8

TLE-Technical Drafting
Module 1:
Use and Maintain Hand tools,
Drawing Instruments,
Equipment, and Paraphernalia
 What I Know

Let us check you prior knowledge! Let us see how well you know your tools,
instruments, equipment, and paraphernalia through the following activity!

Activity 1: What’s My Name? In a separate sheet, name all the hand tools and
drawing instruments, equipment (if any), and paraphernalia shown in the illustration
below:

Well done! You can now proceed with the next page. Good luck!

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 What’s More

Observe each line projection drawings on the chart below, and identify what
drafting tools, equipment or materials that are possibly used in drawing those. Give
three (3) answers on each item. Draw those lines as well, to further determine the
things that should be applied. Provide a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

Tools, equipment,
Name of Line Drawing
materials

1. Horizontal Lines

2. Vertical Lines

3. Oblique Lines

4. Curve Lines

5. Angles

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Lesson
Maintain hand tools, drawing instruments,
2 equipment, and paraphernalia

The quality of good drawing is consorted with the use of tools, instrument, and
equipment. The concern of every draftsman in the construction and production of
quality projects depends in the materials to be used. A good material is an
investment and considered as draftsman's best friend. Once it is damaged or
broken, it can ruin the quality of your drawing

Cleaning, organizing, maintaining, and storing the tools, instrument, equipment

and paraphernalia have a great deal to do in keeping and preserving them in good
working condition. You can assure that the tools will last long if you take care of
them.

Having the proper knowledge and skills in using such tools and instrument is
needed to use them effectively.

Here are some of the most common tools, instruments, equipment, and
paraphernalia:

T- square Drawing board

Triangles 30 x Scale
60 and 45 x 45

Compass / Eraser and

Divider Erasing Shield

Pencil Protractor

Drawing Technical Pen

paper

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 What’s In

Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and learn by doing self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

Safety Procedure in Maintaining Tools, Instruments, and Paraphernalia

We are already familiar with the different drawing tools, materials, and equipment -
their proper usage. Now, we need to know how to be safe in using these. The life of
any tool or material, instrument, and equipment depends on how it is handled and
cared by the user. The proper care and maintenance of drawing instruments,
supplies, and equipment are the following:

1. Pencil

• Never sharpen the pencil over the

drawing or close to any of the
equipment.
• Always keep the lead sharp.

2. T-square, Triangles and French Curves

• Do not use the T-square for any

rough surfaces.
• Never cut paper along its working
edge, since the plastics can easily
be damaged. Used cutter or
scissors instead of measuring
instrument because it can damage
the edge of it.

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3. Ruler or Scale

• Scales should not be pricked with

needle points of either the divider or
compass when measurements are
taken.
• Do not use scale as a ruler.

4. Speed Ball Pens, Lettering Pens and Pen Holders

• After using, clean the speed ball by

wiping-off or scraping the ink on it
with clean cloth which is a little wet.
You may use blade for scraping.

• Lettering pens, like technical pens,

should be cleaned at once with water
and soap then wipe it off with clean
cloth.

• Used pen holder always to keep all

kinds of pen together.

5. Dividers and Compasses

• Do not oil the joints of the legs of

divider and compass.
• Do not use the divider as substitute for
thumbtacks in fastening the drawing
paper on the drawing board or table
top.
• The needle point and lead must be
sharp and of equal length.

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6. Drawing Paper

• It should be stored in rolled form.

• It should not be crumpled, wet or kept
in moist or cold place.
• Oslo or bond paper must be kept in a
large envelope.

7. Eraser and Erasing Shield

• Should be kept together with other

supplies to avoid losing it.

• Kneaded the erasers with self-

cleaning.

8. Drawing Board and Drawing tape

• It should be in good working condition

and must be always clean on or before
using.

• Do not leave any kind of marks on your

board to retain its smoothness.

Did you enjoy reading the given information? Are you ready to
take care and maintain your tools, instrument, equipment and
paraphernalia? Well, you are just starting how. Let us move
ahead to enrich your understanding.

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 What’s New

To use your drawing tools and instrument carefully is one way of maintaining it
from being damaged or destroyed. If the drawing tools and instrument is
damaged, it can ruin the quality of good drawing. Having the proper knowledge
and skills in using drawing tools and instrument is needed in order to use them
effectively. Proper inspection and assessment of tools must be practiced ensuring
the cleanliness of the drawing and to preserve your drawing materials.

Here are some tips in preserving your drawing materials. Keep reading!

