Learning Module

in
Business Research

Author: Matias L. Mercado, Jr.

LOOKING FORWARD

Teacher’s Voice: Hello College Students! Welcome to this course

Business Research. Presently, I am sure that you already made the
career-decision to become future professionals in your own fields and
that you are enrolled in this subject with the intention of enriching your
knowledge.
As students, you are always expected to follow at all times the proper
research protocol especially in citing and acknowledging the authors
to avoid plagiarism. You are also expected to be always honest and
punctual in doing and submitting your assignments as well as, in the
findings of your study.
Always ask questions from your research teacher, if you have some
queries and clarifications to make. This will help make things easy for
you in this subject.

Teacher: Primarily, before becoming successful in your respective

business professions, you have to deal with one of the major function
of learning which is conducting a research study. In this course, you
will be taught on how to conduct a business research. Any competent
professional needs the competency in designing business research
strategy which starts in the skilful practice of strategic research
process aligned to your respective professions. Therefore, in this
course you are expected to demonstrate knowledge in doing a
research which includes a competent discussion of a written analysis
of and interpretation of the statistical data

Let’s get started

2
 Saint Peter’s College of Toril Inc.
Mc Arthur Highway, Toril, Davao City
College Department
1 Term 1st Semester AY 2020-2021
st

Course Activity Worksheet

Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Weeks 1- 3
Topic The Nature and Scope of Business Research
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
(ILO) 1. Understood the meaning of business research
2. Identified the types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
quan-quali research
3. Identified and discussed the different types of research
variables
4. Identified and described the basic components of a business
research
Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Set)
(TLAs)  Independent reading
Assessment Tasks  Activity worksheet completion
 Test your knowledge: Quiz- Identification Type, Fill in the
Blanks, Essay
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on the nature of business research. It also provides
students the opportunity to describe the importance of business research, identify and differentiate the
types of business research (quantitative and qualitative), identify the research variables, and the
development of the basic components of a business research (IMRAD Format)

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity.
Evaluation and assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must
be submitted on time prescribed for each activity

3
UNIT 1- THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

Week 1 – 3

Week 1

Topics:
 The Definition and Importance of Business Research
 The Quantitative Business Research Methods

LEARNING CONTENT

Definition of Business Research

 Business research is a process of acquiring detailed information of all new areas of business and
using such information in maximizing the sales and profit of the business. It is the acquisition of
information or knowledge for professional or commercial purpose to determine opportunities and
goals for business (Bhat, 2019).

The Importance of Business Research

 Business research is the first step that any business owner needs to set up his business, to
survive or to excel in the market. It is one of the most effective ways to understand customers, the
market and the competitors. Such research helps companies to understand the demand and
supply of the market. It also helps companies to reduce costs, create solutions or products that
are targeted to the demand in the market and right audience. In house business research enable
senior management to build an effective team or train when needed. It also helps companies to
track its competitors resulting comparative advantage

Types of Business Research

Quantitative Research Methods

 Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering

quantitative data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It
collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods, and
sending out online surveys, polls, and questionnaire, etc. (Bhat, 2018)

 It is a method of research that relies on measuring variables using numerical system, analyzing
these measurements using any of a variety of statistical models, and reporting relationships
and associations among the studied variables. The goal of gathering this quantitative data is ti
understand, describe, and predict the nature of phenomenon, particularly through the
development of models and theories.(Alfieri, 2015)

Example

 In business, an example is a survey conducted to determine the level of employee’s job

satisfaction among financial intermediaries in a certain locality.Using a survey questionnaire,
quantitative data can be obtained to measure the perceived level of employees job satisfaction

4
The Types of Quantitative Research

There are multiple types of quantitative research, namely: survey research, correlational
research, causal-comparative research (Bhat, 2018)

1. Survey Research. It is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of
respondents, using various types of data collection such as online polls, online
surveys, paper questionnaire , and others. This type of research can be conducted
with a specific target audience group and also can be conducted across multiple
groups along with comparative analysis. It can be classified as: cross-sectional
surveys and longitudinal surveys. Cross sectional surveys are observational surveys
conducted in situations where the researcher intends to collect data from a sample of
the target population at a given point in time. It is popular with retail, SMEs,
healthcare industries. Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys, but unlike
cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted across various time
durations to observe a change in respondent behavior and thought processes.

Example-An analyis in the change in consumer buying behavior of millenials over five
(5) years time.

2. Correlational Research- This is conducted to establish relationship between two or

more variables and how one impacts the other and what are the changes that are
eventually observed. Researchers use this method to correlate two or more variables
using mathematical analysis methods. Pattern relationships, and trends between
variables are concluded as they exis in their original set up.

Example- The relationship between employee’s quality of worklife and job satisfaction

3. Causal Comparative Research- This research method mainly depends on the factor
of comparison and is also known as quasi- experimental research. This type of
research is used to conclude cause-effect equation between two or more variables,
where one variable is dependent on the othe independent variable. The independent
variable is established but not manipulated, and its impact on the dependent variable
is observed.

Example- The influence of employee’s level of motivation on their job performance

4. Experimental Research. It is also known as “true experimentation.” This research

method is reliant on a theory (a statement that can be verified or refuted) and is used
in natural sciences.. The theory has not been proven and is merely a supposition. In
experimental research, an analysis is done around proving or disproving the
assumption.

Example- Determining the effectiveness of online learning as compared to traditional

learning

5
 Weekly Activity 1.1

10 8 6 4 2

The content of The content of The content of the The content of The content
the answer to the the answer to the answer to the the answer to of the answer
question asked question asked question asked was the question to the
was very clearly was clearly partially presented/ asked was very question
presented/ presented/ discussed partially asked was
discussed discussed presented/ not
discussed presented/
discussed at
all

1. What type of quantitative research are you interested to conduct and why?

2. In your own idea, what do you think is the importance of business research in your
chosen academic track? How can it help you in your ambition in life?

6
Week 2

Topic:

 Qualitative Research Method

 Types of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research Methods

 Qualitative research is a method that involves obtaining data through open ended conversational
means of communication. It enables the researcher to not only understand what the audience
thinks but also why he thinks it. In-depth information can be gathered from the participants
depending on their responses. The types of qualitative research methods include: ethnographic
research, content analysis, case study research.

The Types of Qualitative Research

The types of qualitative research include: ethnography, narrative, historical, phenomenological,

grounded theory, and case study

1. Ethnography. It is the description and systematic study, and documentation of tradition,

mores, norms, and behavior of people and culture. This type of research requires longer time
of studies and needs actual immersion with the participants of the study
2. Narrative. The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events usually from one or
two individuals to form a cohesive story. The study is presented as a story or in narratives
with theme, and can reconcile conflicting stories and highlight tensions and challenges which
can be opportunities for innovation
3. Historical study. It is the description, examination, and analysis of past events and their
implications to present and future events. It is also used to understand past and present
phenomena or anticipate some potential future occurrence.
4. Phenomenology. It is the description of people’s real experiences as they lived and the study
of reality or social phenomenon as perceived by those who are involved. It uses a
combination of methods such as conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos,
or visiting places and events. In this type of study, you mainly rely on the participant’s own
perspectives to provide insight into their motivations
5. Grounded theory. This looks to an explanation or theory behind the events. The focus is on
theory development which can be theory construction or theory development deconstruction
(disprove). It is an inductive research design used to discover knowledge through themes,
trends and patterns until a theory emerges or a concept is develop (Amorado & Talili, 2017)
6. Case study. It involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources. It is
often done through direct observation, interviews, and archival research.

7
Weekly Activity 1.2

10 8 6 4 2

The content of The content of The content of the The content of The content
the answer to the the answer to the answer to the the answer to of the answer
question asked question asked question asked was the question to the
was very clearly was clearly partially presented/ asked was very question
presented/ presented/ discussed partially asked was
discussed discussed presented/ not
discussed presented/
discussed at
all

1. What type of qualitative research do you wish to conduct and why?

2. In your own words, differentiate the types of qualitative research in terms of scope
and coverage

8
 Week 3

Topics:

 Mixed Qualitative and Quantitative Research Method

 Types of Quan -Qual Research Method
 Types of Research Variables
 Basic Components of Business Research Paper

The Mixed Qualitative and Quantitative Research Method

 Mixed methods research is both a method and methodology for conducting research that involves
collecting, analyzing, and integrating quantitative and qualitative research in a single study or a
longitudinal program of inquiry. The purpose of this form of research is that both qualitative and
quantitative research, in combination, provide a better understanding of a research problem or
issue than either research approach alone (Creswell, 2008)

Mixing the Quan- Qual Data

Type of Mixing Type of Design Why Mixing Occurs Where Mixing Occurs
in Research Process

Connecting Sequential One phase builds on the Between data analysis

other (Phase 1) and data
collection (phase 2)

Merging Concurrent Bring results together After analysis of both

quan and qual- typically
in discussion

Embedding Sequential or Either building or Either between phases

Concurrent bringing results together or in discussion after
building

Source: Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

The Types of Research Variables

The following are the types of research variables used in typical quantitative research study
(Malhotra, 2012)

9
1. Independent variable(IV) - This variable is manipulated by the researcher and the
manipulation causes an effect on the dependent variable
2. Dependent variable (DV) - This variable is measured or predicted and is expected to be
affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
3. Moderating variable- This is the seconded independent variable and is believed to have
significant contribution to both IV and DV
4. Intervening variable- Factor which theoretically affects the observe phenomenon but cannot
be seen or measured

Example: Research Title: “Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

From the above research title, two (2) variables can be identified which are Quality of
Worklife (independent variable) and Job Satisfaction (dependent variable). The study
tries to determine the extent of influence of the independent veriable (quality of worklife)
on the dependent variable (job satisfaction) of the employee

The Basic Components of a Research Paper (IMRAD Format)

Chapter 1- Introduction- usually composed of 4 paragraphs which depict the background or rationale
of the study in the global, national, and local research gaps. The last paragraph provides
the relevance of the proposed study. Other sections include the statement of the problem /
research objectives, hypothesis, review of related literature, theoretical framework,
conceptual framework, significance of the study, and the definition of terms,

Chapter 2- Methods- this chapter presents the methods to be used in the study which include:
research design to be used, research locale, respondents and sampling design of the
study, research instrument to be used, data gathering procedures, and the data analysis

Chapter 3 Results- this chapter presents the results of the analyzed data in graphical or tabular
presentations

Chapter 4 Discussion – this chapter presents the discussion of the results of the study together with
the conclusion and recommendations of the study

References- this section provides the references that were used in the study in the conduct of the study

Appendices- this section provides the lists of supporting activities conducted and the detailed statistical
results of the analyzed data

10
Weekly Activity 1.3

10 8 6 4 2

The content of The content of The content of the The content of The content
the answer to the the answer to the answer to the the answer to of the answer
question asked question asked question asked was the question to the
was very clearly was clearly partially presented/ asked was very question
presented/ presented/ discussed partially asked was
discussed discussed presented/ not
discussed presented/
discussed at
all

1. Discuss briefly the difference between concurrent, sequential, and embedded

research design in terms of where mixing occurs in a study.

