Computer Graphics

Unit -V
Dr. S. Annal Ezhil Selvi MCA, M.Phil., SET., NET., Ph.D.,
Associate Professor,
Bishop Heber College,Trichy-17.
 Projections
• Projection can be defined as a mapping of point P(x,y,z) on to its
image P’(x’,y’,z’) in the projection plane or view plane , which
constitutes the display surface.
• The mapping is determined by a projection line called the projector
that passes through P and intersects the view plane.
• The intersection point is P’
y

P (x,y,z)
Projection Plane/View Plane Projector

P’ (x’,y’,z’)
x

The problem of projection 2

Z
 Projections
• The result of projecting an image is dependent on the spatial
relationship among the projectors that project the points on the
object , and the spatial relationship between the projectors and the
view plane
• An important observation is that projection preserves the lines. That
is the line joining the projected images of the endpoints of the
original line is the same as theyprojection of that line.

Projection Plane/View Plane P (x,y,z)

Projector

P’ (x’,y’,z’)
x

The problem of projection

Z 3
 Projections
• Projections: key terms…
– Projection from 3D to 2D is defined by straight projection rays
(projectors) emanating from the 'center of projection', passing
through each point of the object, and intersecting the 'projection
plane or view plane' to form a projection.
• Display device (a screen) is 2D…
– How do we map 3D objects to 2D space?

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Taxonomy of projections

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 Types of Projection
• Key factor is the center of projection.
– if distance to center of projection is finite : perspective
– if infinite : parallel
• Perspective projection
– Projection lines are crossing the view plane and converge in a projection
reference point (PRP)
– An image point is determined by a projector that goes from an object
point to the center of projection.
– visual effect is similar to human visual system…
– has 'perspective foreshortening'
size of object varies inversely with distance from the center of
projection.
―angles only remain intact for faces parallel to projection plane.

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 Types of Projection
• Parallel projection
– All projection lines are crossing the view plane in parallel; preserve
relative proportions
– Less realistic view because of no foreshortening
– However, parallel lines remain parallel.
– Angles only remain intact for faces parallel to projection plane.

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 Perspective vs. Parallel
• Perspective projection
+ Size varies inversely with distance - looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not (in general) preserved
– Parallel lines do not (in general) remain parallel

• Parallel projection
+ Good for exact measurements
+ Parallel lines remain parallel
– Angles are not (in general) preserved
– Less realistic looking

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Perspective projection

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 Perspective Projections
• Any parallel lines not parallel to the projection plane,
converge at a vanishing point.
– There are an infinite number of these, 1 for each of the
infinite amount of directions line can be oriented.

• If a set of lines are parallel to one of the three

principle axes, the vanishing point is called an axis
vanishing point.
– There are at most 3 such points, corresponding to the
number of axes cut by the projection plane.

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 Perspective Projections
• Example:
– if z projection plane cuts the z axis: normal to it, so only z
has a principle vanishing point, as x and y are parallel and
have none.

• Can categorise perspective projections by the

number of principle vanishing points, and the
number of axes the projection plane cuts.

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 Perspective Projections
• 2 different examples of a one-point perspective
projection of a cube.
(note: x and y parallel lines do not converge)

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 Perspective Projections
• Two-point perspective projection:
– This is often used in architectural, engineering and
industrial design drawings.
– Three-point is used less frequently as it adds little
extra realism to that offered by two-point
perspective projection.

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 Perspective Projections
• Two-point perspective projection:

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Perspective Projections
x

Projection plane

p (x,y,z
)
ps(xs,ys)
C z

d
d
z
C
By similar triangles: ps(x ,ys)
s
p (x,y,z
Projection plane )
y

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Perspective Projections

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 The general form of a
Perspective Transformation

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Road in perspective

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 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing points?

3-Point 2-Point 1-Point

Perspective Perspective Perspective

Angel Figure 5.10

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 Perspective Projection
• In the real world, objects exhibit perspective
foreshortening: distant objects appear
smaller
• The basic situation:

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 Perspective Projection
• When we do 3-D graphics, we think of the
screen as a 2-D window onto the 3-D world:

How tall should

this bunny be?

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 A 3D Scene
• Notice the presence of
the camera, the
projection plane, and
the world
coordinate axes

• Viewing transformations define how to acquire the

image on the projection plane

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 Perspective anomalies
• Perspective foreshortening
– The further an objective is from the center of projection, the smaller it
appears (its projected size become smaller)
View plane
y

Sphere B is 2.5 times

the size of sphere A, yet
both spheres appear to
be the same size when
projected on to the
view plane.

C(0,0,-d) A B z

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 Perspective anomalies
• Vanishing points:
– Projections of lines that are not parallel to the
view plane(lines that are not perpendicular to the
view plane normal) appear to meet some point on
the view plane
– A common manifestation of this anomaly is the
illusion that railroad tracks meet at a point on the
horizon.

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 Perspective anomalies
• View confusion:
– Objects behind the center of projection are projected upside
down and backward on to the view plane
• Topological distortion:
– Consider the plane that passes through the center of projection
and is parallel to the view plane.
• The point of this plane are projected to infinity by the perspective
transformation.
• In particular a finite line segment joining a point which lies in front
of the viewer to a point in back of the viewer is actually projected
to a broken line of infinite extent.

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 3D Viewing & Clipping

• 3D Viewing
• Viewing Transformation
• 3D Graphics Pipeline

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