Preserving your Drawing Materials

1. Rules of the thumb.

Keep your workspace clean. You should always have a clean, dry rag or
absorbent paper nearby to wipe your hand.

2. Caring for your tools and lead.

A lead in graphite pencils and color pencils often breaks even inside their
wood casing. To properly clean your pencil after sharpening them, pass over
the lead with paint brush to remove the color residue.

Tips: Sharpen your pencil by hand. You can also use lead in mechanical
pencil, which is more solid.

3. Clean your eraser. (if your eraser soils your drawing, it’s too dirty, what to do?)
Clean eraser by rubbing them with a clean cloth or washing with soapy
water (dry it before using). You can watch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrcpQvo and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v7pursjDyUU8 for more.

4. Fix your media

Charcoal, dry sanguine and chalk are all unstable media. To preserve your
drawing, fix them on your paper.
Choose your drawing media. It’s up to you to find out what works best for
you.

Did you enjoy reading the given information? To preserve is to

keep your tools and instrument in its original state or in good
condition. I hope you learned from it and applying it is the best
way to be safe and clean. Let’s move ahead to enrich your
knowledge and understanding.

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 What is It

Read the lesson below very well so you can clean and maintain your drawing
instrument. Be patient in reading because you must accomplish the activity
later. Enjoy reading!

Clean or Maintain Drawing Measuring Tools, Instruments, Equipment, and

Paraphernalia

Equipment and materials for drawing maintenance are used for removing dust and
dirt from various articles and surface in the drawing paper.

In order to clean the drawing, you need to choose good tools rather than the poor
ones. In acquiring instruments, it should be guided by quality and durability. You
have to consider the life of any drawing or measuring instruments and tools
depends on how well you take care of them.

Organizing, maintaining and storing these items have a great deal to do with
keeping them in good working condition. You can assure that the tools will last
long if you take care of them.

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in
working condition. This can be detected when there is ease and speed when in
use.

2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry with
another piece of cloth before keeping it.

3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the hole to a
nail (attached to a wall) at the end of its blade.

4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.

5. Avoid throwing a tool to anybody; instead, hand it over to him carefully.

6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new
position from time to time, because slight errors in the measurements may
accumulate and give rise to a large error.

7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles protect the drawing. Pick

up the triangle by its tip and tilt the T-square blade upward slightly before
moving.

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8. Do not pull too much the steel tape of pull-push rule to the coil spring to avoid
damage.

9. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, callipers,
dividers, and compasses to avoid stock-up.

10. Report defective measuring tools and any hazard to instructor immediately.

11. Always wipe dust and dirt from instruments with a soft cloth before starting
to draw and during use frequently.

Common Malfunction in Tools, Instrument, Equipment and Paraphernalia

Tools, instrument and equipment has a specified function, role and function to
operate. If such things are damaged or broken there is a malfunction and problem
in using it. Here are some ways on how to avoid those circumstances and the
possible solutions.

1. Small screws in T-square, Compass, Divider and Drafting Table may fall down
when using it. This can be prevented if you check such tools before using it
because it can ruin your drawing.

2. When using measuring instruments like triangles, small nicks or broken edge
can damage your drawing. Always check the edges before and after using these
instruments.

3. Technical Pens are very sensitive, extra care is needed in separating different
part of it specially the needle inside the head. Make sure not to throw or dump
it in careless way because it can break the needle. If the needle is broken, you
cannot use it in your next drawing.

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TLE-Technical Drafting
Module 2:
Perform Mensuration and
Calculation (MC)

Lesson
Measuring Tools/
1 Instruments
Measuring Tools and Their Uses

Measuring tools vary in different forms and uses, as it gives accurate and relevant
measurements in all designs, artworks, manufactures, constructions and in
technology. Measuring tools or instruments are significant in determining and
examining a product. So, it must be correct and in standard form.
 Notes to the Teacher
This module is intended for the learners to be familiarized with the
different measuring tools and its applications.

What’s New

Do I Look Taller?

Using a measuring tool, determine your height in inches and in centimeters. Copy
and complete the table in a separate sheet of paper.

My Height

Name

inches cm

Do I grow? Yes No

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 What is It

Different Measuring Instruments

There are different measuring instruments you have to use when creating lines,
shapes or figures, and angles in the field of drafting. But before that, let us define
some important terms which you will be going to encounter as you continue engaging
into this learning resource.