2. Using other sources of reference like other research books and online materials,
discuss further the types of variables and how it is applied or used? Cite your sources

11
UNIT ASSESSMENT

LET’S ASSESS
Assessment Activity 1

1. Give one (1) example of a proposed study for each type of

quantitative research that is related to your academic course

Example:
Survey Research: An analysis of motivational level among
successful entrepreneurs in Davao City
Correlational Research: The relationship between student’s academic
stress and their academic performance

1.1 Survey Research

1.2 Correlational Research

1.3 Causal Comparative Research

1.4 Experimental Research

2. From your given examples of correlational research and causal comparative in the above
activity, identify the independent and dependent variables for each proposed study

2.1 Correlational Research

Independent variable_____________________________________

Dependent variable _____________________________________

1.2 Causal Comparative Research

Independent variable_____________________________________

Dependent variable _____________________________________

Score:

12 _____/_____
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

Assessment Activity 2

Test 1.Identification. Identify the word or phrase that is being described in each given statement
______________________ 1.This type of research is conducted to establish relationship
between two variables and how one impacts the other and what are the changes that are
eventually observed.
_______________________2. This variable is manipulated by the researcher and the
manipulation causes an effect on the dependent variable
_______________________3.This research method is reliant on a theory (a statement that can
be verified or refuted) and is used in natural sciences
_______________________4. This variable is measured or predicted and is expected to be
affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
_______________________5.This type of research is used to conclude cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the othe independent
variable
_______________________6. It is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by
gathering quantitative data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
_______________________7.It is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies.
_______________________8. This is the seconded independent variable and is believed to have
significant contribution to both IV and DV
_______________________9. It is a factor which theoretically affects the observe phenomenon
but cannot be seen or measured
_______________________10. Component of a quantitative research which provides the
rationale or background of the study

Test 2. Discussion (10 pts each)

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed at all
discussed discussed

13
1. Discuss briefly the importance of business research to a business organization in terms
of productivity

2. Identify and discuss briefly in your own words the three (3) characteristics of quantitative
research

3. In your own words and understanding, discuss briefly one (1) strength and weakness of
quantitative research

14
 HOW IS MY LEARNING?

Go back to your lesson and own objectives. Rate yourself by checking

the box.

3- I can do it on my own
2- I can do it with a little help
1- I still need help

Lesson objectives 3 2 1
a. Discuss the importance of research in daily life
b. Formulate a research title
c. Describe the background of research
d. Present the research problem statement
e. State research questions
f. Indicate the scope and delimitation of research
g. Determine the significance of the study
h. Present a clear definition of terms
My own objectives (rewrite them below)

If you put check in the column under 1, kindly specify below which part of the
process/lesson do you find challenging or difficult.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

References

Bhat, Adi (2018). Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples.
Retrieved May 12, 2020 from http://questionpro.com

Spalding University Library (2020): Quantitative Research. Retrieved May 12, 2020 from
https:// libraryspalding.edu/EDD904

Bhasin, Hitesh (2019). Characteristics of Quantitative Research, Retrieved May 13, 2020
from marketing91.com

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Fostering Integrity

of Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press

15
 Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Weeks 4 - 6
Topic Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problems
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
(ILO)
1. Formulated a research title
2. Described the background of research
3. Presented the research problem statement
4. Stated research questions
5. Indicated the scope and delimitation of research
6. Determined the significance of the study
7. Presented a clear definition of terms

Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Set)

(TLAs)  Independent reading
 Online discussion
Assessment Tasks  Activity worksheet completion
 Performance task
 Test your knowledge: Quiz- Fill in the Blanks, Essay
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on the identifying the inquiry and stating the problem.
It also provides students the opportunity to formulate research title, provide background of the study,
present research problem, state research questions, know the scope and delimitations of the study,
significance of the study and provide clear definition of terms used in the study.

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity.
Evaluation and assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must
be submitted on time prescribed for each activity

16
UNIT 2- IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM
(WEEK 4 – 6)

WEEK 4

Topics:
 The Research Title
 The Research Problem

Formulating a Good Research Title

 The research title summarizes the main idea or ideas of a research study. The title is
without a doubt the part of a paper that is read the most, and is usually read first. The
initial aim of the title is to capture the reader’s attention and to draw his or her research
problem being investigated. A good research must have the following parameters
(Library Sacred Heart University, 2019):

- A good research title is one which is very clear, specific and relevant to the
needs of times. The title must be eye catching to attract readers

- It must not be too short nor it must be too long and must be at least less than 20
words. The title must not contain unnecessary words and abbreviations

- It must indicate accurately the subject of the study as well as its scope identifying
the variables of the study. The titlemust manifests the main objective or the
significant findings of the study

- It utilizes the correct word choice from the field of study. Use words that create a
positive impression and stimulates readers interest

- Redundant phrases or wasteful words such as “An investigation of”, “An analysis
of” or similar construction must be eliminated or ignored

- Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and last words
capitalized, including the first word of a subtitle. All nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs that appear between the first and last words of the title
are also capitalized

The Research Problem

 A research problem statement is a set of questions that must be answered in order to

determine the solutions of the current research dilemma. It is a specific issue, difficulty,
contradiction, or a gap in knowledge that you will address in your research. Without a
research problem, you likely to end up with an unfocused and unmanageable research
project. In conducting a practical research, you can identify a problem by reading reports,
following up on previous research, and talking to people who work in the relevant field
(McCombes, 2020)

17
 Examples of a practical research problem

Example 1

The level of quality of work-life of financial intermediary employees is affecting

their job performance

Example 2

The level of employee’s job satisfaction is low affecting their productivity and
performance

Weekly Activity 2.1

1. Give at least five (5) research title related to your academic tract that you find interesting.
Note: One of these titles will be used as your research title as required in this course

2. Did research help you in your decision to take your present academic course? Explain
your answer in less than 100 words.

18
 WEEK 5

Topics:
 The Research Background of the Study / Rationale
 The Research Questions
 The Null Hypothesis

The Description of a Good Research Background or Rationale

 The structure of the introduction is like an inverted triangle of information. The information must
be organized starting from the more general aspects of the topic early in the introduction, then
narrow to the more specific typical information that provides context, finally arriving at your
statement of purpose and rationale and, whenever possible, the potential outcomes of your study
can reveal (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019).

1. Establish an area to research. This can be done by highlighting the importance of the topic by
making general statements of the topic or presenting an overview on current research on the
subject.
2. Identify research gaps. This can be done by presenting the gaps from global, national, and
local areas. You can present the gaps by a) opposing an existing assumption; b) revealing a
gap in an existing research; or c) formulating a research question or problem
3. Place the research within the research gap. This can be done either by: a) stating the intent
of your study; b) outlining the key characteristics of your study: c) describing the expected
important results of your paper study. It must establish a relevance to the present situation
where it can generate new knowledge or information to the field of discipline

Example of a Research Rationale

There is downward trend in job satisfaction among employees worldwide.

Satisfaction has been dropping for more than past years and had affected
employees across all ages, income levels, and job types.

Job dissatisfaction has reached a crisis point that is stressing families and
companies alike (Kruse, 2011). Heywood (2008) says, job satisfaction in the US is
something that one search for. One will have to

look for another job if dissatisfied. While, in other countries like Germany, it’s far more
common to use the institutions in place to try to change the workplace so that it provides
more satisfaction. Employees with low job satisfaction can negatively affect a company
because they typically lack motivation, perform poorly and possess negative attitudes.
These symptoms can directly affect a company’s bottom line (Johnson, 2008).

In the Philippines, a new study by global consulting firm Watson Wyatt revealed
that many Filipino workers are dissatisfied with present compensation and benefit
packages. Filipino workers are most unhappy about generally low domestic
compensation and benefit levels, prompting them to seek better working and living

19
 conditions abroad (GMA News Report, 2008).In Davao City, many studies have been
conducted mostly on job satisfaction of employees of Business Processing Outsourcing
(BPO) and from the academe as well as from the manufacturing sector, and it turned out
that some of the employees were not satisfied from their job. Two former BPO
workers interviewed by Davao Today, Davao City’s first Online News, corroborate the
repeated complaints about the job. They said that beyond skills-training, the industry has
to address workers’ welfare in a “holistic” way (Velez, 2014).

The researchers therefore find this study very relevant to the present times
where satisfaction of employees to their job increases their intent to stay in the
organization. Although, there were some recorded studies on job satisfaction of
employees from the educational sector, there were only very few conducted from the
financial intermediaries in Davao City. Thus, it is expected that results of this study
can contribute in gaining new knowledge and insights in improving the level job
satisfaction among employees of financial intermediaries in Davao City.

Note
* The highlighted phrases shows the research gaps or problems that has to be addressed
in the current research to be done

The Research Questions

 The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper. It is important to
spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started. The exact form of
the question will depend on the length of your research study, the type of research, the topic, and
the research problem. But all research questions should be focused, specific, appropriately
complex, and relevant to a social or scholarly issue. All research questions should be
(McCombes, 2020)

- Focused on a single problem or issue. The research question must be centered on the
research problem to keep your work focused

- Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources. You must be able to find an answer
by collecting qualitative and qualitative data or by reading scholarly sources on the topic

- Feasible to answer within the time frame and practical constraints. You must make sure
that you have ample time and resources to do the research required to answer the
question.

- Specific enough to answer thoroughly. Be sure that all the terms that you will use in your
research question have very clear meanings. You should avoid using vague language and
broad ideas and be clear with what, who, where, and when your question addresses
(McCombes, 2020)

- Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a research paper. The research
question by a simple yes or no answer since it will not provide enough scope for
investigation and discussion.

20
 - Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly. The research question should
be developed based on your readings about your topic and it should center on addressing
a problem or gap in the existing knowledge. The question should also aim to contribute to
current field or to the society at large. It should produce new knowledge that may be useful
to future researchers

It should be noted that in a project or study, you may have multiple research questions, but they
must be connected /parallel and focused towards the central research problem.

The following steps must be followed in writing a research questions:

- Choose first a broad topic which is interesting to you

- Do some preliminary reading to find out about topical debates and issues about the topic
- Narrow down a specific gap or problem that you want to focus on
- Identify a practical or theoretical research problem that you will address

Examples of Research Questions

 Research questions are needed, regardless whether you are doing a qualitative or quantitative
research. You must take note that the kind of questions you will use depends on what you want to
find out and the type of research you want to do since it will shape your research design

Examples
Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of Financial
Intermediaries in Davao City

 Descriptive research

- What is the employee’s demographic profile in terms of age and gender?

- What is the employee’s level of quality of work-life in terms of family time,
health outcomes, and skills utilization?
- What is the employee’s level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and
nature of work?

 Comparative research

- Is there a significant difference in the employee’s level of quality of work-

life when analyzed according to their demographic profile?
- Is there a significant difference in the employee’slevel of job satisfaction
when analyzed according to their demographic profile?

 Correlational research

- Is there a significant relationship between employee’s level of quality of

work life and their level of job satisfaction?

21
The Null Hypothesis
 A null hypothesis is a statement that must be proven in the study and stated in the negative form

An example of a Null hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant difference in the employee’s level of job satisfaction when analyzed
according to their demographic profile?

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between employee’s level of quality of work life and their
level of job satisfaction

Weekly Activity 2.2

Using the research title approved in your previous Activity 1.2

1. Make a draft of your research background of the study or rationale. Be sure to have
four paragraphs as follows:

 Paragraph 1- your general overview or feeling about the topic

 Paragraph 2 and 3- the global, national, local scenario. Clearly state what the
problem is in relation to the topic; background as to results and implications
leading to the rationale of the study, connection between IV and DV
 Paragraph 4- What will be done in the present study, urgency, research gap,
assumption on reconnection between IV and DV; possible contributions of the
study

2. Formulate the quantitative research questions aligned to your problem statement

(You may refer to the example previously given in your notes)

3. Formulate the null hypothesis

22
WEEK 6

Topics:
 The Scope and Delimitations of the Study
 The Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study
 The Significance of the Study
 The Definition of Terms

The Scope and Delimitations of the Study

 Scope and delimitations are two elements of a research paper or thesis. The scope of a study
explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies the
parameters within which the study will be operating. The delimitations are the characteristics that
limit the scope and describe the boundaries of the study, such as the sample size, geographical
location or setting in which the study takes place. These delimitations might be imposed for
practical reasons such as lack of time or financial constraints to carry out a more thorough
investigation. The delimitation section of the study should explain why specific choices were
made while others were excluded and how this might affect the outcome of the research
(editage.com, 2019). Delimitations aim to narrow the scope of a study. For example, the scope of
the study may be narrowed or focused on specific variables, specific participants, specific sites,
or narrowed to one type of research design (Creswell, 2012). It follows the guide: What is it all
about?;Who are the respondents of the study?; Where is the location?; When will it happen?: and
How will it be done?

