MATH

CULMINATING
TEXT BOOK
TOMOAKI SEKIMOTO
Introduction to Function
What is a Function?
A function the input only has one
possible output. In other words the x of
the function can only have one y value.

What is a Domain?
All the possible value of the input
(Independent Value). In other words the
possible value of x in a function.
What is a Range?
All the possible value of the output
(Independent Value). In other words the
possible value of y in a function.
How to show express range and
domain
∈ ∈
Range:{x R } , Domain {y R }
∈ R is used when there is infinite
possible value of range and domain
 Parent Function
What is a Parent Function?
The simplest form of the function that
forms the entire family/equation
(Function)

y=x y=IxI

y=x²

y=1/x y=√x
 Transformation
g(x) = af(kx-d)+c is the basic form of a
function and each variable a, k, d and c
describes a transformation
a is the vertical multiplication of the function.
Described as stretch or compression. If the a
factor is 2 you will have a vertical stretch of a
factor of 2.
k is the horizontal multiplication of the
function. The key point is that the
transformation will be the opposite. For
example if the k value is 2 you will have a
vertical compression of a factor of 1/2.

d is the horizontal transformation of the

function. The key point is that it represents the
opposite. For example if the d value is -5 you
will transform the graph 5 units to the right.
c is the vertical transformation of the function
For example, if the c value is 5 you will
transform the graph 5 units up.
 Quadratic Function
A quadratic function is a type of
function that is expressed as
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, the parent function
being x². The graph will look like a U or
a U upside down.
How to Identify a Quadratic Function

One factor of a quadratic function is that

the second difference of the graph is the
same. From the example above we can
see that the second difference is
constantly 4, thus we know that the
graph shows a quadratic equation
 Forms of a Quadratic Function
Standard form: f(x)=ax²+bx+c
Tells us the direction of opening, if the a
value is positive graph open upwards, if
negative opens downwards

Factored form: f(x)=a(x-r)(x-s)

Tells us the direction of opening, if the a
value is positive graph open upwards, if
negative opens downwards
Tells us the zero (x intercept), you take the r
and s values and multiply them by -1 which
gives you the x value of the graph

Vertex form: f(x)=a(x-h)²+k

Tells us the direction of opening, if the a
value is positive graph open upwards, if
negative opens downwards
Tells us the vertex of the graph, you
multiply the h value by -1 which gives you
the x value of the vertex, the k value will be
the y value of the vertex. (Don't have to do
anything to the k value)
Finding Maximum and Minimum
Value
Find the y value of the vertex which
is the maximum/minimum value of
the equation
When the a value of the equation is
negative you need to figure out the
maximum value, when the a value is
positive you need to figure out the
minimum value
Can complete the square to change
equation into vertex form
Get factored form to get the zeros
and calculate the axis of symmetry,
getting the x value of the vertex
You can use a graphing calculator to
figure out the maximum/minimum
value
A ball is thrown vertically upwards
from the top of a rooftop and the flight
of the ball is modelled at
h(x)=-5x²+40t+100, determine the
maximum height of the ball.
-5x²+40t+100
-5(x²-8x-20)
-5(x-10)(x+2)
x=10,-2
We know that the vertex is between the zeros so

we need to figure out the axis of symmetry

Axis of symmetry
=10-2/2
=4
Put 4 into the equation to get the answer

h(4)=-5(4)²+40(4)+100
=-80+160+100
=180
The maximum height of the ball is
180m
 Solving Word Problems
When writing you answer as a square
root you must add ± as √4 can be either
2 or -2.

Quadratic Formula:

This formula is used to figure out the

amount of zero in the formula and
where the zeros are located.

Two Zeros When inside

the √ is

positive
One Zero When inside the √ is

0
No Zeros When inside the √ is
negative
 Sinusoidal Functions
A sinusoidal function is a type of
function that is expressed as f(x)=sin(x)
or cos(x). Some of the rules of the
function is that the graph will repeat
the same shape over and over often
looking like sound waves.

