UNIT 8: Management of Training in Extension

Types of Training
1. According to scope or sector: International, National, Regional, and Local.
2. According to level of management of participants: Top management, Middle
management, and Low-level management.
3. According to purpose: Orientation, Skills training, Basic training, and In-Service
training.
4. According to subject matter or discipline: Crop production, Management
training, Training on research methodologies, and Market training.
5. According to a group of participant-trainees: Producers, Technicians,
Specialist, Researches, Managers, Youths, and Students.
6. Other classifications: Entry training, In-service training, Project-related training,
and Self-development training.

General Purpose of Training

1. Acquire knowledge from the learning process.
2. Develop skills of their ability to do the work.
3. Sharpen their techniques, which usually involve the application in the situation of
both knowledge and skills.
4. Develop/change their attitudes toward their work and work organization.
5. Gain experience as a result of participating or applying the knowledge, skills, and
techniques over a period of time and often in a number of different situations.

Training Program Development

1. The Pre-Training or Planning Phase - during this stage the composition of the
Training Management Team (TMT) is effective. The expertise of the potential
members is considered for effective conduct of training.
The activities in the planning phase are:
a. Organizational Study
b. Assessment of training needs
c. Formulating training objectives
d. Determining the course content and methodology of the training
program
e. Scheduling of training activities
f. Preparing and reproducing training materials
g. Monitoring and evaluation
h. Estimating the budget

2. The Training Implementation Phase - the activities usually done in the

implementation stage are:
a. Actual Conduct or delivery of the training
b. Application of appropriate training methods
c. Utilization of training materials and media
 d. Establishing training-learning situations between the resource
persons and participants and training management team

3. The Post-Training Phase - at the post-training phase, a summative evaluation

and follow-up activities are undertaken. A summative evaluation is conducted at
the end of the training by the management staff and participants. It aims to
determine the following:
a. Attainment of the training objectives
b. The relevance, usefulness, and importance of the topics to the
participants
c. The appropriateness of the methods
d. The performance of the participants, resource persons and
training management staff
e. Comparison of actual outputs and desired outputs

Results of the evaluation may serve as the guide or basis for subsequent training activities. A
follow-up of the trainees should be undertaken to see what changes in job behavior took place
as a result of the program. The tangible results of the training program in terms of job
performance are determined.

● Three sets of conditions

1. Support Systems
2. Organized Work
3. Regular Reporting

Management is associated with the acronym ‘POSDCORB’

● P - Planning
● O - Organizing
● S - Staffing
● D - Directing
● C - Coordination
● R - Reporting
● B - Budgeting

1. Support Systems
- A referral and support systems of specialists
- A clear line of administrative responsibility

2. Organized Work
- Fixed schedules
- Regular training meetings
- Regular in-service training
- Feedback utilization and recognition
3. Regular Reporting
- Plan of work and accomplishment reports
- Record on farmers (e.g. crops, credit, markets)
- Records on rural agricultural development needs (e.g. social services and
infrastructure needs)
UNIT 9: Community Development Approach

Community Development (CD) is a process by which a civil society is strengthened or

empowered to address their needs. Needs assessment is important in order to do prioritization
of community needs. It seeks the empowerment of local communities, taken to mean both
geographical communities organizing around specific themes or policy initiatives.

Key Concepts and Philosophy of CD

1. Community
● Comes from the Latin word, ‘communitas’ which means common.
● A group of people living in the same geographical location, sharing a
common cultural heritage, language, beliefs and interests.
● People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social
and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live.
● Denotes a specific geo-ghraphical area, to others a social system, and to
others a set of cultural values which people share.

2. Development
● Involves change, improvement and vitality - a directed attempt to improve
participation, flexibility, equity, attitudes, the function of institutions and the
quality of life. It is the creation of wealth - wealth meaning the things
people value, not just dollars. It leads to a net addition to community
assets, avoiding the “zero sum” situation where a job created “here”, is a
job lost “there”.
● Development is a process that increases choices. It means new options,
diversification, thinking about apparent issues differently and anticipating
change.