Example of Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the relationship between level of quality of work-life and job
satisfaction of employee’s of financial intermediaries in Davao City during the Year 2019
– 2020
Initially, this study will confine itself to conducting a survey questionnaire, and direct
interview of the current employees of financial intermediaries in included in the study

The Theoretical Framework of the Study

 A research theoretical framework is a theory or set of theories that serves as the anchor
for the research study. The theory or set of theories that supports a research study
 The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research
study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explain why
the research problem under study exists (Sacred Heart University Library, 2020)

23
 A strong theoretical framework will provide your research a good scientific basis, manifests
your understanding of existing knowledge on the topic, and allows the reader to evaluate your
guiding assumptions. It also gives direction to your research, which permits you to credibly
interpret, explain and simplify from your finding
Example

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

This study is mainly anchored on Spector’s Nine-Facet Theory of Job

Satisfaction. Paul E. Spector (1997) developed the Nine-Facet theory of job satisfaction
specifically for human service, public and non-profit organizations. He defined job
satisfaction as “the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction)
their jobs.” The nine facets identified are: pay, promotions, fringe benefits, supervision,
contingent rewards, operating conditions, co-workers, nature of work, and
communications.
This study is also supported by the constructs of Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH), (2010) wherein it identified several indicators that could contribute
to a quality of work life. Among these indicators are: family time, skills utilization, and
health outcomes

The Conceptual Framework of the Study

 A research conceptual framework is a schematic diagram showing the relationship

between the variables in the study

 It represents the researcher’s understanding of how the particular variables in his study
connect with each other. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research
investigation. It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investigation (simply educate
me, 2015)

Example

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Level of Quality of Work-life Level of Job Satisfaction

- Family time - Nature of work

- Health outcomes - Peer relationship
- Skills utilization - Promotions

Figure 1- Conceptual Framework of the Study

24
 Shown in Figure 1 is the conceptual framework of the study showing the
relationship between employees perceived level of quality of work-life (independent
variable) and their level of job satisfaction (dependent variable). Indicators of quality of
work life include: family time, health outcomes, and skills utilization. Indicators of job
satisfaction are nature of work, peer relationship, and promotions.

The Significance of the Study

 The significance of the study provides information to the reader on how the study will
contribute and who will benefit from it (simply educate me, 2015)

 The significance of the study accrues to the direct beneficiaries of the result of the study
which may include: government agencies, school/academe, students, and future
researchers

How to Write the Significance of the Study

1. Refer to the statement of the problem of your study. The problem statement of
your study can guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your study. It
can be done by observing a one-to-one correspondence between the statement
of the problem, and the significance of the study. If you asked the question “Is
there a significant relationship between the employee’s quality of work-life and
their level of job satisfaction?” then the contribution of your research would
probably be a new knowledge or insights on a quality of work-life that would
contribute to the improvement of their level of job satisfaction. Your research will
show a new knowledge that has been extracted from the results of the study.
This new knowledge could be the innovative approach that will improve
employee’s job satisfaction

2. Write the significant contribution from general to specific contribution. Write the
significance of the study by looking into the general contribution of your study
such as its importance to the school, administrators, teachers, students, parents,
and future researchers.

Example

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees
of Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

Significance of the Study

This study is expected to bring benefits to the National and Local Government
Agencies, as well as, to the financial intermediary administrators, employees,
students, and future researchers, in Davao City
Results of the study will provide national and local government agencies
like the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) relevant information on
the level of quality of work-life and job satisfaction among employees of financial
intermediaries in Davao City and thus, may serve as basis in formulating
company policies governing provisions on employee’s quality of work-life and job
satisfaction. Findings of the study will also bring benefits to the, administrators of
the financial intermediaries in Davao City as they may gain new insights and
relevant information pertaining to level of quality of work-life and job satisfaction

25
 of their employees thus, can serve as the basis for policy formulation in the
future. Moreover, results of the study may also provide financial intermediary
employees the benefit to gain some new information and insights on quality of
work-life that can serve as new tool or approach to improve their level of job
satisfaction. Furthermore, findings of the study will help students to be more
academically prepared as highly job satisfied employees would become more
motivated and productive in dealing with their clients, and in effect can lead to
reduce work backlog. Finally, results from the study can serve as a baseline data
for other similar future researches to be conducted

The Definition of Terms

This section of a research paper provides a brief description or explanation of how a word, term or
phrase is to be used in a paper study. There are two types of definition of terms: the conceptual and
the operational definition

 Conceptual definition of terms refers to accepted definition of the terms coming from
a dictionary or from books and literatures.

 Operational definition of terms refers to how the terms are being used in the research
study.

An Example of an Operational Definition of Term

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

Job satisfaction. In this study, it refers to the magnitude or level of employees job
satisfaction in terms of nature of work, peer relationship, and promotions. It will be measured
as very high, high average, low, and very low

26
Weekly Activity 2.3

Based on your previously approved research title,

1. Develop a draft of your scope and delimitations following the guide: What, Who, Where,
When, and How

2. Present at least 3 theories that can be used as the theoretical framework of your study.

3. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework of your study showing the relationship of
the variables in the study

4. Write a draft of your significance of the study

5. Define operationally the keywords or phrase that can be found in your research title

27
UNIT ASSESSMENT

PERFORMANCE TASK 1

Make a written presentation of the corrected compiled copy of

the following: (Please refer to the previous exercise activities that you
have passed and corrected by your research teacher for final checking in
compliance for your Research Chapter 1)

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed
discussed discussed at all

Research Title: _______________________________________________

1. Background/ Rationale of the Study

2. Research Problem

3. Research Questions

4. Null Hypothesis

5. Scope and Delimitations

6. Theoretical Framework

7. Conceptual Framework of the Study

8. Significance of the Study

9. Definition of Terms

28
 Assessment Activity 3

Test 1.Fill in the Blanks. Complete the statement by filling in the blanks with the
correct word, term of phrase (10 pts)

1. _______________________ definition of terms refers to how the terms are being used in
the research study.
2. A research _________________ framework is a schematic diagram showing the
relationship between the variables in the study
3. A research __________________ is a set of questions that must be answered in order
to determine the solutions of the current research dilemma
4. A research theoretical framework is a _______ or set of theories that serves as the
anchor for the research study
5. The structure of the _________ is like an inverted triangle of information
6. A ______________ is a statement that must be proven in the study and stated in the
negative form
7. The _______________ provides information to the reader on how the study will
contribute and who will benefit from it
8. The _________________ explains the extent to which the research area will be
explored in the work and specifies the parameters within which the study will be
operating
9. The ______________ summarizes the main idea or ideas of a research study
10. The______________ are the characteristics that limit the scope and describe the
boundaries of the study

Test 2.Discussion.Maximum of 100 words (10 pts each)

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly was clearly partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ presented/ discussed presented/ discussed at all
discussed discussed discussed

29
1. Discuss briefly the importance of research in relation to how it contributed to the
fields of business, education, and other fields of social science

2. What is a good research title? Explain your answer

Score:

_____/_____

30
 HOW IS MY LEARNING?

Go back to your lesson and own objectives. Rate yourself by checking the
box.

3- I can do it on my own
2- I can do it with a little help
1- I still need help

Lesson objectives 3 2 1
i. Discuss the importance of research in daily life
j. Formulate a research title
k. Describe the background of research
l. Present the research problem statement
m. State research questions
n. Indicate the scope and delimitation of research
o. Determine the significance of the study
p. Present a clear definition of terms
My own objectives (rewrite them below)

If you put check in the column under 1, kindly specify below which part of the
process/lesson do you find challenging or difficult.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

31
References

Creswell, J.W., (2012). Educational Research Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research. 4thed . Boston MA:Pearson Education

Editage Insights, (2019), “What is the meaning of scope and delimitations of a study?” Retrieved June 4,
2020 from google.com.ph

McCombes, S. (2020). “Developing strong research questions,” Retrieved June 4, 2020 from
https://www.scribbr.com/research-procedure

Sacred Heart University (2019). Organizing Academic Research Papers: Choosing a Title’ Retrieved June
3, 2020 from library.sacredheart.edu.com

Simply Educate Me, (2015). Conceptual Framework: A Step by Step Guide on how to Make One.
Retrieved June 5, 2020 from https:/www.simplyeducate.me/2015/01

Singh, S., (2018). ‘Why is research important to our daily life?” Retrieved June 01, 2020 from
https://quora.com

University of Skovde (2016), “The importance of research and its impact on education’” Retrieved June 2,
2020 from Https://studyinternational.com

32
 Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Weeks 7 - 9
Topic Organizing the Related Literature
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
(ILO)
1. Organize the related literatures according to variables
of the study
2. Know how to properly write the citation for authors
3. Understand proper research ethics in writing review of
related literature

Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Set)

(TLAs)  Independent reading
Assessment Tasks  Activity worksheet completion
 Performance task
 Test your knowledge: Essay
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on organizing the related literature. It also provides
students the opportunity to make a compilation of the important literature written by scholars and gurus on
the field of study, gain knowledge on how to cite properly the written works used and understand the
proper research ethics in writing the review of related literature

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity.
Evaluation and assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must
be submitted on time prescribed for each activity

33
UNIT 3- ORGANIZING THE RELATED LITERATURE
(WEEKS 7 – 9)

Weeks 7, 8, 9

TOPIC:
 Definition of Literature
 The Review of Related Literature
 Three Essential Categories of Review of Related Literature
 The Steps in Writing Review of Related Literature
 The Citation of References
 The Ethical Standards in Writing a Review of Related Literature

The Definition of Literature

 A literature is any printed material that can be used as a reference in conducting a research
investigation that includes books, journal articles, official documents and reports, newspaper
clippings among others. Online materials from the Internet such as like Goggle Scholar, or online
journals and dictionaries are also a source of literature

The Review of Related Literature

 A review of related literature (RRL) is a systematic, explicit, reproducible method for identifying,
evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by
researchers, scholars, and practitioners (Fink, 2014). Simply stated, a review of related literature
refers to scholarly writings and compiled literatures of well known authors and gurus about the
discipline under study

The Importance of Review of Related Literature

A research needs a review of related literature to be scholarly. A review of related literature is

important in any research paper to be conducted due to the following reasons
(cupstate.libguides.com, 2020)

1. It provides foundation of knowledge on topic

2. Identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other researchers
3. Identifies inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left
from other research
4. Identifies need for additional research
5. Identifies the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other works
6. Places your own research within the context of existing literature making a case for why
further study is needed.

