Bibat Final Chapter

Chapter 1
1.0 THE PROBLEM
Disasters are unexpected; they can be human-made or natural calamities
that affect the community and lead to death and damage to infrastructure
and agricultural properties. IOM-UNICEF (2016) has stated that the Philippines is
one of the world's most disaster-prone countries. Because of the location of the
Philippines, along the Pacific Ring of Fire and the Typhoon Belt, the Philippines
experiences daily earthquakes and, on average, 20 typhoons a year, becoming
more frequent and extreme.
The Philippine government enacted the Republic Act (RA) 10121 or the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, promoting a
more proactive system of preparing for disasters than a reactive response-based
system. This approach was institutionalized through the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Framework and Plan. This Framework and Plan
serves as a guide for government agencies and units, humanitarian
organizations, and other actors in implementing programs and projects on four
thematic areas of DRRM, namely: 1) prevention and mitigation, 2) preparedness,
3) response, and 4) rehabilitation and recovery, with the goal of "safer,
productive and disaster-resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable
development" (IOM-UNICEF, 2016).
1.1 Background of the study
According to Monreal, R. (2017), catastrophic events do not only directly
affect the impact area. The extraordinary levels of damage, a large number of
casualties, extensive population displacement and relocation, and prolonged
“Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan” 1|P age
disruption to critical infrastructure and economy have nationwide
consequences.
These concurrent events emphasized the need for better local
preparedness planning to include the establishment of robust evacuation
centers to mitigate risk and lessen human life threats (IOM-UNICEF, 2016).
Furthermore, as the Global Cluster Lead Agency of Camp Coordination and
Camp Management (CCCM), IOM supports and strengthens the government's
and communities' capacity to plan and implement mass evacuations during
natural and human-induced disasters. It acknowledges that building resilient
community evacuation centers is an important component of community-
based DRRM and an avenue for improving community awareness on DRRM.
Senate President pro-tempore Ralph Recto (2019) proposes a "one town,
one evacuation center program," the centers would be sturdy enough to
withstand earthquakes of up to intensity eight and typhoon winds of up to 300
kilometers per hour, the usual weather resiliency measurement. When not in use,
the centers can serve as a multi-purpose hall, housing libraries or used for sports
and other community events. Constructing such centers will require significant
funding, but saving lives will be an investment (The Philippine Star, 2019).
Furthermore, the impact of some emergencies may be of a scale and
complexity that exceeds the capability of existing evacuation center
arrangements, placing additional demands on Government services beyond
those that have been experienced to date, like additional needs for prolonged
displacement. Such situations may require the establishment of a Mass
Evacuation Center (MEC) under the control of the State Emergency Operations
Controller (SEACON) (Moneral, R. (2017).
Thus, the proposed study of a Disaster Relief Shelter can host day or night
community events, but when calamity strikes, it can take evacuees. Besides, the
secondary function of the proposal is to cater to a community center to be the
focal point of the municipality by integrating the Bamboo architecture concept.
The study will be located at one of the provinces of Pangasinan, the
Municipality of Tayug, one of the potential locations for the proposed Disaster
Relief Shelter.
Map 1. The Default Map of Tayug, Province of Pangasinan. From Google Map, Google 2019,
Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.com.ph/maps/place/Tayug/Pangasinan
Tayug is a landlocked municipality in the coastal province of Pangasinan,
as shown by Map 1. The municipality of Tayug has a land area of 51.24 square
kilometers or 19.78 square miles, constituting 0.94% of Pangasinan's total area.
From its population, as determined by the 2015 Census was 43,149. This data
represented 1.46% of the total population of Pangasinan province or 0.86% of
the population of the Ilocos Region. Based on these figures, the population
density is computed at 842 inhabitants per square kilometer or 2,181 inhabitants
per square mile (PSA, 2015 Census).
San Roque Dam
Map 2. Flood Hazard Map of Pangasinan. From LiPAD, LiDAR Portal for Achieving and
Distribution (2019), Retrieved from https://lipad.dream.upd.edu.ph
Map 2 shows the flood hazard map of Pangasinan, indicating that the
municipality of Tayug was considered as not vulnerable to flooding due to the
topography level. But as seen in the map, Tayug is surrounded by mildly
vulnerable. It is because the San Roque Dam is only 25 kilometers away from the
municipality of Tayug, see Map 3. And due to the release of water from the San
Roque Dam, connected municipalities suffer from flooding since water runs
through the Agno River that also part of the municipality of Tayug (see Image 1).
