( changing K)
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Others; variation of Darcy’s experiment:
Orientation at different angles
Finding;
∆h is always the same for a given flow rate( irrespective of
the orientation
Darcy’s law- independent of the direction of the flow in the
earth’s gravitational field
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Others; variation of Darcy’s experiment:
Darcy’s law in differential form:
φ, fluid potential, potential energy per unit mass
φ – work required by a frictionless process, to transport a unit mass of fluid, from a state of atmospheric pressure and zero
elevation to the point of question
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Generalized Darcy’s law:
Irrespective of fluid type, k- absolute permeability
Criteria for the Darcy’s law to be valid
• 100% fluid saturation
• Viscous flow
• Non reactive system
Sign convention:
Linear flow:
Absolute units
Radial flow
Darcy units
Unit:
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Radial steady state flow: well stimulation
Constant flow rate q, dp/dt= o, at all points
Oil withdrawn from the reservoir= fluid encroachment at r=re
Homogenous reservoir
Well is perforated across the entire formation thickness
Darcy’s law for radial system
Separating variables and integrating
Pressure change is logarithmic with respect to radius
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Radial steady state flow: well stimulation
During drilling wellbore P > formation P ( to prevent inflow) drilling mud flow towards
formation wellbore damage
Skin development
Additional p drop by Van Everdingen
S= mechanical skin factor, dimensionless
In field units
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Radial steady state flow: well stimulation
Productivity index, STB/d/psi
Maximizing PI well stimulation
Methods for well stimulation:
• Well stimulation
- with acids
- S becomes 0 or positive
• Increasing the effective permeability
- by hydraulic fracturing
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
Radial steady state flow: well stimulation
Methods for well stimulation:
• Reduction in oil formation volume factor
- choosing the correct surface separator/ combination of separator
• Reduction in re/rw
- little influence on PI
- underreaming increases rw
• Increasing the well penetration
- if possible
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
The mechanics of supplementary recovery:
Supplementary recovery: increasing the reservoir natural energy, generally by injecting a fluid ( most
common: water flood)
Mobility : directly proportional to the fluid velocity
Ideal displacement: sharp interface between oil and water
Ahead the interface: only oil is moving with connate water
Behind the interface: only water is moving with residual oil
This occurs when end point mobility ratio
Oil velocity is equal or greater than water velocity, no water
bypasses
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
The mechanics of supplementary recovery:
Non ideal displacement: M>1
Water travels faster than oil, water bypasses and forms
tongues
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
The mechanics of supplementary recovery:
Mobility control:
Should be less than or equal to 1
Methods for mobility reduction
• Polymer flooding ( increase water viscosity): by water soluble polymers like polysachharides
• Thermal methods ( decrease μo/μd)
hot water injection
steam injection
in situ combustion
• Tertiary flooding : flooding with soluble or miscible fluid
PMRE 6001: Reservoir Engineering – Lecture 6
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO DA R C Y ’ S L AW
The mechanics of supplementary recovery:
Tertiary flooding methods
• Miscible flooding ( LPG)
• CO2 flooding ( soluble flooding)- CO2 increases oil saturation and decreases oil viscosity
• Surfactant flooding:
surfactants:
dissolves in oil and increases the oil saturation
reduces the surface tension between oil and water