Three Essential Categories of Review of Related Literature

The review of related literature is categorized as: simple, applied, and academic
((cupstate.libguides.com, 2020)

1. Simple- a simple literature review is a brief overview of the topic not necessarily academic in
scope and often uses popular sources. This review is often just the start of the research
process

34
2. Applied- It is often used in business, government, and other professional environments.
Applied literature reviews are more fact finding

3. Academic- The academic literature review requires accuracy, quality resources, objectivity
thoroughness and quality analysis. It requires in-depth understanding of the topic

The Steps in Writing Review of Related Literature

The following steps must be observed in writing a RRL (Amorado&Talili, 2017)

1. Identify and narrow down a particular topic to guide the researchers or students on what
literature to find and read

2. Research and read on important literatures. Make use of books and journal articles as
sources of literature. Internet sources such as Google Scholar and online journals are also
good source of literature

3. Take down important notes or annotations. As a rule, always rephrase or paraphrase to

prevent plagiarism. Direct quotations can be used for important lines

4. Once the literature sources are completed, start making a draft of the written review of
literature by connecting or synthesizing different literature materials. There must be
connectivity among the topics. Take note also, that topics in the RRL are organized according
to the variables and indicators of your independent and dependent variables

5. Always cite or acknowledge the source of literature. All authors name must be reflected in the
references or bibliography

An example of RRL

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

(Refer also to the sample conceptual framework)

Job Satisfaction

Mathis and Jackson (2012) had given one of the most comprehensive definitions of job
satisfaction. According to these authors, job satisfaction may be defined as a pleasurable
state of emotions due to a positive appraisal of one’s job or job experience, and that
dissatisfaction to ones job occurs only when job expectations are not met. There are four
dimensions that define an employee’s job satisfaction. This includes “worker
relationships, pay and benefits, performance recognition, and communications with
managers and executives.”

According to Paul Spector (1997), there are nine (9) facets of job satisfaction namely:
pay, promotion, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, operating conditions, co-
workers, nature of work, and communication.

Nature of work. The current work environment poses complex motivational issues.
There is much evidence that employees, especially knowledge workers, tend to expect
their work to be at least somewhat meaningful and rewarding (Thomas, 2000).Research

35
 also revealed that the nature of an individual’s job or the characteristics of the
organization that the individual works for predominantly determines job satisfaction (Jex,
2002) It was suggested that if the organization provides technical professionals the
opportunity to engage in challenging and exciting jobs, they will be more involved and
satisfied in their organizations, more committed to their organizations, and finally, less
likely to leave (Igbaria 1991; Igbaria and Guimaraes 1993; Igbaria et al. 1994; Tutuncu
and Kozak 2007).

Peer relationship. It is the relationship between employees and their co-workers which
including competence, helpfulness, and friendliness. Employees seek to be treated with
respect by those they work with. A hostile work environment -- with rude or unpleasant
co-workers -- is one that usually has lower job satisfaction (Hill, 2010). According to
Ghazzawi (2008), an employee’s co-workers, the groups they belong to, and the culture
to which an individual is exposed all have the potential to influence job satisfaction.
Various studies had traced co- worker relationship as a factor of intermediate importance
in job satisfaction. The workers derive satisfaction when the co-workers are helpful,
friendly and co-operative (Chavan, 2010). Good relationship between employees also
decreases the stress level and employees feel more relaxed at workplace (M & E
Studies, 2011)

Promotion. Promotion is said to be happened when an employee makes a shift in the

upward direction in organizational hierarchy and moves to a place of greater
responsibility (Dessler, 2008).According to Shields and Ward (2001) the employees who
are dissatisfied with the opportunity available for promotion show a greater intention to
leave the organization. Research conducted by (Danish & Usman, 2010; and Ssesanga&
Garrett, 2005) found a positive significant relationship between opportunities for
promotion and job satisfaction. Wan et. al. (2012) argue that employees that perceived
promotion decisions as fair are more likely to be committed to the organization,
experience career satisfaction, perform better and subsequently have a lower intention to
leave the organization.

Note: The presentation of the topics in the RRL must be aligned to your indicators of your
variable in the problem statement and as presented in your conceptual framework. In the
example, it can be noted that the independent variable Job Satisfaction has the following
indicators: nature of work: peer relationship; and promotions

Weekly Activity 3.1 – You start doing this on the start of week 8 since
this activity will take some time to finish

Based on the previously approved title,

1. Write a draft of your review of related literature (RRL) following the correct format
(refer to the previous example)

36
The Citation of References

 Citing a literature means making a reference to any literature used in research. There are
two ways of citing literature reference: attribution and citation. Attribution which is also
known as “indirect citation,” is recognizing and acknowledging literature as sources of
original ideas. It can be done by rephrasing or paraphrasing an idea coming from an
original author. Citation, on the other hand, is a form of directly making use of the original
idea of the author. Direct quotations of words and sentences are borrowed using open
and close quotation marks. It should be noted that a good research is good combination
of attribution and citation with advance research is expected to have more attribution than
citation (Amorado, R. &Talili, I., 2017)

 Every researcher must ensure that he or she has to attribute or cite properly any
borrowed idea from another author. However, if the idea is coming from researcher, then
there is no need to attribute or cite it. The same holds true also, if the idea is a common
knowledge. However, if the idea is original, rephrased or paraphrased, then you may
make an attribution for the same ideas of other literature. This makes the writing related
literature to become scholarly in nature.

 There are several referencing styles depending on the field of discipline. Citation styles
also depend on the disciplinal associations, which determine the required format for
attribution and citation. Among these are: ASA (American Sociological Association) in the
field of sociology; APA (American Psychological Association) which is the most
commonly used format in psychology, business, criminology, economics, education and
other fields of social science; AMA (American Medical Association) for ,medicine

Example of Citation using American Psychological Association (APA) format

Book

Creswell, J.W., (2012). Educational Research Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating

Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4thed . Boston MA:Pearson Education

Journal Article

Gupta, S., Pirsch, J., and Girard, T. (2010). “An Empirical Examination of a Multi National
Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor,” Journal of Global Marketing, 23, pp
288 – 305

Website

Spalding University Library (2020): Quantitative Research. Retrieved May 12,

2020 from https:// libraryspalding.edu/EDD904

37
The Ethical Standards in Writing Review of Related Literature

 The same requirements for research ethics also applies in writing the RRL. Research
ethics actually guides the researcher to do what is proper and improper in conducting a
research study. There must be integrity in the research paper which means that there
must be appropriateness, reliability, identifiable, and recency on the written RRL to make
it ethical.

 Avoidance of plagiarism must also be observed at all times. Plagiarism is defined as

using the work of another and claiming to be yours. It can be the result of a poor
recording of cited materials or the most common is the copy - and – paste habits from
online sources and materials. A good RRL therefore is on wherein the cited literatures in
the main context are all acknowledge and cited in the reference

Weekly Activity 3.2

Based on the previously approved title and compiled RRL

1. Make a list of attributions and citations using APA format (this will serve as your
reference)

38
UNIT ASSESSMENT

LET’S ASSESS

PERFORMANCE TASK 2

Make a written presentation of the corrected compiled copy of your review of related
literature: (Please refer to the previous exercise activity that you have passed and corrected by
your research teacher for final checking and integration to Chapter 1)

10 8 6 4 2

The organization of The organization The organization of The organization The organization
literature is very of literature is literature is partly of literature is of literature is
highly organized and highly organized organized and poorly organized very poorly
very thoroughly and thoroughly discussed with. 3-4 and discussed organized and
discussed discussed with content missing with many content discussed with
only 1- 2 content missing very many
missing content missing

Review of Related Literature

39
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

Assessment Activity 4

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed
discussed discussed at all

Answer briefly the following questions (10 pts./ number)

1. What ethical standards must be followed in writing review of related literature (RRL)?

2. As a researcher, how would you make the citation of references?

3. Differentiate simple RRL from academic RRL in terms of scope

Score:

_____/_____

40
 HOW IS MY LEARNING?

Go back to your lesson and own objectives. Rate yourself by checking the
box.
3- I can do it on my own
2- I can do it with a little help
1- I still need help

3 2 1
Lesson objectives

a. Organize the related literatures according to

variables of the study

b. Know how to properly write the citation for authors

c. Understand proper research ethics in writing review

of related literature

My own objectives (rewrite them below)

If you put check in the column under 1, kindly specify below which part of the
process/lesson do you find challenging or difficult.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

References

Amorado, R., and Talili, I,. (2017). Qualitative Research: A Practical Approach. Mutya Publishing House,
Philippines

Creswell, J.W., (2012). Educational Research Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research. 4thed . Boston MA: Pearson Education

CupstateLibGuides, (2020). Purpose of a literature review. Retrieved June 6, 2020 from

https://www.cuspstate.libguide.com/ Literature Review

Fink, Arlene. (2014). Conducting research literature review. Sage: USA

41
 Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Week 10 - 12
Topic Understanding data and ways to systematically collect data
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
(ILO) 1. Chosen appropriate research design
2. Described the research locale and respondents of the study
3. Described sampling procedures, construct the research
instrument, and establishes the validity and reliability of the
research instrument
4. Planned data collection procedure
5. Planned data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing
6. Cited ethical considerations to be followed in the conduct of
research activities

Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Sheet)

(TLAs)  Independent reading
 Online discussion
Assessment Tasks  Activity worksheet completion
 Test your knowledge: Quiz- Identification Type, Essay
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on understanding data and ways to systematically collect data. It
also provides students the opportunity to choose the appropriate research design, describe the research locale,
sampling techniques to be used, the respondents of the study, the research instrument to be used and its validity and
reliability. Furthermore, students will also have the opportunity to plan the data gathering procedure, and determine
the data analysis to be used. Finally, students will have the opportunity to determine the ethical considerations to be
used in the conduct of the study

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity. Evaluation and
assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must be submitted on time
prescribed for each activity

42
UNIT 4- UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA

(WEEK 10 – 12)

Week 10

TOPICS:
 The Research Design
 The Research Locale
 The Sampling Process and Respondents of the Study

The Research Design

 A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting a research study. It describes in

detail the relevant procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure or
solve research problems. Research design can be classified as: descriptive, exploratory, and
causal (Malhotra, 2007)

Descriptive research- This is a type of conclusive research design that has its major objective- to
describe something- group characteristics. It assumes that the researcher has much prior
knowledge about the problem situation(Robinson, 2002). Thus, the information needed is clearly
defined. As a result, descriptive research is pre-planned and structured. It is typically based on a
large sample representative. A descriptive design requires a clear specification of who, what,
when, where, why and way (how). Descriptive research design can be categorized as descriptive
correlational-(used when looking for significant relationship between variables in the study),
descriptive comparative- (used when looking for significant differences between group means),
and descriptive predictor-(looking for some degree of influence of independent variable to the
dependent variable) and this is mostly used when conducting causal relationship in causal
research

Exploratory research. This type of research design is one which primary objective is the provision
of insights into and comprehension of the problem situation confronting the researcher. It is used
in cases when you must define the problem more precisely, identify relevant courses of action, or
gain additional insights before an approach can be developed. The information needed is loosely
defined in this design and that research process being employed is flexible and not structured.
Example is conducting interview with industry experts. The sample is small in number and non
representative.

Causal research. This research design is used when the major objective of the study is to obtain
evidence regarding cause-in-effect (causal) relationships. It also requires a planned and
structured design. This research design is appropriate when examining for causal relationships, in
which the causal or independent variables are manipulated in a relatively controlled environment.
A relatively controlled environment is one which the other variables that may affect the dependent

43
 variable are controlled or checked as much as possible. One or more dependent variables are
then measured to assume causality

Stating the Research Design in the Research Methods

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Private Sectarian Senior High School in Davao City

The research design used in this study is a descriptive correlational design. It is the most
appropriate research design that can be used in this study since the study aims to determine
significant relationship between quality of work-life and level of job satisfaction of employees of
private sectarian senior high school in Davao City. According to Cooper and Schindler (2013),
descriptive correlational research design shall be used when the study aims to determine
relationship between two or more variables in a study.