These are the following:

Angle It is geometrical figure composed of two straight lines

intersecting at one of their extremities.
Calculation It is an act or process of or result of calculating.
Circle It is a closed curve where all points are equally distant from
the center.
Concentric Circles It consists of two or more circles with a common center.
Decimal It is a number expressed in a counting system that uses
units of 10, especially a decimal fraction.
Dimension It is a measurable extent or length, thickness and width.
Eccentric Circles These are circles having no common center.
Formula It is a special kind of equation. It is a mathematical rule
expressing the relationship of two or more quantities by
means of numerals, variables and operating symbols.
Geometric shapes It is characterized by straight lines, regular curves, angles.
Graduation It is the scale of measuring tool.
Mensuration It is an act of measuring.
Perpendicular Lines that form a 90º angle.
lines
Radius It is the length of straight line connecting the center of a
circle with a point on the circumference of a circle.
Standard It is a measure of reference.

Measuring Tools/Instruments

Illustrations Tools/Instruments

T- Square is used as guide in drawing

horizontal lines and in measuring up to
48” straight line.

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Ruler is a standard rule measuring 6 or
12 inches in length. This is the most
commonly used type of measuring tool for
sizes and distances.

Triangles are used for drawing vertical

and oblique lines. The most commonly
used triangles are the 45º and the 30º x
60º.

Triangular Scale is used in general

drawing. Its main purpose is to reproduce
the dimension in full size or to reduce or
enlarge them on a drawing. Scales help a
drafter keep the proportions accurate.

Protractor is used for measuring and

setting of angles other than those
obtained with the triangles.

Tape or Tape ruler is a concave, spring-

steel blade ranging from 1/4” to 1” wide
and 6 to about 300 feet in length, coiled
inside a carrying case. Metric tape ruler
comes in comparable width and lengths
up to 10 meters. It provides an easy
means for accurate measuring curved
surfaces.

Compass is used to draw circles, arcs,

radii and parts of many symbols.

Divider is similar to the compass in

construction. As the name implies,
divider is used for dividing distances into
a number of equal parts by the trial-and-
error method.

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 Lesson

2 Systems of Measurement

Trade Mathematics/ Measurement

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement

would mean a waste of time, effort and materials. The development of the skill in
measuring starts with the ability to read measurement.

Mensuration is an act of measuring, while calculation is act or a process of or

result of calculating. Check the idea on the second definition.

What’s In

Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

Use a standard ruler for demonstration.

1. What are the two units of measurement you have seen in a ruler?

2. How many inches are there in a ruler?

3. How many centimeters are there in a ruler?

4. How many millimeters in one centimeter?

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 What is It

Two Systems of Measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English System which originated from
England and the Metric System or System International (S.I.) which originated from
France.

The basic unit in System International Measurement is called the meter. The meter
is divided into 100 meters. They are abbreviated as follows:

Millimeters - mm

Centimeters - cm

Decimeters - dm

Meters - m

In the English System, an inch is divided in 16 graduation and the smallest

graduation is 1/16. It shows in the figure below.

To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller graduation is read and
written as 2” 4/16 or 2 ¼.

1 foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduation is read and written as 14” 3/16.

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In the System International measurement, the centimeter is divided into 10
millimeters as shown below:

Metric System of Measurement

Linear Equivalent:

10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)

10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)

10 decimeters (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)

10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)

10 decameters (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)

10 hectometers (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)

10 kilometers (Km.) = 1 myriameter (Mn.)

English System of Measurement

Linear Equivalent:

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)

3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)

Metric Conversion Table

1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)

1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches (in.)

1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)

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English Conversion table

1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 m.

1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm. = .3048 m.
1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm. = 91.44 cm. = .9144 m.

Conversion Formulas

Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters

Length in feet ÷ 3.28 = length in meters

Length in meters x 39.37 = length in inches

Length in inches ÷ 39.37 = length in meters

Length in feet x 0.305 = length in meters

Length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeters

Metric System to English System of Measurement

Example 1: 54 cm = _______ inches

Check the conversion table of the equivalent of cm = inch, thus in the conversion
table 2.54 cm = 1 inch.

Given: 54 cm = _______ inches

Formula:

Solution:

Answer: 21.26 inches

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English System to Metric System of Measurement

Example 2: 25 in. = _______ centimeters

Given: 25 in. = _______ cm

Formula:

Solution:

Answer: 63.5 cm

How to use the conversion formulas?

Determine the unit of measurements in the given problem and choose from the table
with the same units of measurements.

