Chair of Astronautics

Department of Aerospace and Geodesy

Technical University of Munich

Note:
• During the attendance check a sticker containing a unique code will be put on this exam.
Esolution • This code contains a unique number that associates this exam with your registration number.
Place student sticker here • This number is printed both next to the code and to the signature field in the attendance
check list.

Mathematics

n
Exam: LRXXXX / Qualification exam Date: Sunday 31st February, 2999

tio
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Walter Time: 10:00 – 11:00

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P 10 P 11 P 12 P 13

lu
So
Working instructions
• This exam consists of 13 pages with a total of 13 problems.
e

Please make sure now that you received a complete copy of the exam.
• The total amount of achievable credits in this exam is 60 credits.
pl

• Detaching pages from the exam is prohibited.

• Allowed resources:
m

– one non-programmable pocket calculator

– one analog dictionary English ↔ native language

• Answers are only accepted if the solution approach is documented. Give reason for each answer
Sa

unless explicitly stated otherwise in the respective subproblem.

• Do not write with red or green colors nor use pencils.

• Physically turn off all electronic devices including smart watches, put them into your bag and close the
bag.
• In multile choice problems, only one answer is correct.

• Additional space for solutions is provided at the back of the exam. If required, clearly state that you
used the addional space in the problem’s solution box and reference the corresponding problem with
the solution.

Left room from to / Early submission at

– Page 1 / 13 –
 - Intentionally left blank -

n
tio
lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 2 / 13 –
Problem 1 Short Questions (8 credits)
Select the solution of the following short questions without providing the approach. There is only one correct
answer per problem.
One point for each correct answer . 1
5π P∞
a) Solve e 2 i . b) The limit of the series n=0 21n . 0

−1 + 1i 0 1

0−i ∞ 2

1 + 0i ×2 3

× 0+i π 4

n
x 2 +1 5
c) Roots of x 3 + 4x, x ∈ C. d) Solution of sin x
= 0, x ∈ R.
6
[2i] [0]

tio
× [0, −2i, 2i] [i, −i]
7

8
[0, 2, −2] [−2, 0, 2]

[0] ×∅

lu
 
  0 1 2
0 1
e) The inverse E −1 of E = . f) The determinate det(F) of the matrix F = 3 4 5.
2 3
6 7 8
 
1.5 −0.5
So
42
1 0
  17
−1.5 0.5
× 1 0 −4

×0
 
0 1
1 1
e

 
3 1
0.5 1
pl

x 2 −4
g) The limit limx →2+ x −2
. h) Select a possible Fourier series represenation of a
sinusoidal alternate current with 0 V − 230 V and 60 Hz.
∞
0 − 230 exp (120i π t)
m

×4 × 115 + 115 exp (120iπt)

−∞
115 − 230 exp (60i π t)
Sa

0
115 − 115 exp (60i π t)

– Page 3 / 13 –
 Problem 2 Matrix operations (4 credits)

0 Form - if possible - with the matrices

   
1 −2 3   1 4
3 0
A=  4 1 ,B=
 and C = 0 −2
2 1 −7
−1 5 3 5
3
and vectors  
1    
4 8 3
x =  0 , y = and z =
−5 2
−4
the expressions
A + C, 2B , A (y + z), C(−4z).

n
   
−1 7 −31

tio
 
6 0
A +C = 4 −1
1 2B =
1 A (x + y) = Ax + Ay =  41  1
2 −14
2 10 −26
 
−44
C(−4z) = −4Cz =  16  1
−76

lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 4 / 13 –
Problem 3 Scalar and vector product (5 credits)
Let a = (1, 0, 2) and b = (1, 2, 0)> be two vectors of R3 . Determine
>

a) the vector product c and the scalar product d of the vectors a and b . 0

    1
a2 b3 − a3 b2 −4
Vector product: c = a × b = a3 b1 − a1 b3  =  2 
1 2
a1 b2 − a2 b1 2

Scalar product: d = ha, b i = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = 1

1

n
tio
b) the cosine of the angle α between the vectors a and b . 0

1
ka ·b k kd k
cos α = ka k k b k = √ √
5 5
= 15
1

lu
So
c) the area A of the parallelogram between the two vectors. 0

1
The area is the L2 -norm of the vector product.

√
A = ka × b k2 = 24
1
e
pl

d) the unit normal vector n of a and b . 0

  1
−4
n = √124  2  1
m

2
Sa

– Page 5 / 13 –
 Problem 4 Trigonometry (3 credits)

0 a) Draw the sine, cosine and tangent of a arbitrary value x into the diagram below.