3. Public Participation: How is a community motivated to effect change? Who in

the community should get involved? Four Types of Public Participation: Public
action, Public Involvement, Electoral Participation, and Obligatory Participation.
a. Public Action is the type of participation in CD. The activities are initiated
and controlled by citizens, with the intent of influencing government
officials and others.
b. In the CD process, the role of public involvement may start with the
public action and shift to public involvement, depending on the
organization context and “ownership” of the process. Generally, public
action is the category of public participation on which community-based
organizations (CBOs) focus.
c. Electoral participation is probably the most limited form of participation
as it focuses just on the act of voting.
d. Obligatory participation is initiated and controlled by government
officials. This type of public participation can have a meaningful impact on
the quality of life and may ultimately lead to a community-initiated effort.
 ● Inclusiveness
○ Social inclusion in general refers to the involvement of a wide range of social
groups (also the vulnerable ones that can easily be excluded) to different spheres
of life by improving the accessibility to public and private services. Accordingly,
socially inclusive planning puts the emphasis on the residents and their
groupings and on the inclusion of the socially weaker parts of them.
○ Inclusion continuously creates a community involved in defining and addressing
public issues; participation emphasizes public input on the content of programs
and policies.

4. Power
● Power in a community is the ability to affect the decision making process
and the use of resources, both public and private, within a community or
watershed group. Power is simply the capacity to bring about change. It is
the energy that gets things done.
● The concept of shared power is being recognized as representing a
more sustainable and effective approach. Power, used in implementing
locally led conservation, should be viewed as the ability of citizens and
civic leaders to bring together diverse community members in initiatives
that lead to real, measurable change in the lives of their community.

Philosophy of CD
● Work based on “felt needs”
● Work based on assumption that people want to be free from poverty and pain:
a. Security
b. Recognition
c. Response
d. New Experience
● It is assumed that people wish to have freedom in controlling their own lines and
deciding the forms of economic, religious, education, and political institutions, under
which they will live.
● People’s values given due consideration.
● It is presumed that cooperation, group decision-making, self-initiative, social
responsibility, leadership, trustworthiness and ability to work are included in the program.
● Self-help.
● People are the greatest resource.
● The program involves a change in attitude, habits, ways of thinking, relationship among
people in the level of knowledge and intellectual advancement of people, changes in
their skills, i.e. practices of agriculture health etc.
Community Organizing (CO). Is the process of building consensus around community issues.
It can involve raising the public consciousness about a matter of concern, gathering people
together to work for a common goal or to receive specialized services. Community Organizers
gather information, educate the public, introduce neighbors, train new leaders, and bring people
together.

Stage 1. Entry into the Community

Stage 2. Community Immersion
Stage 3. Core Group Formation
Stage 4. Formatting of the Community Based Organization (CBO)
Stage 5. Community Capacity Building
Stage 6. Participatory Community Research
Stage 7. Community Planning for Problem Solving
Stage 8. Community Resource Mobilization
Stage 9. Project Implementation
Stage 10. Exit from the Community
Unit 10: SOCIAL PREPARATION: A Gizmo to a Sustainable Agriculture System of SAAD

● The Department of Agriculture through its local program, the Special Area for
Agricultural Development (SAAD) instituted in 2017 has one of its components, Social
Preparation.
● The main objective is to empower marginalized farmers and fisherfolks through series of
meetings and trainings (including needs assessment) in order to ensure readiness of
SAAD beneficiaries in accepting and managing the project in collaboration with partners
(local government units, private sector, and other government agencies and
stakeholders) in the 30 poorest of the poor provinces with highest poverty of the country.
● It intensifies production and livelihood interventions to pro-poor growth and proactive
investment in poverty reduction, food security, nutrition, and enterprise.
● Most have also committed to social development goals, such as equitable
development, gender equality, social protection and peace.
●