54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.

S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

Module 2
The ASEAN Organization

W ELCOME STATEMENT
This is Module 2-The ASEAN organization! In
the previous module you have learned about the
development of ASEAN. In this module you will
have an in-depth view of the ASEAN
organization. The next station is your final
deestination-Issues and Challenges in Southeast
Asia.

ASEAN AVE.

Module I Module II Module III

O UTCOMES
In this module, you are expected to examine the ASEAN’s
structure, membership, purpose, significance, and future challenges.

37
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

Lesson 1: The ASEAN Charter

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, student will be able to…
1. Identify key events in the development of the ASEAN Charter
2. Determine the salient features of the ASEAN Charter
3. Use the principles in the ASEAN Charter to argue for or against the
membership of Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea in the ASEAN

Since its establishment in 1967, the

ASEAN operated without a formal charter
until 2008. It has managed its affairs with
a minimum of formality, with few legally
binding arrangements, and with relatively
weak regional institutions. ASEAN’s
founding document was a two-page
―Declaration.‖ It had no criteria for
membership other than location in
Southeast Asia and adherence to some general principles of international
behavior. Most ASEAN agreements, even those that are technically binding,
have been dependent on the voluntary compliance of member states. There are
no mechanisms for calling member-states to account in case of non-compliance
with binding agreements. The ASEAN Secretariat, the closest thing that the
association has to an executive, remained weak in terms of formal powers.

With the promulgation of the ASEAN Charter, a legal framework for the
regional bloc was established. It transformed ASEAN to a legal entity with clear
objectives and structure. It also established ASEAN norms, rules, and values,
sets clear targets for ASEAN and presents accountability and compliance for its
member states.

The ASEAN Charter was adopted at the 13th ASEAN Summit in November
2007. The intention to draft the Charter had been formally proposed at the 11 th
ASEAN Summit held in December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ten
ASEAN leaders, one from each member state, called the ASEAN Eminent
Persons Group (EPG) were assigned to produced recommendations for the
drafting of the charter. At the 12 th ASEAN Summit held in January 2007 in
Cebu, Philippines, several basic proposals were made public. On November 14,
2008, Thailand’s permanent representative to the United Nations, Ambassador
Don Pramudwinai deposited the document with ASEAN Secretary-General,
Surin Pitsuwan, in New York. Almost a month after, the Charter came into
force and was launched on December 15, 2008 in Jakarta, Indonesia.

38
 54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

December 15, 2008 – ASEAN Headquarters, Jakart a,

Indonesia. ASEAN Foreign Ministers gathered at the ASEAN
Secretariat to celebrate the entry into force of the ASEAN
Charter.

November 20, 2007 – 13 th ASEAN Summit in Singapore.

During the 40th anniversary of its founding in 1967, the
ASEAN Charter was signed. The HLTF composed of one
representative from each of the 10 Member States. It contains
13 Chapters, 55 Articles, and 4 Annex. It will now be ratified
by the ASEAN Member Nations.

December 6, 2006 – 12 th ASEAN Summit in Cebu,

Philippines. The EPG endorsed a report building on ―ASEAN
Vision 2020‖ to the ASEAN Leaders. The report contained
observations, recommendations, and recommended draft
language for the new charter. The Cebu Declaration on the
Blue Print of the ASEAN Charter was issued. The High Level
Task Force (HLTF) for the Drafting of the ASEAN Charter
received its mandate on the same day. That mandate came
with a strict timetable: have the Charter ready for signature at
the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore.