H
tan x = G
sin x

−1 cos x 1

n
One point for the correct diagram.
1

b) Show that the following equation holds true using

−1 the Pythagorean theorem.

tio
0

1 tan x
sin x = √
1 + tan2 x
2

lu
The Sine is defined as the quotient of the opposite G over the hypotenuse H

The Pythagorean theorem for the unit circle yields as hypotenuse

So
√
H= 1 + tan2 x
1

Thus holds true for the sine:

G √ tan x
sin x = H
=
1
e

1+tan2 x
pl
m
Sa

– Page 6 / 13 –
Problem 5 Linear regression (4 credits)

Let 0

t 1 2 3 4 5 1
m(t) 1 1 2 3 3
2

be a time series of measurements. Calculate the linear regression expression. Plot points and function in 3
the provided diagram.
4

m(t)
4

n
3

tio
2

lu
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 t
So
Searched is the equation m(t) = x0 + x1 t , therefore the solution of the linear system: Ax = y with
   
1 1 1
1 2 1
   
1 3 and y = 2
A =   1
1 4 3
1 5 3
e

     1 
5 15 x0 10 /5
Solving the linear system: A > Ax = A > y ↔ = ↔x= 3 1
15 55 x1 36 /5
pl

1
Thus: m(t) = 5
+ 53 t
1

One point for the correct graphic.

1
m
Sa

– Page 7 / 13 –
 Problem 6 Limits (2 credits)

0 Determine the following limits.

e x −1
1 (a) limx →0 x
√
2 (b) limx →∞ 2x − 4x 2 − x

e x −1 ex
L’Hopital limx →0 x
= limx →0 1
= 1
1

√ 4x 2 − 2
2x − 4x 2 − x = √4x +x
= √1 −−−→ 14
1
x 2+ 4− x1 2+ 4− x1 x →∞

n
tio
lu
Problem 7 Transformations (2 credits)
Select the solution of the following short questions without providing the approach. There is only one correct
answer per problem.
One point for each correct answer . 1
So
0 The transformation f : R → R, n 7→ n is

1 only surjective.

2 only injective.

neither injective nor surjective.

e

× bijective.
pl

The transformation g : R → R, n 7→ n2 is
only surjective.

only injective.
m

× neither injective nor surjective.

bijective.
Sa

– Page 8 / 13 –
Problem 8 Differentiation (8 credits)

a) Calculate the first derivative of the following functions. 0

f (x) = ln(sin x) − x cos(x) 1

 
2
g(x) = −8 x + + 4 ln(x + 3) 2
x
h(x) = x 2 tan(x) 3

f 0 (x) = cot(x) − cos(x) + x sin(x)

1

g 0 (x) = −8 + 16
x2
+ 4
x+3

1

n
 2
h 0 (x) = 2x tan(x) + x
cos(x)

1

tio
lu
So
b) Let f : R2 → R be given by 0
f (x, y) = x 3 + y 3 − 3xy
1
Determine all local extrema of f .
e

2
 2

3x − 3y 3
Determination of gradient f : ∇f (x, y) =
1
3y 2 − 3x
pl

  4
6x −3
And Hessian matrix Hf (x, y) =
1 5
−3 6y
m

y = x2
Critical points are roots of the gradient: ∇f (x, y) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 gives (0, 0) and (1, 1).
1
x=1
Sa

Point (0, 0) in Hessian matrix: Negative determinant -> saddle point

1

Point (1, 1) in Hessian matrix: Positive determinant and positive trace -> local minimum
1

– Page 9 / 13 –
 Problem 9 Integration (4 credits)