Example 3:

1. Convert 5 inches to _______ meters.

Given: 5 inches to meters

Formula: Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

Solution: 5 inches x 0.0254 =

Answer: 0.127 m

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 What’s More

A. True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is

incorrect. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

______ 1. One hundred centimeters is equal to one meter.

______ 2. English System of measurement is also called System International.
______ 3. Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed.
______ 4. Metric System of measurement was originated in France.
______ 5. English System of measurement was originated in England.

B. Write the correct measurements indicated by the numbers 1-5 below. Place
your answer on your answer sheet.

C. Conversion. Convert the following measurements. Write your solution and

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 50 cm. = ____________ in.

2. 12 ft. = ____________ m.
3. 4 m. = ____________ in.
4. 25 in. = ____________ cm.
5. 6 m. = ____________ cm.

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 What I Can Do

Let’s Practice Your Skills!

Direction: Refer to the given figure of a dining table. Determine its length, height
and width by completing the data below. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Measurements

Height Length Width

Object

cm inches cm inches cm inches

Dining Table

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TLE-Technical Drafting
Module 3:
Prepare and Interpret Technical
Drawing (TD)
 What’s In

Lesson
Prepare and Interpret
1 Technical Drawing

LO1: ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND DATA

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 carefully then find out how much you can
remember and learn by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

At this point, you must be able to analyze and identify signs and symbols used in
technical drawing. A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents
something. A surface, a hidden surface, an extension of a surface, a center of a hole,
or a line with dimension on it. In order to make the drawing easier to read and
understand, each kind of line is drawn with a different line weight. Read and
understand the following.

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 Self-check 1.1

Directions: Draw and interpret the given figure below. Identify the lettered lines
used (A – J) to draw the object. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 Refer to the Answer Key on page 19. What is your score?

RUBRICS:

Remarks/Comments:

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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What’s New

ELEVATION

An elevation drawing is an orthographic

projection drawing that shows one side of the
house. The purpose of an elevation drawing is to
show the finished appearance of a given side of
the object and furnish vertical height dimensions.
Four elevations are customarily drawn, one for
each side of the object. (right side, front, left side,
rear or back).

Study the drawing, then you can easily identify

the object with given dimension. Now, you can
create the orthographic drawing.

Note: Basically, the rear and left side view are the reverse or mirror image of the front
and right-side view.

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 What is It

Expose yourself in the scaling which guide you to draw in specific measurement. You
should know the use scaling in technical drawing.

SCALING

It is a process of proportionally reducing reproducing or enlarging the size of an

object on the drawing paper. In using the scale, you can represent the object or plan
in appropriate manner to the paper.

THREE ASPECTS OF SCALING

REPRODUCTION - An object is reproduced in its actual size if it is 3cm in

orthographic views and other necessary details can be conveniently drawn on one
sheet of paper.
Examples: drinking glass, pliers, screwdriver, hammer, and trowel

REDUCTION - It is used for large objects. The size of the drawing is smaller than
the actual object.
Examples: pieces of furniture, home appliances, houses, airplanes rockets, and
ships

ENLARGEMENT - It is used
for small objects. The size of
the drawing is larger than the
actual object.

Check this drawing/picture. What did you notice? Yes, you are correct!

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LO1: ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND DATA

3 PARTS OF DIMENSIONING
1. Fine Line – has the same thickness or weights as the projection line.
2. Arrowhead – are short heavy line strokes placed at the extremities of this fine
line (called FLARES) like a point of ordinary drawing pen.
3. Number or Figure – usually positioned at the middle of fine line and its axis is
perpendicular to it.

2 KINDS OF DIMENSION

1. Size Dimensions – give the detail and over-all sizes of the objects.
2. Location Dimensions – merely locate part or parts of the object.

a. Over-all Dimensions – the total thickness or height, width, and length of an

object.
b. Detail Dimension – the thickness, length, and width of each part of the same
object.

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 What’s More

For further discussion of the lesson, let us study the “LO2: Interpret technical
drawings and plans”.

In this lesson, you can learn easily how to recognize and interpret the symbols of
material, components, and assemblies used in Technical Drawing (LO2).

A. Let us familiarize with the symbols of materials used in Technical Drawing. After
this activity, you can explain and apply those we used in actual plan.

Let us begin!

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B.Let us study the components and assemblies used in Technical Plan.This lesson is
the combination of Orthographic Drawing and Isometric Drawing. It completes the plan
in your technical drawing which presents your working plan

Try to answer some question that will guide you to understand and interpret the
technical drawing.