December 12, 2005 – 11 th ASEAN Summit Declaration in

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Eminent Persons Group of the
ASEAN Charter (L-R): Dr. Aun Porn Moniroth (Kingdom of
Cambodia), Nguyen Manh Cam (Socialist Republic of Vietnam),
Professor S. Jayakumar (Republic of Singapore), Ali Alatas
(Republic of Indonesia), Tun Musa Hitam (Chairman,
Malaysia), Fidel V. Ramos (Republic of the Philippines),
Khamphan Simmalavong (Lao People’s Democratic Republic),
M.R. Kasemsamosorn S. Kasemsri (Kingdom of Thailand), Dr.
Than Nyun (Union of Myanmar), Phein Dato Lim Jock Seng
(Brunei Darussalam). The EPG was mandated to make
recommendations for the ASEAN Charter, after 40 years of
existence.

August 8, 1967. The ASEAN Founding Fathers, Adam Malik of

Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of
Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore and Thanat Khoman of
Why di d i t take at Thailand, sat down together in the main hall of the Department of
l east 40 years for the Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand, and signed a
document. The document that they signed would be known as the
ASEAN to create and ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration). This short, simply-worded
document containing just five articles, established an Association of
enforce i ts Charter? Regional Cooperation among the Countries of Southeast Asia to be
known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

39
SIGHT SEEING
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

Go the ASEAN official website, https://asean.org/ and study the ASEAN Charter. Write the
salient features of the Charter based on the following identified areas.
PREAMBLE
PURPOSE
PRINCIPLES
MEMBERSHIP
IMMUNITIES &
PRIVILEGES

40
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

The Road to ASEAN for Timor

Leste & Papua New Guinea
The Accession of Papua New Guinea (PNG)
The Accession of Timor Leste
PNG is no father away from the ASEAN
In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act
HQ of Jakarta. It forms half of the huge island of
of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of
New Guinea, with Indonesia’s Papua province
East Timor (Timor Leste). It became the first new
comprising the other half. ASEAN recognized
sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. In
that PNG is part of the region when it gave PNG
2002, it was recognized as an observer of ASEAN. In
observer status in 1976. Since then, it has
2005, East Timor expressed its desire to be a member of
waited for 35 years for permission to become a
ASEAN by 2010. By December 2007, President Jose
full member.
Ramos-Horta restated that joining was a top priority and
Violent crime, political instability, poor
he hoped to join by 2012. By 2009, Thailand supported
infrastructure, discriminatory laws and unskilled
East Timor’s membership of ASEAN by 2012.
labor are obstacles to this happening, as well as
East Timor officially applied for membership in
the fact that the country is closer, culturally and
ASEAN on March 4, 2011. In 2012, Indonesia pushed for
geographically, to the Pacific Islands to its east
them to be granted ASEAN membership but other
and that it is historically and financially tied
member states such as Singapore and Laos, have
more closely to Australia in the south.
objected on the grounds that East Timor is not yet
As early as 1987, one obstacle is PNG’s
developed enough to join (East Timor has by far the
membership in the Pacific Islands Forum
smallest GDP in ASEAN, less than 15% of that of Laos).
(formerly South Pacific Forum), an inter-
In June 2013, the Philippines pledged support for East
governmental organization that aims to enhance
Timor’s ASEAN membership. However, by November
cooperation between countries and territories of
2013, U Aung Htoo, ASEAN Affairs Department Deputy
the Pacific Ocean. In 2009, the country asked for
Director, said that Timor Leste would not be ready to join
the support of the Philippines in its ASEAN bid,
in 2014 since they do not have an embassy in all 10
however, no official response was heard, as it
current ASEAN member states, a necessity for
was election time that year. At present,
membership.
Indonesia is the only ASEAN member supporting
In 2015, East Timor stated that it is now ready
PNG’s membership. A grassroots level of support
to join the association any time since it has fulfilled two
exists in the Philippines, although there is
major requirements for ASEAN membership: the country
caution due to PNG’s discriminatory policies on
was located in the region and it had opened embassies in
human rights, notably on LGBT rights and the
ASEAN member countries. The Philippines re-echoed its
issue of West Papua. Singapore, Malaysia, and
support for East Timor’s accession to ASEAN on the
Brunei have shown dissatisfaction over PNG’s
same year.
economic status which has hindered its
In 2016, Indonesia announced that Timor-
acceptance in ASEAN. Thailand, Vietnam and
Leste’s ASEAN Membership bid might be realized in 2017
Cambodia have shown displeasure towards anti-
since the feasibility studies on Timor Leste’s stability,
LGBT laws in PNG, as well as PNG’s lack of
security, economy and culture will be finished by the end
action over the issue of West Papua.
of 2016. In the middle of 2016, Cambodia announced
that they support Timor-Leste’s membership in ASEAN.
Read more articles to answer these questions:
In late 2017, it was declared that Timor Leste’s
1. Why is the Philippines a strong
accession would not take place. This is mostly because of
its lack of human resources, as pointed out by supporter of Timor Leste’s membership
Singapore. Despite this, it was announced that East to ASEAN?
Timor Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri will continue East 2. What is the issue on West Papua that
Timor’s participation in ASEAN as observer during the seems to be an issue for ASEAN
summit. The Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and countries to support PNG’s
Cambodia reiterated Timor-Leste’s membership
membership?
application during the summits, however the other 6
ASEAN member states led by Singapore did not support 3. Singapore seems to not favor the
the move. membership of both countries to
In 2018, the Philippines was in talks with ASEAN? Why do you think so?
Brunei, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam regarding the 4. What are the merits of accepting and
approval of Timor-Leste’s accession to ASEAN. Talks rejecting the application of Timor Leste
were also set with Malaysia and Singapore, but both 41
and PNG, based on the ASEAN Charter?
nations rejected the proposal again. Singapore, the
ASEAN chair for 2018, noted that Timor-Leste’s
membership will be tackled during the year, but its
accession as a member will not be approved, pushing the
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