The Research Locale

 A research locale describes the location of where the proposed research study will be conducted.
It is a term that refers to a specified area and /or subject that is being studied in a research
project

Stating the Research Locale in the Research Methods

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

This study was conducted in the City of Davao, located the southern part of Island of
Mindanao, Philippines. The City is one of the most urban City in the Philippines and has
several private sectarian senior high schools. Aside from the educational institutions the
City has many business establishments and is the hub of business activities in the
region

Note: Present with map of the Philippines with arrow pointing to Davao City

The Sampling Process and the Respondents of the Study

The Sampling Design Process

44
 The sampling design process has five steps, namely: 1) Define the target population; 2)
Determine the sampling frame: 3) Select a sampling technique: 4) Determine the sample size:
and 5) Execute the sampling process (Malhotra, 2007)

1. Defining the target population. Sampling design begins with specifying the target population. is
the entire set of individuals about which we require information. The target population is the
entire group a researcher is interested in; the group about which the researcher wishes to draw
conclusions Example, all senior high school teachers in Davao City

The target population for the private sectarian SHS research

Elements- Male or female teachers in private sectarian senior high school in

Davao City
Sampling units- SHS teachers
Extent – Davao City
Time- SY 2018 -2019

2. Determining the sampling frame. A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the
target population which consists of a list or set of directions for identifying the target
population. Example: List of school’s teaching and non-teaching employees

3. Selecting a sampling technique. This process involves several decisions of a broader aspect.
The researcher needs to decide which sampling technique he will be using such as whether
probability; non-probability sampling or universal sampling.

Probability sampling is a sampling procedure in which each element of the population has a
fixed chance of being selected for the sample. The types of probability sampling include:

 Simple random sampling - it is the most basic and commonly used sampling
technique wherein each element in the population has a known and equal probability
of selection. The sample is drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame. It
can be done through lottery or fishbowl technique.
 Proportional random sampling- it is used when trying to pick out respondents from all
levels or groups of the population. The word proportion” means a representative
based on the total population. Usually, the higher the population the bigger the
number of sample.
 Stratified random sampling- it is used by making subdivisions of the total population
into smaller groups to represent the sample of the study. For every group, the
proportional sample will be drawn
 Systematic random sampling- this is the drawing of respondents from a group using a
systematic sample consisting of the selection of the nth term from a list

Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique that attempts to obtain a sample of

convenient elements wherein the selection decision is left primarily to the researcher. The
types of non-probability sampling are:

45
  Convenience sampling- it attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements
(respondents) wherein the selection is left primarily to the researcher. Often
respondents were chosen because they were in the right place at the right time. It is
least expensive and least time consuming. However, convenience sampling is not
recommended for descriptive or causal research, but can be used in exploratory
research to generate ideas and insights
 Judgmental sampling- it is a form of convenience sampling in which the population
elements are purposely selected based on the judgment of the researcher. The
researcher exercising expertise chooses the respondents to be included in the
sample because he /she believes that they are representative of the population of
interest or most appropriate for the study
 Quota sampling- this non probability sampling design requires researcher to make a
quota on how many will be the respondents based on their convenience. Quota
sampling attempts to obtain samples at a relatively low costs.
 Snowball sampling. This type of non probability sampling requires random selection
of initial group based on referrals and information provided. A major objective of
snowball sampling is to estimate characteristics that are rare in the population.
Example- special census groups like widowed males under 40 years old

Universal sampling includes all possible respondents in a study. This is used when the
number of respondents is small or manageable in size. Example: All male SHS teachers in
Davao City whose population is not more than 100

4. Determining the sample size. The sample size refers to the number of elements
(respondents) to be included in the study. Determining the sample size is complex and
involves several quantitative and qualitative considerations. Sample size is influenced by the
average size of samples in similar studies. These sample sizes have been determined based
on experience and can serve as a rough guidelines particularly when non- probability
sampling technique is to be used. In most cases, the Slovin formula is the most widely used
formula in determining the sample size.

To determine the sample size, SLOVIN formula can be used

n = N / 1 + ne2 where n= sample
N = total population
e2 = preferred margin of error
Example; There are a total population of 1200 school employees. Compute for the
sample size using Slovin formula

n= N / 1 +Ne2
= 1200 / 1 + 1200(.05)2
= 1200 / 1 + 1200 (.0025)
= 1200 / 1+ 3
= 300 samples

5. Executing the sampling process. This requires a detailed specification of how the sampling
design decisions with respect to the population, sampling frame, sampling unit, sampling
technique, and sample size are to be employed in the study.

46
 Choosing between Probability and Non- Probability Sampling

 The choice between probability and non-probability sampling should be based on

considerations such as the nature of research, variability in the population, and statistical
and operational considerations. In terms of nature of research, if the research is
exploratory then non- probability sampling is to be used. When the research is conclusive
in nature, then probability sampling is to be applied. In terms of variability of population, if
the population is homogeneous then non-probability sampling is needed while probability
sampling is needed when the population is heterogeneous.

The Respondents of the Study

 The respondents of the study refer to individuals or groups who are actual participants in the
study to be conducted and who will answer survey questions.

Stating the Sampling Design and the Respondents of the

Study in the Research Methods

In stating the respondents of the study, it is important to identify clearly who are the actual
respondents/participants in terms of their nature of work, lifestyle, and other profile and the
reason/s why they were chosen.

In stating the sampling design, it is important to state what type of sampling technique was used
(probability sampling or non-probability sampling) and the specific type and there is a need to
justify the appropriateness of such design to your study. Citation is needed to strengthen your
claim.

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Private Sectarian Senior High School in Davao City

The respondents of the study are the current 150 teaching and non-teaching employees
of private sectarian senior high schools in Davao City during the School Year 2018 -
2019 who have rendered at least two (2) years of service in their respective schools.
They were primarily chosen since they have the actual experience needed to describe
their quality of work-life and job satisfaction in their respective schools and thus can
contribute to the success of this research undertaking.

Probability sampling specifically, stratified equal allocation, shall be used in this study.
Ten (10) respondents from selected fifteen private sectarian SHS will be the target
sample size and the schools will be selected based on the number of enrolees, as well
as, the number of teaching and non- teaching employees. According to Weiss (2007),
this stratified equal allocation sampling design is preferred when equally precise
estimates are required for each stratum (private sectarian SHS in this study) per set of
respondents as well as for the overall population. This technique is characterized by
having each stratum allocated with an equal number of sample units.

47
Weekly Activity 4.1

Based on your previously approved title:

1. Write a draft copy of your

1.1 Research Design

1.2 Research Local

1.3 Respondents and Sample of the Study

48
 Week 11

Topics:

 The Research Instrument

 The Questionnaire Design Process
 The Primary Scales of Measurement


Constructing a Research Instrument (Questionnaire)

 A research instrument is a research questionnaire to be used in gathering quantitative data. It can

be constructed (developed) or adapted (previously used in a published research paper)
 A questionnaire is a formalized set of questions for obtaining information from respondents. It has
three specific objectives which are Malhotra, 2007):
1. It must translate the information needed into a set of specific questions that the
respondents can and will answer
2. It must uplift, motivate, and encourage the respondent to become involved in a survey or
interview. The questionnaire must be designed to minimize respondent tiredness, boredom,
incompleteness and non-response.
3. It should minimize response error by giving inaccurate answers.

The Questionnaire Design Process

1. Specify the information needed. As the research progresses, it is important to note that the
information needed becomes more clearly defined that there is a need to review the
components of the problem and the approach, specifically, the research questions,
hypothesis, and all the information to be needed.

2. Determine the content of the individual questions. Each question in the questionnaire should
contribute to the information needed or serve some specific purpose. If there is no
satisfactory use, then the question should be removed

3. Design the questions to overcome respondent’s inability and unwillingness to answer.

Researchers should not assume that respondents can provide accurate or reasonable
answers to all questions. They should overcome the respondent’s inability to answer by
informing the respondents and by filtering the questions. On the other hand, overcoming
unwillingness to answer by lessening their effort to answer through use of simple question or
by not asking sensitive questions.
4. Decide on the question structure. Based on the type of research information needed, you
have to decide whether the questions to be asked are structured or unstructured. Structured
questions specify the set of response alternatives and the response format. It can be in the
form of a multiple choice, dichotomous or a scale. Unstructured questions are open-ended

49
 questions that respondents answer in their own words. They are also referred as free
response or free answers questions.

5. Determine the question wording. Question wording is the translation of the desired question
content and structure into words that respondents can clearly and easily understand. If a
question is worded poorly, the respondents may refuse to answer it or may answer it
incorrectly. To avoid such situation or problem, the following must be done: 1) define the
issue, 2) use ordinary words, 3) avoid ambiguous words, 4) avoid leading questions, 5) avoid
implicit alternatives, 6) avoid implicit assumptions, 7) avoid generalizations and estimates,
and 8) use positive and negative statements

6. Arrange the questions in proper order. Questions should be asked in a logical order. For a
beginner, all the questions that deal with a particular topic should be asked before beginning
a new topic.

7. Identify the form and layout. The format, layout, and positioning of questions have a
significant effect on the results. This holds true for self-administered questionnaire. The
questionnaire should be numbered serially to facilitate the control of questionnaires and as
well as, the coding and analysis.

8. Reproduce the questionnaire. The questionnaire should be produced in a quality paper if

possible to make respondent’s think that the study is very important and have a professional
appearance

9. Eliminate bugs by pretesting. Pretesting or pilot testing refers to the testing of the
questionnaire on a small sample of respondents to identify and eliminate potential problems.
All field survey questionnaires must undergo pretesting. It should be noted that respondents
for the pretest and for the actual survey should be drawn from the same population

Note: In constructing your questionnaire, it is important to take note that all indicators of your
variables must have at least a couple of questions. The constructed questions must be derived
from your RRL

The Primary Scales of Measurement

The use of measurement and scales is important in the construction of a good questionnaire. It is
the scale that represents the hierarchy of precision on which a certain type of variable might be
assessed. There are four (4) scales of measurement, namely: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
scales

1. Nominal scale- these are measures that describe variables that are categorical in nature and
that differs in quality rather than quantity. Example: gender, civil status, religion
2. Ordinal scale- these are measures the order of class or categories. The order may be in the
form of hierarchy or ranks. Example: socio-economic status (upper class, middle class, and
lower class), Order of finish (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), Order of performance (High, average, and low)
3. Interval scale – these are measures of variables with inherent numerical properties which
permit the making of statement of equality, of interval, in addition to sameness or difference,
or greater than or less than. Interval scale have zero or no true zero point. Examples,
temperature readings both in Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales, examination scores,
weighted rating scales.
4. Ratio scale- measures of variable have distances from a natural zero point or origin. Absolute
zero in ratio measurement is always implied. Examples, length, weight, time, age, income

50
 Itemized rating scale is a measurement scale having numbers and/or brief descriptions
associated with each category. The categories are ordered in terms of scale position. Likert scale
is a measurement scale with five response categories from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”
which requires the respondents to indicate a degree of agreements or disagreements with each
of a series of statements related to the stimulus objects.

Example of a questionnaire using a Likert scale

General Instructions. In a scale of 1 – 5, please rate on how you conform to the given
statements as measure of your job satisfaction in your organization. Please put a check
on your chosen scale.

5) Strongly Agree- means that you conform to the given statement at all times
4) Agree- means that you agree to the given statement on some times
3) Neutral- means that you neither conform nor not conform to the given statement
2) Disagree- means that you do not conform to the given statement on some times
1) Strongly Disagree- means that you do not conform to the given statement at all times

Nature of Work 5 4 3 2 1

1. I sometimes feel my job is meaningless

2. I like doing the things I do at work

3. I feel a sense of pride in doing my job.

4. My job is enjoyable

Promotion

1. There is really too little chance for promotion on my job

2. Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being

promoted

3. People get ahead as fast here, as they do in other places.

4. I am satisfied with my chances for promotion

Supervision

1. My supervisor is quite competent in doing his/her job.

2. My supervisor is unfair to me

51
3. My supervisor shows too little interest in the feelings of
subordinates

4. I like my supervisor

Stating the Research Instrument in the Research Methods

The main instrument used in this study is the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), an adopted
questionnaire from Paul Spector (1994) which undergone content validation and internal
reliability test (Cronbach Alpha 0.91) to adapt to the local situation. The Job Satisfaction
Survey (JSS) is a 36 item, nine facet scale to assess employee attitudes about the job
and aspects of the job. Each facet is assessed with four items, and a total score is
computed from all items. A summated rating scale format is used, with five choices per
item ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree” shall be used in this study
Items are written in both directions, so about half must be reverse scored. The nine
facets are Pay, Promotion, Supervision, Fringe Benefits, Contingent Rewards
(performance based rewards), Operating Procedures (required rules and procedures),
Co-workers, Nature of Work, and Communication. Job Satisfaction Survey is one of the
most frequently used job satisfaction instruments (Giri et al., 2010; Liu, et al., 2004;
Watson et al., 2007; Yelboga, 2009).