We can see that the graph above repeats

the same shape over and over meaning it is
a sinusodial function

We can see that the graph above doesn't

repeat the shape meaning that it isn't a
sinusoidal function
 Terminology
The period
The period is the distance it takes
from the y value repeats again, in
other words how long it takes to
repeat the pattern
The maximum (peak)
The maximum y value of the pattern
The minimum (trough)
The minimum y value of the pattern
The equation of the axis
The middle value of the pattern, the
middle of the peak and trough
The amplitude
The maximum value minus the
equation of axis, in other words the
distance from the
maximum/minimum to the middle of
the graph
Sine and Cosine Graphs

Sine graph:

Period: 360°
Peak: 1
Trough:1
Equation of axis: y=0
Amplitude: 1
X Intercept: 0°, 180°, 360°

Cosine graph:

Period: 360°
Peak: 1
Trough:1
Equation of axis: y=0
Amplitude: 1
X intercept: 90°. 270°
 Interpreting Graphs
There is a water wheel expressed as the
following, 2sin(12x)+1.5.
a)How long does it take for one revolution?
b) What is the radius of the pattern?
c) Where would the center of the water wheel
be
d) If x(10) what does this represent

a) 360/12=30, it takes 30 seconds for one

revolution
b) The radius will be the amplitude of the graph,
3.5-1.5=2. The radius is 2m.
c) The center will be located in the middle of the
graph meaning it will be at 1.5m.
d) 2sin(12x10)+1.5=3.232m. This shows te height of
the water wheel
Transformation of Sinusoidal Functions
A sinusoidal function has the basic form of
f(x)=asin(k(x-d))+c and f(x)=acos(k(x-d))+c.
Each value a, k, d and c expressing a
transformation
The a value affects the graphs amplitude.
Causing vertical transformation. The a value will
be the new amplitude of the graph. For example,
if the a value is 3 the graphs amplitude will be 3

The k value affects the graphs period. Causing

horizontal transformation. You will need to
divide the k value by 360. For example if the k
value is 2 you will divide 360/2 giving you your
new period of 180.
d is the horizontal transformation of the
function. The key point is that it represents the
opposite. For example if the d value is -5 you will
transform the graph 5 units to the right.
c is the vertical transformation of the function.
For example, if the c value is 5 you will transform
the graph 5 units up.
 Exponential Functions
A exponential function is a type of
function that is expressed as f(x)=a^x.
Unlike other functions exponential
function doesn't have any pattern and
can increase and decrease rapidly
without any patterns. One rule of an
exponential function is that the range
needs to be higher than 0 and never
will touch zero.

As you can see from the graph above

the graph will never touch 0 on the x
axis
 Base of the Function
The base of the function must be
positive for a exponential function.
When the base is negative when you do
the power it will go from positive to
negative each time the x value changes.
Meaning it won't make sense as a
exponential function.

A graph of
f(x)=-2^x

The shape is different

from what a exponential
function meaning if the
base is negative it won't
make sense.
 Solving Word Problems
A population of the town is growing in
the equation f(x)=2000(1.05)^n since
the year 2000.
a) What is the initial population?
b) What is the growth rate?
c) What is the population in 10 years.

a) The initial population is 2000 since

we know when n is 0 the equation will
equal 2000
b) To get the growth rate you subtract
b by 1, 1.05-1=0.5. The growth rate is
5%.
c) 2000(1.05)^10=3257. The population
of the town in 10 year is 3257 people.
 Discrete Function
Discrete function is a type of function
that you use to figure out the next
number of a sequence. (Number
Pattern)
There are two types of sequence,
Arithmetic and Geometric sequence.
Arithmetic sequence is when the
pattern is increasing in the same value
subtracting/adding. Geometric
sequence is when the pattern is
increasing in the same ratio.

3, 5, 7, 9, 11
Arithmetic as number increases by
2 constantly
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
Geometric as number increases by
the ratio of 2 constantly
Equation to determine next Value
t(n) is the value of the sequence

n is the number of the term, 1st

term=n=1, second term=n=2...

a is the number that the sequence

begins in

d is the common difference/ratio of

the sequence

Equation to determine number

pattern Arithmetic Sequence.
t(n)=a+(n-1)d

Equation to determine

number
pattern Arithmetic Sequence.
t(n)=ar^(n-1)

Determining the Sum of Sequence

Equation to determine sum of
Arithmetic Sequence

In order to use this equation you

must know the first term and the
amount of terms in the sequence
If you know the last number of the
sequence use the first formula to
get the sum
If you know the common difference
of the sequence use the second
equation to get the sum
If you know both the details listed
above you can use either formula
Determining the Sum of Sequence
Equation to determine sum of
Geometric Sequence

You must nee to know the first term

of the sequence and the common
ratio to use the equation
If you know the amount of terms
there are going to be in the equation
use the first formula to get the sum
If you know the (n+1)th term of the
formula use the second formula to
get the sum
If you know both the details listed
above you can use either formula
 Solving Word Problems
A bug is laying eggs and they start
hatching. The first time it hatched 3 egg
hatched, continued on as 15, 75, 375
and so on. How many eggs hatched in
the first 10 times?

There will be 7324218 eggs hatched in

the first 10 days