Lesson 2: The ASEAN Organization

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, student will be able to…
1. Discuss the significance of the ASEAN identity and symbols
2. Explain the roles of the different organs in the ASEAN Organization
3. Cite the external relations established by ASEAN with other nations

I. The ASEAN Identity and Symbols

Chapter XI of the ASEAN Charter
enumerates the identity and symbols of the
organization.
A. ASEAN Identity. ASEAN shall promote
its common ASEAN identity and a
sense of belonging among its peoples
in order to achieve its shared destiny,
goals and values (Article 35).
B. ASEAN Motto. One Vision, One Identity, One Community (Article 36).
C. ASEAN Day. The eighth of August shall be observed as ASEAN Day (Article 39)

ASEAN HYMN/ANTHEM
Article 40

The Asean Way / Original Version

Mr.Kittikhun Sodprasert, Mr Sampow Triudom,
ASEAN FLAG ASEAN EMBLEM Mrs.Payom Valaipatchra

Article 37 Article 38
Raise our flag high, sky high
Guidelines on the use of the ASEAN Flag Guidelines on t he Use of the ASEAN Emblem
1. The ASEAN Emblem shall be the Embrace the pride in our heart
1. The ASEAN Flag is a symbol of Member
States’ unity and support for the official emblem of ASEAN.
2. The ASEAN Emblem represents a ASEAN we are bonded as one
principles and endeavours of ASEAN
stable, peaceful, united and dynamic
and is a means to promote greater Look-in out to the world.
ASEAN awareness and solidarity. ASEAN. The colours of the Emblem --
2. The ASEAN Flag represents a stable, blue, red, white and yellow -- represent
the main colours of the state crests of For peace, our goal from the very start
peaceful, united and dynamic ASEAN.
all the ASEAN Member States.
The colours of the Flag – blue, red, And prosperity to last.
white and yellow – represent the main 3. The blue represents peace and
colours of the flags of all the ASEAN stability. Red depicts courage and
dynamism, white shows purity and We dare to dream we care to share.
Member States.
yellow symbolises prosperity.
3. The blue represents peace and stability. Together for ASEAN
Red depicts courage and dynamism, 4. The stalks of padi in the centre of the
white shows purity and yellow Emblem represent the dream of
ASEAN's Founding Fathers for an
we dare to dream,
symbolises prosperity.
4. The stalks of padi in the centre of the ASEAN comprising all the countries in
Southeast Asia, bound together in
we care to share for it’s the way of ASEAN
Emblem represent the dream of
ASEAN’s Founding Fathers for an friendship and solidarity.
ASEAN comprising all the countries in 5. The circle represents the unity of
Southeast Asia, bound together in ASEAN.
friendship and solidarity.
5. The circle represents the unity of
ASEAN