The following range of interpretation was used in order to describe the obtained mean
scores

Range Description Interpretation

4.21 - 5.00 Very high satisfaction Respondents show

very extreme level of job
satisfaction
3.41 – 4.20 High satisfaction Respondents show extreme level
of job satisfaction
2.61 – 3.40 Average satisfaction Respondents show moderate level of
job satisfaction
1.81 – 2.60 Low satisfaction Respondents show minimum
level of job satisfaction
1.00 – 1.80 Very low satisfaction Respondents show very
minimum level of job

52
Validity and Reliability of a Research Questionnaire

 Validity is the extent to which differences in observed scale scores reflect true differences among
objects on the characteristics being measured, rather than systematic or random error. Validity
can be content validity, criterion validity, or construct validity. Content validity or face validity is a
subjective but systematic evaluation of how well the content of a scale represents the
measurement tasks at hand. Criterion validity examines whether the measurement scale
performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria. Construct
validity addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is measuring.

 Reliability refers to the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated
measurements are made. Reliability is assessed by determining the proportion of systematic
variation in a scale. This is done by determining the association between scores obtained from
different administration of the scale. If the association is high, the scale yields consistent results
and is therefore reliable (Malhotra, 2007). Internal consistency reliability is an approach for
assessing the internal consistency of a set of items when several items are summated in order to
form a total score for the scale. The coefficient alpha or Cronbach Alpha is a measure of internal
consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from
different splitting of the scale items. The coefficient varies from 0 to 1, and value of 0.60 or less
generally indicates unsatisfactory internal reliability

Weekly Activity 4.2

Based on your previously approved title:

1. Make a draft copy of your questionnaire with a minimum of three (3) questions per
indicator

2. Download or adapt a questionnaire for your study from previously done research and
reprint it for checking. Hint: you can adapt from more than one source or author.

53
 WEEK 12

Planning Data Collection

 Planning data collection is systematic way of generating the gathering data for the intended
study. It starts from conceptualization of the study down to the presentation of the results of the
study

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

Data Collection Procedure

The following steps of procedure was conducted to gather data: First, the adopted
questionnaire underwent content validation and internal reliability test using Cronbach
Alpha; Second, if items passes the standard validation, copies of which were distributed
to the respondents from the different private sectarian senior high schools in Davao City;
Third, questionnaire were collected for collation of data; Fourth, the collated data
underwent statistical testing and results were interpreted; Fifth, presentation of the
results of the study

Planning Data Analysis Procedures

 Data analysis is the process of determining the statistical tool to be used in a quantitative
research study. It can either be inferential or non- inferential statistics. Hypothesis testing is
process of testing level of significance of the research hypothesis at: .05 level of significance

Encoding Data in Excel

 In encoding the data gathered from a survey questionnaire in an EXCEL spreadsheet, the
use of dummy variable using number, is recommended in preparation to SPSS application

54
Example

Name (Optional): __________________________________________

School: Holy Cross of Mintal________________________

Gender: X___ male ______ female

Age ______ below 30 yrs
X 31 – 40 yrs
______ above 40 yrs

Nature of Work 5 4 3 2 1

1. I sometimes feel my job is meaningless /

2. I like doing the things I do at work /

3. I feel a sense of pride in doing my job. /

4. My job is enjoyable /

Promotion

1. There is really too little chance for promotion on my job /

2. Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being /

promoted

3. People get ahead as fast here, as they do in other places. /

4. I am satisfied with my chances for promotion /

Supervision

1. My supervisor is quite competent in doing his/her job. /

2. My supervisor is unfair to me /

3. My supervisor shows too little interest in the feelings of /

subordinates

4. I like my supervisor /

55
EXCEL Spreadsheet
work prom Overall
Rest school Gender Age w1 w2 w3 w4 level p1 p2 p3 p4 level JS
1 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 4.50 3 3 3 3 3.00 3.75
2
3
4
5
Legend
School
HCM 1
SPCT 2
ADDU 3
HCC 3

Gender
male 1
female 0

Age
below
30 1
31- 40 2
above
40 3

W1- 4 is the respondent’s choice in item 1 of indicator nature of work in the questionnaire
W2- 4
W3- 5
W4- 5

The Statistical Techniques

The differences between univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques are:

Univariate Data Analysis

56
• Univariate data analysis examines one variable at a time. It is common for univariate analysis to
be descriptive in nature such as frequency, central tendency, mean, median, mode, measures of
dispersal

Bivariate Data Analysis

• Bivariate data analysis is used to determine the relationship between two variables under
study. Statistical techniques used are test for differences and test for correlation
• Statistical test for difference involves testing hypothesis for significant difference between
obtained mean scores of the variables in the study. Parametric test for difference includes: t-
test, One-Way ANOVA. Non-parametric test involves Mann-Whitney U Test, and Kruskal
Wallis Test.
• Statistical test for relationship involves testing hypothesis for significant relationship between
the variables in the study. Parametric test includes: Pearson r, Spearman’s test. Non-
parametric test involves Chi square and Cramer’s V

Multivariate Data Analysis

• Multivariate data analyses are used to determine the relationships between more than two
variables. Statistical techniques commonly used are multiple regression and MANOVA

Which statistical test should be used with nominal, ordinal, and ratio-interval data when looking for
significant difference?

Two-sample test k- sample test

One-sample case Related samples Independent Related samples Independent

Measurement
samples samples
Scale

Nominal  Binomial  McNemar test  Fisher exact  Cochran Q

 X2 one sample test  X2 for k
test  X2 two samples
samples test

Ordinal  Kolmorov-  Sign test  Median test  Friedman 2-

Smirnov one  Wilcoxon  Mann Whitney way ANOVA  Median
sample test matched- pairs U extension
 Runs test test  Kolmorov-  Kruskal Wallis
Smirnov 1-way ANOVA
 Wald-
Wolfowitz

Interval and Ratio  t-test  t-test for paired  t-test  Repeated

 Z test samples  Z test measures  One way
ANOVA ANOVA
 n- way ANOVA

Which statistical test can be used with nominal, ordinal, and interval and ratio data when looking for
significant relationship?

57
 Measurement scale Coefficient Comments and Uses

Nominal  Chi square  Chi square based on 2 x 2 table

 Cramer’s V  CS based; adjustment when one table
dimension is > 2
 Contingency Coefficient C  CS based; flexible data and distribution
assumptions
 Lambda  PRE based interpretation
 Goodman and Kruskal’s tau  PRE based with table marginal emphasis
 Uncertainty coefficient  Useful for multidimensional tables
 Kappa  Agreement measure

Ordinal  Gamma  Based on concordant-discordant pairs: (P – Q):

proportional reduction in error (PRE)
interpretation
 Kendal tau b  P – Q base: adjustment for tied ranks
 Kendal tau c  P – Q based; adjustments for table dimensions
 P – Q based; asymmetrical extension of gamma
 Somer’s d  Product moment of correlation for ranked data

 Spearman’s rho

Interval and ratio  Pearson r Product Moment of  For continuous linearly related variables
Correlation  For non linear data or relating a main effect to a
 Correlation ratio (eta) continuous dependent variable
 One continuous and one dichotomous variable
 Biserial correlation with an underlying normal distribution
 Three variables; relating two with the third’s
effect taken out
 Three variables; relating one variable with two
 Partial correlation others
 Predicting one variable from another’s scores
 Multiple Correlation

 Bivariate Linear regression

Stating the Data Analysis (Statistical Tools) in the Research Method

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

Descriptive statistics, test for difference, test for correlations are the statistical tools that
were used in the study. Frequency and percentage were used to demographic profile of
the respondents. Mean was used to determine the level of respondent’s level of quality
of work-life and job satisfaction. Furthermore, T-test and one Way ANOVA was used to
determine significant differences in the employee’s level of quality of work-life, as well
as, in their level of job satisfaction. Finally, Pearson r Product Moment of Correlation
was used to determine significant relationship between employee’s level of quality of
work-life and their job satisfaction

58
 Hint: Refer to your research questions and Table of Statistical Tools to guide you
developed your data analysis.

Ethical Considerations in Research

 Ethical considerations are the ethical practices that a researcher should abide with during the
conduct of a research. These are the proper actions that a researcher should follow to provide
integrity to the research output. Among these actions are: confidentiality of data, proper citations
and acknowledgment of one’s work, data veracity, and honesty in presenting the data.

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees
of Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

The researchers will strictly follow confidentiality of data gathered. The researchers will
also abide with existing intellectual ways and copyrights by citing the names of the
authors whose writing will be used in this study. Finally, the researchers will be honest
in findings of the study

Presenting the Research Method

• The research method is actually the compilation of the methods to be used in the study. It is
presented in the following order of presentation: the research design, the research locale, the
respondents of the study, the sampling techniques, the research instrument, the data collection
procedure, and the data analysis (statistical tools to be used)

Weekly Activity 4.3

Based on your approved title

1. Make a draft copy of your data collection procedure

59
 2. Using your research questions and using the Table for Statistical Tools as a guide,
make a draft copy of your data analysis

UNIT ASSESSMENT

LET’S ASSESS

PERFORMANCE TASK 3

Chapter 2 - RESEARCH METHODS

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed
discussed discussed at all

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a final compilation of your research method which include the following:

1.1 Research Design

1.2 Research Locale

1.3 Respondents of the Study and Sampling Technique

1.4 Research Instruments

1.5 Data Collection Procedure

1.6 Data Analysis

1.7 Ethical Considerations

60
 Score:

_____/____

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

Assessment Activity 5

Test 1. Identification

___________________1. It involves testing hypothesis for significant relationship between the

variables in the study.
___________________2. It is used to determine the relationships between more than two
variables.
___________________3. It is the process of determining the statistical tool to be used in a
quantitative research study
___________________4. It refers to the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if
repeated measurements are made
___________________5. It is a measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of
all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splitting of the scale items
___________________6. It is a subjective but systematic evaluation of how well the content of a
scale represents the measurement tasks at hand.
___________________7. It is a measurement scale with five response categories from “strongly
agree” to “strongly disagree” which requires the respondents to indicate a degree of agreements
or disagreements with each of a series of statements related to the stimulus objects.
___________________8. Measures of variable have distances from a natural zero point or origin.
___________________9. It is a research questionnaire to be used in gathering quantitative data.
___________________10. They refer to individuals or groups who are actual participants in the
study to be conducted and who will answer survey questions.

Test 2. Discussion (10 pts each)

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed at all
discussed discussed

61
1. What is the difference between “test of difference “and “test of correlations” in terms of
application? Give examples for each test.

2. What do you think is the importance of ethics in research study?

62
 HOW IS MY LEARNING?

Go back to your lesson and own objectives. Rate yourself by checking the box .