1. What is the title of working drawing? _________________________

2. What scale that is used? _______________________
3. Give the overall length of the part ______________
4. Give the overall width of the part _______________
5. Give the overall height of the part ______________
6. What is the diameter of the core? ______________
7. What is the diameter of the two drilled holes? _____________
8. How far apart are the center of the two drilled holes? __________
9. What kind of line are they used to represent the covered two drilled holes? __
10. What unit of the measurement is used in the dimension of the drawing? ____
11. The unit of angular measure is? __________
12. Distance A is ________
13. Distance B is ________
14. Distance C is ________
15. Distance D is ________

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C. Last but not the least,“the rules of dimensioning” is very easy to learn because
this is the detailed part of the drawing given or presented by the designer,
draftsman, engineers, etc. Teachers also used this as part the instruction or
procedure. Imagine a drawing without details or measurements, how are they
going to build this plan in actual? Yes! That’s a problem! This information must be
indicated in the drawing or plan. Let me show you some basic rules of dimension
for further understanding of this lesson.

RULES OF DIMENSIONING

RULES ILLUSTRATION

1. Dimension should generally be

placed between views.

2. Avoid repetition of dimensions.

3. Dimension lines should be parallel to

the edge or one line being measured.

4. The fine lane in dimensions must be

strictly observed.

5. The figure or numbers in a

dimension line should be legible and
properly located.

6. The flare of the arrowhead should

be properly made.

7. Dimensional figure are preferably

directional.

8. Use an outside dimension I the space

is limited and use an inside
dimension if the space is ample.

9. Only metric measurements should

appear in drawings

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 10. Continuous dimensions should be used
whenever possible.

11. Staggered dimensioning should be used

when the spaces for dimensions are narrow.

12. A dimension lines may be terminated

by projection, visible hidden or center
line.

13. Dimension Ides should not be

extended beyond the edge/line being
measured.

14. Arrowhead should be point to the

terminating line and not to the
dimensional figure

15. Let no workman add or subtract

dimension.

16. When giving the locational dimension

from round holes, measure the center
to center distance between holes and
from the center line of the holes to the
nearest visible lines.

17. Place the dimension closest to the part

being measures.

18. Never crowd dimensions.

19. Projection and extension lines should

be properly drawn.

Apply and exercise these rules of dimension in technical drawing plan.

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 What I Have Learned

A. Answer the following questions that will help you to be familiarized with the lesson
in this module. Write the letters only on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It has the same thickness or weights as the projection line.

A. Figure/number C. Fine Line
B. Extension line D. Arrowhead

2. It gives the detail and over-all sizes of the objects.

A. Size dimension C. Over-all dimension
B. Detail dimension D. Location dimension

3. Short heavy line strokes placed at the extremities of this Fine Line
like a point of ordinary drawing pen.
A. Figure/number C. Fine Line
B. Extension line D. Arrowhead

4. It shows thickness, length, width of each part of the same object.

A. Size dimension C. Over-all dimension
B. Detail dimension D. Location dimension

5. It is usually positioned at the middle of fine line and its axis is perpendicular to it.
A. Figure/number C. Fine Line
B. Extension line D. Arrowhead

6. Drawing that are on actual size or full size in orthographic views and other
necessary details can be conveniently drawn on one sheet of paper.
A. Scaling C. Reduction
B. Enlargement D. Reproduce

7. It is a process of proportionally reducing, reproducing or enlarging the size of an

object on the drawing paper.
A. Scaling C. Reduction
B. Enlargement D. Reproduce

8. It is used for small object. The size of the drawing is larger than the size of the
object.
A. Scaling C. Reduction
B. Enlargement D. Reproduce

9. It is used for large object. The size of the drawing is smaller than actual object.
A. Scaling C. Reduction
B. Enlargement D. Reproduce

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 What I Can Do

B. Draw the following objects given below by using the scale 1cm:1/2in with
dimensions. Three basic views must be shown in this activity. Use a drawing paper
(graphing paper) to show the proper scaling of the objects. Drawing papers are
provided.

A B

The Teacher will use the given rubric to assess the score you got in this activity.
Compile this in your provided folder.

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 Additional Activities

Read and interpret this given plan. Draw the object in the provided graphic
paper. You may use any precise scale for your own comfort and originality.

35
The teacher will use the given rubric for the scoring system. You will have the
result after the assessment of your facilitator. Compile this in your provided
folder. Don’t hesitate to ask question for your further understanding.

36