What is t he common
SIGHT SEEING

message of t he ASEAN
42
symbols in t er ms of t he
ASEAN Ident it y?
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

II. The ASEAN Organs

A. ASEAN Chair
According to
Article 31 of the
ASEAN Charter, the
Chairmanship of
ASEAN shall rotate
annually, based on
the alphabetical
order of the English
names of Member
States. A Member
State assuming the
Chairmanship shall
chair the ASEAN
Summit and related
summits, the ASEAN
Coordinating Council, Organizational Structure of the ASEAN Secretariat
the three ASEAN
Community Councils, relevant ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies and senior
officials, and the Committee of Permanent Representatives.
B. Secretary-General (SG) of ASEAN
The Secretary-General of ASEAN is appointed by the ASEAN Summit for
a non-renewable term of office of five years, selected from among nationals of
the ASEAN Member States based on alphabetical rotation. The Secretary-
General of ASEAN. The SG is assisted by four Deputy Secretary Generals (DSG)
from the different ASEAN Community Councils. The four DSGs shall be of
different nationalities from the Secretary-General and shall come from four
different ASEAN Member States.
C. ASEAN Community Councils
The ASEAN Community Councils comprise Council of all the three pillars of
ASEAN: (1) ASEAN Political-Security Community Council, (2) ASEAN Economic
Community Council, and (3) ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Council.
D. ASEAN Coordinating Council
The ASEAN Coordinating Council comprise the ASEAN Foreign Ministers and is
held at least twice annually to prepare for the ASEAN Summit. In accordance with
Article 8 of the ASEAN Charter, the following are the roles of the ACC: (1) prepare the
meetings of the ASEAN Summit, (2) coordinate the implementation of agreements and
decisions of the ASEAN Summit, (3) coordinate with the ASEAN Community Councils
to enhance policy coherence, efficiency and cooperation among them, (4) coordinate
the reports of the ASEAN Community Council to the ASEAN Summit, (5) consider the
annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of ASEAN, (6) consider the report

43
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

of the Secretary-General on the functions and operations of the ASEAN Secretariat

and other relevant bodies, (7) approve the appointment and termination of the Deputy
Secretaries-General upon the recommendation of the Secretary-General, (8) undertake
other tasks provided for in this Charter or such other functions as may be assigned by
the ASEAN Summit.
E. ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies
ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies shall: (a) function in accordance with
their respective established mandates, (b) implement the agreements and
decisions of the ASEAN Summit under their respective purview, (c) strengthen
cooperation in their respective fields in support of ASEAN integration and
community building, (d) submit reports and recommendations to their
respective Community Councils.

F. COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES TO ASEAN

Each ASEAN Member State shall appoint a Permanent Representative to
ASEAN with the rank of Ambassador based in Jakarta. The Permanent
Representatives collectively constitute a Committee of Permanent
Representatives which shall: (a) support the work of the ASEAN Community
Councils and ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies, (b) coordinate with ASEAN
National Secretariats and other ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies; (c) liaise
with the Secretary-General of ASEAN and the ASEAN Secretariat on all subjects
relevant to its work, (d) facilitate ASEAN cooperation with external partners;
and (e) perform such other functions as may be determined the ASEAN
Coordinating Council.
G. ASEAN HUMAN RIGHTS BODY
In conformity with the purposes and principles of the ASEAN Charter
relating to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental
freedoms, ASEAN shall establish an ASEAN human rights body. This ASEAN
human rights body shall operate in accordance with the forms of reference to be
determined by the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting.
H. ASEAN FOUNDATION
Each ASEAN Member State shall appoint a Permanent Representative to
ASEAN with the rank of Ambassador based in Jakarta. The Permanent
Representatives collectively constitute a Committee of Permanent
Representatives which shall: (a) support the work of the ASEAN Community
Councils and ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies, (b) coordinate with ASEAN
National Secretariats and other ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies; (c) liaise
with the Secretary-General of ASEAN and the ASEAN Secretariat on all subjects
relevant to its work, (d) facilitate ASEAN cooperation with external partners;
and (e) perform such other functions as may be determined the ASEAN
Coordinating Council.

44
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

Conduct a SWOT Analysis of the ASEAN Organizational Structure.

Analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the
ASEAN structure.

SWOT ANALYSIS

45
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

 ASEAN Re gional Fo rum

(AR F): Launched in 1993, the
twenty-seven-member
multilateral grouping was
developed to facilitate
cooperation on political and
security issues to contribute
to regional confidence -
building and preventive
diplomacy. The forum
represents a wide array of
voices—including ASEAN, its
dialogue partners, North
Korea, and Pakistan, among
others—yet it is often mired in
geopolitical disputes that limit
its effectiveness.
 AS EAN Pl us T h r ee:
The consultative group
initiated in 1997 brings
together ASEAN’s ten
members, China, Japan, and
South Korea. The grouping
was characterized as ―the
most coherent and
substantive‖ pan-Asian
grouping― by Evan A.
Feigenbaum and Robert A.
Manning in a CFR report.
 East Asi a S um m i t
(EAS ): First held in 2005, the
summit seeks to promote
security and prosperity in the
region and is usually attended
by the heads of state from
ASEAN, Australia, China,
India, Japan, New Zealand,
Russia, South Korea, and the
United States. ASEAN plays a
central role as the agenda-
setter. ―The summit remains
the only opportunity for the
president of the United States
to sit down and collectively
engage his Asia-Pacific
counterparts on the main
political and security issues of
the day,‖ write Vikram Singh
of the Center for American
Progress and Lindsey Ford of
the Asia Society Policy
Institute.

46
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

ASEAN EXTERNAL RELATIONS

The APT seeks to promote greater
cooperation in economic and many functional
areas amongst the ten ASEAN Member States
ASEAN has cultivated close cooperation with and its three partners, namely, China, Japan
countries and organizations outside the and the Republic of Korea, thus contributing to
region in numerous fields such as trade, greater stability and prosperity in the East Asian
investment, human resource development, region. The EAS serves as a forum for strategic
science and technology, education, drug dialogue amongst the ten ASEAN Member States
trafficking and anti-terrorism. These are and its key partners, namely, Australia, China,
done through the frameworks of ASEAN+1 India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New
(with its 1O Dialogue Partners -- Australia, Zealand, the Russian Federation and the United
Canada, China, India, Japan, The Republic States, and seeks to reinforce an ASEAN-
of Korea, New Zealand, the Russian centered regional architecture for the wider Asia-
Federation, the United States, and the Pacific region.
European Union, as well as with the United
Nations), ASEAN Plus Three and the East ASEAN also has sectoral dialogue
Asia Summit (EAS). relations with Pakistan and Norway. Papua New
Guinea is a Special Observer to ASEAN. In
- ASEAN-Australia Dialogue addition, ASEAN has cultivated ties with a
Relations number of regional groupings such as the
established in 1974 Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the
- ASEAN-New Zealand Dialogue Gulf (GCC), the South Asian Association for
Relations established in 1975 Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic
- ASEAN-Canada Dialogue Relations Cooperation Organization (ECO), the Southern
established in 1977 Common Market or MERCOSUR, the Rio Group
- ASEAN-EU Dialogue Relations and its successor the Community of Latin
established in 1977 American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and the
- ASEAN-Japan Dialogue Relations Pacific Alliance.
established in 1977
ASEAN also seeks to play a more
- ASEAN-UNDP Dialogue relations
proactive role in the global community of nations
were established in 1977 and has by contributing to addressing the key regional
since been succeeded by the and global challenges to humanity. In so doing,
ASEAN-UN comprehensive ASEAN will continue to promote a common
partnership ―ASEAN voice‖ in multilateral fora and to engage
- ASEAN-US Dialogue Relations actively with global partners to promote shared
goals.
established in 1977
- ASEAN-the Republic of Korea Read more articles to answer these questions:
1. What is the most significant ASEAN
Dialogue Relations established in
External Relation? Why?
1991 2. For the Philippines, what is the most
- ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations important bilateral relations we have
established in 1995 and why?
- ASEAN-China Dialogue Relations
established in 1996
- ASEAN-Russia Dialogue Relations