3- I can do it on my own
2- I can do it with a little help
1- I still need help

Lesson objectives 3 2 1

a. Chooses appropriate research design

b. Describes the research locale and respondents of the study

c. Describes sampling procedures, construct the research

instrument, and establishes the validity and reliability of the
research instrument

d. Plans data collection procedure

e. Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing

f. Describes the scope and limitations of the paper

g. Cite ethical considerations to be followed

My own objectives (rewrite them below)

If you put check in the column under 1, kindly specify below which part of the
process/lesson do you find challenging or difficult.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

63
References

Amorado, R., and Talili, I,. (2017). Qualitative Research: A Practical Approach. Mutya Publishing House,
Philippines

Cooper and Schindler (2007), Business Research Methods, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, USA

Malhotra, N., (2007). Fundamentals of Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, Pearson Education
South Asia PTE, LTD.

64
 Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Week 13 - 15
Topic Presentation of the Results of Study
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have
(ILO) :
1. Presented the results of the study in tabular form in reference
to the research questions
2. Described and interpret basically the tabular results of the
study

Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Sheet)

(TLAs)  Independent reading
 Online discussion
Assessment Tasks  Performance task
 Activity worksheet completion
 Test your knowledge: Quiz application, Essay
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on presenting the results of the study. It also provides
the students the opportunity to present and interpret the tabulated results of the study.

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity.
Evaluation and assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must
be submitted on time prescribed for each activity

65
UNIT 5- PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY

(WEEK 13 - 15)

Week 13

TOPICS:

 Presentation of Data
 Interpretation of Data

The Presentation of Data

 The analyzed data are presented either in tabular or graphical form. It is necessary to present
the data in such manner to reduce data presentation in the most concise form
 The data are tested and analyzed using the Science Statistical Package (SPSS)- a statistical
tool application commonly used in research studies.

Presenting SPSS Data Results in Tabular Form (APA Format)

Based on RQ1- What is the employee’s demographic profile in terms of age and gender?

SPSS Result

gender

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid male 74 49.3 49.3 49.3
female 76 50.7 50.7 100.0
Total 150 100.0 100.0

Table 1
Respondent’s Demographic Profile in terms of Gender

________________________________________________________
Gender Frequency Percentage
________________________________________________________

Male 74 49.30
Female 78 50.70
Total 150 100.00

66
________________________________________________________

Note: Valid percent and Cumulative percent columns were no longer included

Interpretation

Presented in Table1 is the respondent’s demographic profile in terms of gender. Results

showed that majority of the respondents are female with 78 counts or 50.70 percent as compared
with their male counterpart with 74 counts or 49.30 percent

Based on RQ 3- What is the employee’s level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and
promotion?

SPSS Result

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Promotion1 150 2 5 3.23 .715
promotion2 150 1 5 4.01 .799
promotion3 150 1 5 3.27 .833
promotion4 150 1 5 4.04 .853
promotion_level 150 2.75 4.00 3.6817 .24083
work1 150 1 5 2.87 1.032
work2 150 1 5 3.91 .838
work3 150 1 5 3.63 .832
work4 150 1 5 3.76 .910
work_level 150 2.00 5.00 3.5417 .56641
OverallJS 150 2.33 4.50 3.6114 .45434
Valid N (listwise) 150

Note: Promotion 1 is Item or Question 1 of Indicator Promotions

Table 3
Respondent’s Overall Level of Job Satisfaction
__________________________________________________________

Job Satisfaction Mean SD Description

__________________________________________________________

Promotion 3.68 0.24 High

Nature of work 3.54 0.57 High
Overall 3.61 0.45 High
__________________________________________________________

67
 Note: When using the IMRAD format in research, only the overall indicator level must be
presented but the detailed table must be placed in the APPENDIX

Interpretation

Shown in Table 2 is the respondent’s overall level of job satisfaction. Results

revealed that respondents level of job satisfaction was described to be high as reflected
by the overall mean score of 3.61 with std dev =0.45 indicative that respondent’s
manifest extreme level of job satisfaction. The generated overall mean score was the
result obtained on the mean scores of the two (2) indicators under study. It was also
established that indicators promotion and nature of work was described to be high with
an obtained mean score of 3.68 and 3.54 respectively.

The first indicator of job satisfaction is promotion which was described to be high. This
means that employees of respondents have extreme level of job satisfaction in this
indicator and this was. brought about by the high scores given on the four (4) item
questionnaire which include: There is really too little chance for promotion on my job;
Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being promoted; People get ahead as
fast here, as they do in other places; I am satisfied with my chances for promotion.

The second indicator of job satisfaction is nature of work which was described to be
high and indicative that majority of the respondents have extreme level of job
satisfaction. This was brought by the high scores on the four (4) item questionnaire
which include: I sometimes feel my job is meaningless; I like doing the things I do at work;
I feel a sense of pride in doing my job; and my job is enjoyable

Weekly Activity 5.1

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a draft copy of the following:

1.1 Descriptive results of your study in tabular form

Note: The descriptive questions refer to the profile question and level question. Each
research question must have its own table

1.2 The explanation of each tabulated results

Note: Refer to examples given

68
 WEEK 14

Topics:

 Hypothetical Testing- Test of Significance

Based on RQ 4- Is there a significant difference in the employee’s level of job satisfaction

when analyzed according to their demographic profile?

Hypothetical Testing – Test of Significance

SPSS Result T-Test

Group Statistics

gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

plevel male 78 3.1314 .23743 .02688
female 72 3.1944 .24185 .02850
promotion_level male 78 3.5801 .54875 .06213
female 72 3.5000 .58593 .06905
OverallJS male 78 3.5542 .38342 .04341
female 72 3.5369 .52307 .06164

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

work_level Equal variances

.788 .376 1.610 148 .110 .06303 .03915 .14040 .01433
assumed

Equal variances not

1.609 146.563 .110 .06303 .03918 .14046 .01440
assumed
promotion_leve Equal variances
.473 .493 .865 148 .389 .08013 .09265 .10295 .26321
l assumed
Equal variances not
.863 144.918 .390 .08013 .09289 .10347 .26372
assumed
Overall JS Equal variances
10.220 .002 .232 148 .817 .01729 .07449 .12991 .16449
assumed

Equal variances not

.229 129.517 .819 .01729 .07540 .13188 .16646
assumed

69
Note: Go to t-test for Equality of Means and look for the values of t, sig (2 tailed), and mean difference.
Use equal variances not assumed for Overall Job Satisfaction since Levenes test is < 0.05

The Rule in Rejecting and Accepting Null Hypothesis Using p value

If the obtained p value is less than 0.05 level, REJECT Ho

If the obtained p value is greater than 0.05 level, ACCEPT Ho

Table 3
Table of Difference in the Respondents Level of Job Satisfaction when Analyzed
According to Profile

____________________________________________________________________

Gender t-value p-value Significance Decision Ho

Nature of Work 1.61 0.11 Not significant Accept

Promotion 0.87 0.39 Not significant Accept

Overall Job
Satisfaction 0.23 0.82 Not significant Accept
______________________________________________________________________________

Note: Figures are rounded off. p-value is the Sig (2 tailed) obtained value

Interpretation

Presented in Table 3 is the table of difference in the respondents perceived level of job
satisfaction when analyzed according to gender. Overall statistical results using t-test (equal
variances assumed) revealed that there is no significant difference that was established in the
respondents job satisfaction level when analyzed to gender as reflected by the obtained t-value of
0.23 and p- value greater than 0.05 leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. It was also
established that no significant difference were established in the respondents perceived level on
indicators nature of work and promotions as depicted by their respected obtained t-values of 1.61
and 0.87 and with p-values greater than 0.05 level of significance leading to the acceptance of
the null hypothesis, The results implied that the level of respondents level of job satisfaction in
terms of nature of work and promotion is similar or the same regardless of their gender

70
Weekly Activity 5.2

Based on your previously approved title

1. Using the SPSS results of the analyzed data as your reference, make
a draft copy of the following:

1.1 Statistical Table of Difference

1.2 Explanation of the statistical table

71
WEEK 15

Topic: Hypothetical Testing- Test for Correlations

Based on RQ 5- Is there a significant relationship between employee’s level of

quality of work life and their level of job satisfaction?

Hypothetical Testing – Test for Correlations

SPSS RESULT- Pearson r

Correlations

[DataSet0] 

Correlations

ftlevel holevel sulevel QWL wlevel plevel JSLEVEL

ftlevel Pearson Correlation 1 .612** .516** .877** .469** .514** .553**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

holevel Pearson Correlation .612** 1 .362** .798** .579** .395** .525**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

sulevel Pearson Correlation .516** .362** 1 .771** .527** .538** .594**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

QWL Pearson Correlation .877** .798** .771** 1 .641** .593** .683**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

wlevel Pearson Correlation .469** .579** .527** .641** 1 .595** .848**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

plevel Pearson Correlation .514** .395** .538** .593** .595** 1 .931**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

JSLEVEL Pearson Correlation .553** .525** .594** .683** .848** .931** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Note: Refer to highlighted column and figures for the correlations value

72
 Example: Family time level (ftlevel) and Job satisfaction

r-value = 0.553 p-value = 0.000

Table 5
Relationship Table between Employee’s Level Quality of Work-life and Job Satisfaction

Job Satisfaction r-value p-value Significance Decision Ho

Family time 0.553 0.000 Significant Reject

Health outcomes 0.525 0.000 Significant Reject
Skills utilization 0.594 0.000 Significant Reject
Overall QWL- JS 0.683 0.000 Significant Reject
____________________________________________________________________________

Interpretation

Presented in Table 5 is the relationship table between respondent’s perceived level of quality of work-
life and their level of job satisfaction. Overall, statistical results using Pearson r revealed that there is
a significant relationship between employee’s level of quality of work-life and their level of job
satisfaction as reflected by the overall obtained r value of 0.683 with p value less than 0.05 leading to
the rejection of the null hypothesis. Results also showed that all three (3) indicators of quality of work-
life, namely: family time, health outcomes, and skills utilization are significantly correlated to job
satisfaction as indicated by their respective obtained r-values of 0.553, 0.525, and 0.594 and p values
lesser than 0.05 level of significance which leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

NOTE: It is important to note that in the presentation of the results of the study, NO implications will be
discussed but only the figures of the results of the study must be presented

73
Weekly Activity 5.3

1. Using the SPSS results as your reference, make a draft copy of the following:

1.1 Statistical Table of Relationship

1.2 Explanation of the statistical table

74
UNIT ASSESSMENT

LET’S ASSESS

PERFORMANCE TASK 4

Chapter 3 - RESEARCH RESULT

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed
discussed discussed at all

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a final compilation of the tabular results and interpretations of your research questions

1.1 RQ1

1.2 RQ2

1.3 RQ3

1.4 RQ4

1.5 RQ5

Score:

_____/____

75
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

Assessment Activity 5

Test 1. Presentation of results. Interpret the results in each table in an orderly manner. (10 points each

10 8 6 4 2

The table was very The table was The table was The table was not The table was not
clearly interpreted clearly interpreted partially clearly interpreted very clearly
in the order of in the order of interpreted in the in the order with 3 interpreted in the
presentation with presentation with order of -4 of the order of
all the necessary only 1 of the presentation with necessary presentation with
contents content missing 2-3 of the contents missing more than 4 of the
necessary necessary
contents missing contents missing

Table 1
Overall Level of Motivation
______________________________________________________________________
Indicator Mean Std Dev Description

Pay 4.10 0.56 High

Work itself 4.22 0.51 Very high
Leadership 4.30 0.54 Very high
Overall 4.20 0.55 Very high
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

76
Table 2
Overall Level of Job Productivity

Indicator Mean Std DevDescription

Performance Evaluation 90 0.50 Very Satisfactory

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Table 3
Correlations Table between Study Habits and Math Achievement

Paired Variable r –valuep-value Significance Decision

Motivation and job

Productivity 0.61 0.000 Significant Reject

0.61 – high relationship

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Score:

_____/
_____

77
 HOW IS MY LEARNING?

Go back to your lesson and own objectives. Rate yourself by checking the
box.