0 Calculate the following specific and unspecific integral.

R 1 ex
1 (a) 0 (1+e x )2 dx

2 ln(x 2 )
R
(b) x2
dx
3

4  
R1 ex u = 1 + ex R 1+e 1
1+e
= − u1 1 1

0 (1+e x )2
dx = x
1 = 1 u2
du = 2
− 1+e

1
du = e dx 1

u = ln(x 2 ) u0 = x2
 
ln(x 2 ) ln(x 2 ) 2
1
+ C = − ln(xx ) + 2
R R
x2
dx = 0 1 1 1 =− x +2 x2
+ C
1
v = x2 v = −x x

n
tio
lu
So
e

Problem 10 Series (1 credit)

pl

0 Examine convergence of the following series and determine the limit, if applicable.

1 (4n + 3)(n − 2)
an =
n2 + n − 2
m

Converges, with an −−−→ 4

1
n→∞
Sa

– Page 10 / 13 –
Problem 11 Fourier series (5 credits)

Determine the Fourier series F(x) of the 2π-periodic function f : [−π , π ) → R with 0

1 2 1
f (x) = x
2
2
Tip: Be aware that the function f (x) is even, i.e. axisymmetric.
3

a0 P∞
ak cos k 2Tπ x + bk sin k 2Tπ x .



The general forumla for a Fourier series is F(x) = 2
+ k =1 1 4

5
4
R T /2 T


f (x) is even, thus bk = 0 and ak = T 0
f (x) cos k 2π
x dx .
1

n
4
Rπ x2 π2
One obtains a0 = 2π 0 2
dx = 3

1

tio
4
Rπ x2 2
And ak = 2π 0 2
cos(kx)dx = k2
(−1)k .
1

π2
P∞ (−1)k
The Fourier series of f is then F(x) = 6
+2 k =1 k2
cos kx .
1

lu
So
Problem 12 Taylor series (4 credits)

Let f : R2 → R be given by 0
f (x, y) = 2x 3 + 3y 2 + sin(x) cos(y).
e

1
Determine the second order Taylor polynomial T2,f ,a (x, y) at point a = (0, 0)> .
2
pl

Taylor polynomial: T2,f ,a (x) = f (a) + ∇f (a)> (x − a) + 12 (x − a)> Hf (a)(x − a) 3

4
 
6x 2 + cos x cos y
Partial derivative up to 2. order: ∇f (x, y) =
1
6y − sin x sin y
m

 
12x − sin x cos y − cos x sin y
Hf (x, y) =
1
− cos x sin y 6 − sin x cos y
Sa

   
1 0 0
Evaluation at point a : f (a) = 0, ∇f (a) = , Hf (a) =
1
0 0 6
    
x 1 0 0 x
Yielding T2,f ,a (x) = 0 + (1, 0) + 2 (x, y) = x + 3y
1
y 0 6 y

– Page 11 / 13 –
 Problem 13 Differential equations (10 credits)

0 a) Solve the following initial value problem by separation of variables.

1 ẋ = e x sin(t) with x(0) = 0

e −x dx = sin(t)dt ⇔ −e −x = − cos(t) + c .
R R
3 Integration after separation of the variables 1

Solving results in x(t) = − ln(cos(t) + c).

1

n
Inserting the initial condition yields c = 0, thus x(t) = − ln(cos(t)).
1

tio
0

1
b) Provide a general solution to the following differential equation

lu
ẍ − 7ẋ + 6x = sin(t)
So
2

3 The solution is the sum of homogeneous and particular solution: x(t) = xh (t) + xp (t).
1

4 Solution of characteristic polynomial λ2 − 7λ + 6 = 0 yields λ1 = 1 and λ2 = 6.

1

5 The general solution of the homogeneous ODE is then xh (t) = c1 e t + c2 e 6t .

1
e

6
xp (t) = A cos t + B sin t
7 The particulate solution can be solved with the approach ẋp (t) = −A sin t + B cos t .
1
pl

ẍp (t) = −A cos t − B sin t

Insertion in the ODE results in (−A − 7B + 6A ) cos t + (−B + 7A + 6B) sin t = sin t .
1

7 5
A comparison of coefficients provides A = B= .
1
m

74 74

7 5
The general solution is then x(t) = c1 e t + c2 e 6t + 74
cos t + 74
sin t .
1
Sa

– Page 12 / 13 –
Additional solution space (use as required).

n
tio
lu
So
e
pl
m
Sa

– Page 13 / 13 –