47
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

References:

https://asean.org/press-release-asean-foreign-ministers-to-celebrate-the-entry-into-
force-of-the-asean-charter-at-the-asean-secretariat-asean-secretariat-9-december-
2008/

Koh, T., Manalo, R.G., Woon, W. (2009). The Making of the ASEAN Charter. Singapore:
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. [PDF]. Retrieved from
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789812833914_fmatter.

Severino, R.C. (2005). Framing the ASEAN Charter: An ISEAS Perspective. Singapore:
ISEAS Publications

Report of the Eminent Persons Group on the ASEAN Charter

Arno Maierbrugger. "Expanding ASEAN: Five candidates and their options | Investvine".
investvine.com. Retrieved 2019-02-19.

Luke Hunt, The Diplomat. "Papua New Guinea Eyes ASEAN | The Diplomat".
thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/154860/papua-new-guinea-asks-
rp-support-for-asean-membership-bid/story/

Aung, Nyan Lynn; McLaughlin, Tim (7 November 2013). "Timor Leste on the ASEAN
waiting list". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 20 December 2013.

Padden, Brian (29 March 2011). "Indonesia Supports East Timor's Bid to Join
ASEAN". Voice of America. Retrieved 20 February 2013.

Thailand to support East Timor's membership of Asean, East Timor Law and Justice
Bulletin, 13 January 2009, accessed on 27 November 2009

Hunt, Luke (27 May 2016). "East Timor Hopes for ASEAN Membership by 2017". The
Diplomat. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

Singapore and the Philippines express support for Timor-Leste's bid for ASEAN
membership after Official visits". Government of Timor-Leste. 19 June 2013.
Retrieved 20 December 2013.

"Timor Leste application for ASEAN membership still being studied - chairman's
report". InterAksyon. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-26.

Official Website of the ASEAN. https://asean.org.

Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). Southeast Asia: An Introductory

History Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-302-7.

"ASEAN Member States". ASEAN WEBSITE. https://asean.org.

48
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013 (PDF) (6th ed.). Jakarta: ASEAN. Feb 2014.
p. 1. ISBN 978-602-7643-73-4.

Park; King, Seung-Woo; Victor T. (2013). The Historical Construction of Southeast

Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
ISBN 9789814414586.

Emmerson, Donald K (1984). "Southeast Asia: What's in a Name?". Journal of

Southeast Asian Studies. 15 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0022463400012182. JSTOR
20070562. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/asean-association-southeast-asian-nations

49
54 Hours in Southeast Asia Casulla, R.R.K. Necosia, R.I.M. & Belderol, J.V.S
IS 106: ASEAN Studies General Education Dept. College of Arts & Sciences

C LOSING STATEMENT
You have learned about the reasons behind the establishment of ASEAN.
As an “ASEAN Citizen”, I hope that you will live those principles and start
to care not just our country but also our neighbors.

50