3- I can do it on my own
2- I can do it with a little help
1- I still need help

3 2 1
Lesson objectives

a. Present the results of the study in tabular form in reference

to the research questions

b. Describe and interpret basically the tabular results of the

study

My own objectives (rewrite them below)

If you put check in the column under 1, kindly specify below which part of the
process/lesson do you find challenging or difficult .

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

References

Amorado, R., and Talili, I,. (2017). Qualitative Research: A Practical Approach. Mutya Publishing House,
Philippines

Cooper and Schindler (2007), Business Research Methods, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, USA

Malhotra, N., (2007). Fundamentals of Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, Pearson Education
South Asia PTE, LTD.

78
 Course Code
Course Title BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time Frame Weeks 16 - 18
Topic The Discussion of the Results of Study, Conclusion and
Recommendations of the Study
Intended Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, the students must have
(ILO) :
1. Discussed comprehensively the results of the study in
reference to the research questions
2. Drawn conclusions of the study
3. Formulated recommendations of the study

Teaching and Learning Activities  Self- Testing (Activity Sheet)

(TLAs)  Independent reading
 Online discussion
Assessment Tasks  Activity worksheet completion
 Test your knowledge: Performance Task ,Discussion
Assessment Task Insert Rubrics here

INTRODUCTION

This course activity intends to introduce the lesson on the discussions of the results, conclusions and
recommendations of the study. It also provides the students the opportunity to discuss comprehensively
the results of the study, draw conclusions and formulate recommendations of the study

A weekly virtual presentation will be made to discuss the learning content of this course activity.
Evaluation and assessment activities are also provided to assess student’s learning progress and must
be submitted on time prescribed for each activity

79
UNIT 6- THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF
THE STUDY

WEEK 15

Topic: The Purpose of Discussion

The Purpose of Discussion

 The purpose of discussion is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in
light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, and to
explain any new understanding or fresh insights about the problem after you have taken
the findings into consideration. It must always connect to the introduction by way of the
research questions or hypothesis you have formulated and the literature you have
reviewed. The discussion should always explain how your study has moved the readers
understanding of the research problem forward from where you left them at the end of
the introduction. The discussion is where you explore the underlying meaning of your
research, and present the importance of your study (Sacred Heart University Library,
2019)

 It must be noted that NO figures must be presented in this part of research paper

Presenting the discussion section in your research paper

Example – based on RQ 2- What is the employees level of quality of work-life in terms of

family time, health outcome, and skills utilization?

The Level of Quality of Work-life

Overall

The employee’s overall perceived level of quality of work-life is good which is indicative
that most of the employees show extreme happiness on the variables in the study. This
good level of overall level of quality of work-life by the employees is good to the
secondary school institutions. According to Gaurav (2012), quality of work life has
become the watchword in today’s industrial scene, because when there is proper quality
of work life for the employees it will lead to the satisfaction of the employees. Serey
(2006) defined that QWL was associated with

meaningful and satisfying work. Employees are likely to have higher wellbeing if they are
satisfied with their work and organization and they perceive their Quality of Work Life
(Chan and Wyatt 2007, Srivastava 2007). Finally, Ahmad (2013) stated that the core
pillar of QWL was to create a work environment that employee can work cooperatively
with each other in order to achieve to organization objectives.

80
Per Indicator

Family time is the first indicator of quality of work-life used in this study. The average
level of employee’s quality of work-life in terms of family time is suggestive that most of
the employees show moderate level of happiness on this indicator. It seems that
majority of the employee’s feels that they less enjoy the quality of family time they are
experiencing. This situation has to be addressed since literature showed that a
supportive work environment provides the employee with emotional resources, such as
understanding, advice, and recognition (van Daalen et al., 2006). Balancing work and
family means giving oneself equally to both areas of their life and not neglect one over
the other. Creating this balance does not always come naturally and needs organization
and discipline. The benefits of a happy family and a successful career are worth the
effort (Thompson et al., 1999).

Health outcome is the second indicator of quality of work-life used in this study. The
good level of quality of work-life in terms of health outcomes is reflective that most of the
employees manifest extreme happiness on this indicator and therefore, has to be
sustained and improve. Research has indicated that the quality of work life affects staff’s
health, high stress and burnout levels, more complaints, higher direct medical expenses
and patient’s morbidity and mortality rates have been noted as the repercussions of low
levels of quality of work life (An, et al, 2011; Nayeri et al., 2009).The work-life balance
must be maintained effectively to ensure that all employees are running at their peak
and free from stress in the (George and Jayan, 2011). The working life quality reduces
psychological stress in the workplace (Pardakhtchy et. al., 2009). It was also found out
that for organizations, stress-related problems result in low job satisfaction, poor quality
of performance, increased absence from work and high turn-over (Montowidlo, et al.,
1986).

Example- Based on RQ 5- Is there a significant relationship between employee’s

perceived level of quality of work-life and their level of job satisfaction?

The high relationship established between employees perceived overall level of quality
and their level of job satisfaction is indicative of a remarkable association between the
two variables. This finding collaborates some of the findings in previous researches
conducted. It was concluded that the quality of working life can affect on staff job
satisfaction and also life out of work environment such as family life, social life and leisure
time. If staff demands at work are not met, they will get stressed which can cause
negative consequences on their welfare, performance, and satisfaction (Emadzadeh,
Khorasani & Nematizadeh, 2012). Some studies showed that implementation of quality of
working life program leads to the reduction of job complaints and absences, improvement
of positive attitude among staff, more participation in decision making, and job
satisfaction (Gordon Judith, 1993). On the other hand, taking staff demands into
consideration helps organizations to optimize and increase long term efficiency (Shareef,
1990). Sharma and Gupta suggested that quality of working life is a vital factor for
organizational performance and an effective factor to motivate staff at work (Gupta &
Sharma, 2011). Armstrong showed that staff satisfaction is achieved by realization of

81
 their demands using the resources, activities, and the outcomes of participation in
workplace activities (Armstrong, Riemenschneider, & Allen, 2007). Federico indicated
that the quality of working life can lead to making job satisfaction for the staff and
selecting, protecting, and keeping staff (Federico, 2003). Fourie concluded there is a
significant and positive relation between job satisfaction and different aspects of quality of
working life (Fourie, 2004). Nasle Seraji and Dargahi (2006) showed that the quality of
working life improves staff satisfaction and their learning at work, and helps them to
manage working changes; otherwise dissatisfaction negatively influences all staff
regardless their position

Weekly Activity 6.1

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a draft copy of your discussions of the results of the study in reference to the
research questions

1.1 RQ1

1.2 RQ2

1.3 RQ3

1.4 RQ4

82
 1.5 RQ5

Week 17

Topic: The Research Conclusion

The Research Conclusion

 In general, the research conclusions are considered to be the researcher’s contribution to a

science. It is part of the research report where the research questions are answered while
drawing generalizations, if not, stating implications, inferences, and interpretations of the research
findings (Amorado & Talili, 2017)

 The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to
them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your
points or a re-statement of your research problem but a synthesis of the key points. A w2ell
written conclusion provides you with several important opportunities to demonstrate your overall
understanding of the research problem to the reader (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019)

General Rules in Stating the Conclusion of your Study

 State your conclusion in clear simple language

 Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion
 Indicate opportunities for future research, as long as you have not done so in the
discussion section of your paper

Stating the research conclusion

Based on Research Title: Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction of Employees of
Financial Intermediaries in Davao City

This section presents the conclusions of the study which are based on the findings that
undergone in-depth analysis

 The employee’s overall good level of quality of work-life is indicative that most of the
employees show extreme happiness on their family time, health outcomes, and
skills utilization. They are extremely enjoying the quality of their work-life in their
respective careers.

 The employees overall high level of job satisfaction indicates that majority of the
employees have extreme contentment in their respective jobs. A number of the
respondents appreciate the promotional system of their respective institutions.
Private sectarian senior high school institutions in Davao City have also provided a
nature of work and promotion’s program acceptable to most of their employees.

83
  There is a high degree of association or direct relationship between employees
level of quality of work-life and job satisfaction. A high level of quality of work-life
can lead to a high level of job satisfaction among the employees concerned.

Weekly Activity 6.2

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a draft copy of your conclusions of the study

84
 Week 18

Topic: The Research Recommendation

The Research Recommendation

 This part of the research report is usually based on the findings and conclusions of the research
study conducted. It is defined as a critical suggestion regarding the best course of action in a
certain situation

Formulating the Research Recommendation

Example

The following recommendations are based from the findings and conclusions of the
study:

1. An enhancement program on quality of work-life, as well as on job satisfaction must

be developed so as to improve the level of quality of work-life and job satisfaction of
the current and future employees of private sectarian senior high schools in Davao
City. The program will ensure the sustainability of improving further the employee’s
level of quality of work-life and their job satisfaction. Sharma and Gupta (2011)
suggested that quality of working life is a vital factor for organizational performance
and an effective factor to motivate staff at work; and Nasle Seraji and Dargahi
(2006) showed that the quality of working life improves staff satisfaction and their
learning at work, and helps them to manage working changes

2. School officials must conduct regular evaluation and assessment of their current
policies on improving their employee’s quality of work-life and job satisfaction. A bi-
annual or annual survey on employee’s quality of work-life and job satisfaction must
be conducted to serve as the basis of information for creating new policies.

3. Teaching and non-teaching employees on the other hand must work hand in hand
with school administrators in looking for new indicators that would lead to
improvement of their quality of work-life and job satisfaction

4. To enhance this study, it is very highly recommended that other variables not
included in this research undertaking must be used in future similar research to be
conducted

85
 Weekly Activity 6.2

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a draft copy of the recommendations of your study

References

Amorado, R., and Talili, I,. (2017). Qualitative Research: A Practical Approach. Mutya Publishing House,
Philippines

Sacred Heart University (2019). Organizing Academic Research Papers: Research Conclusion’ Retrieved
June 3, 2020 from librarysacredheart.edu.com

86
UNIT ASSESSMENT

LET’S ASSESS

PERFORMANCE TASK 5
Chapter 4 – DISCUSSIONS

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed
discussed discussed at all

Based on your previously approved title

1. Make a final compilation of the discussions of the results of the study based on your research
questions

1.1 RQ1

1.2 RQ2

1.3 RQ3

1.4 RQ4

1.5 RQ5

2. Make a final compilation of your conclusions and recommendations based on your results and
discussions

Score:
87 _____/____
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

Assessment Activity 6.1

Test 1. Discussion Questions (10 pts each)

10 8 6 4 2

The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the answer to the
question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was question asked was
very clearly clearly presented/ partially presented/ very partially not presented/
presented/ discussed discussed presented/ discussed at all
discussed discussed

1. Go back to your Assessment Activity 5 and from the interpretation of the results of the study
that you have done, provide a discussion for the table results on correlations

2. In your own words, what do you think is the purpose of discussing the results of the study and
how do you proceed with this activity?

88
Test 2. Making conclusion and recommendations (10 pts each)

10 8 6 4 2

The conclusion/ The conclusion/ The conclusion/ The conclusion/ The conclusion/
recommendation recommendation recommendation recommendation recommendation
was very clearly was clearly was partially was not clearly was not very
presented with all presented with presented with few presented with clearly presented
the necessary only 1 content of the necessary many of the at all and all
contents missing contents missing necessary necessary
contents missing contents missing

1. Going back to your answers on Assessment Activities 5 & 6.1 make a conclusion and
recommendations of the study

2. In your own understanding, what is the importance of a good research conclusion and
recommendation?

Score:

_____/

89
COURSE REQUIREMENT

Make a final compilation of your research paper from Chapter 1 – 4 for oral defense
presentation and for HARDBOUND

90
91
92
93