Image 1. San Roque Dam in Pangasinan (left); Agno River during Southwest Monsoon
monitoring (right). From LGU Tayug, (2019), Retrieved from Tayug-Pangasinan-facebook.com
Ambayaoan
River
Viray River
Agno River
Map 3. Distance of the Municipality of Tayug to San Roque Dam. From Google Map, Google
2019, Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.com.ph/maps/place/Tayug/Pangasinan
In the maps and images (Map 1, Map 2, Map 3, and Image 1) provided
by the municipality, some evidence proved that Tayug, Pangasinan is one of
the least vulnerable to flooding yet can sustain a major evacuation center and
is suitable to have a disaster-resilient development. By incorporating this kind of
development, it would gradually address the issue of the town and neighboring
town's casualties during calamities including structural and non-structural
measures to strengthen the resilience of persons, communities, and their
assets, see Table 1 & 2 for the data of distances of other possible municipalities
to cater on the project.
Table 1.1. Distances of most possible municipalities from Tayug, Pangasinan (data from
www.distance.to)
MUNICIPALITIES DISTANCE (KM)
San Nicolas, Pangasinan 5.19 km
Sta. Maria, Pangasinan 7.06 km
Table 1.2. Distances of least possible municipalities from Tayug, Pangasinan (data from
www.distance.to)
MUNICIPALITIES DISTANCE (KM)
Natividad, Pangasinan 8.25 km
San Quintin, Pangasinan 8.87 km
Furthermore, according to Romero (2019), interviewed from Recto, "one
of the reasons we should put them up (evacuation center) is that they will
prevent schools from becoming default evacuation sites during calamities
practice, which turns students into displaced persons when their learning is
disrupted." Also, from The Philippine Star (2019), "Schools are not designed for
mass housing. There have been numerous cases of diseases spreading in
crowded evacuation centers, where there is often an inadequate supply of
water and basic sanitation facilities. Children and the elderly are the most
vulnerable to health risks in such cramped evacuation site."
The study aims to present an architectural solution and plan and design a
Disaster Relief Shelter that will showcase Bamboo architecture solutions as part
of the development that will serve as a community center during normal days.
The building has the following components such as (a) park and recreational
venue; (b) learning and training center; (c) DRRM offices; (d) evacuation center;
(e) medical and relief preparation center. Furthermore, this project will
eventually become a reference to the future development of a disaster relief
center or evacuation centers to other parts of the country.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The proposed Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-Functional Disaster
Relief Shelter established a set of goals and objectives to guide the flow of this
thesis paper.
1.2.a. Goal:
The goal of the study is to develop a bamboo architecture inspired
concept as an architectural solution for the identified needs and enhance the
disaster-resilient community of the said municipality. Thus, the proposed study is
to design a Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-functional Disaster Relief
Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan.
1.2.b. Objectives:
The content of the objective would focus on the solutions for the design
development of the Disaster Relief Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan that incorporate
disaster-resilient bambootecture inspired concept. The objective of the study
categorized into three aspects, as follows:
A. To identify the need for the study of a Disaster Relief Shelter
A1. Present situation
a. Site situation
b. Climatic Condition
c. Environmental Hazard
d. Previous disaster data
A2. Site Accessibility
a. Location/Road Networks
B. To determine the functionality and receptiveness of existing designs of a
Disaster Relief Shelter.
B1. Adequacy of present facilities
B2. Materials used
C. To design a Disaster-Resilient Bamboo architecture inspired concept for a
Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter.
C1. Bambootecture
a. Availability of Materials
b. Criteria/ Analysis
C2. Disaster-Resilience
a. Community/users
b. Building Character
c. Structural Stability
1.3 Significance of the Study
The significance of the proposed Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter in
Tayug, Pangasinan varies from different related aspects as follows:
1.3.a. Safety Significance
The study will benefit the locals of Tayug, Pangasinan by enhancing and
ensuring the safety and security during and after disasters. Other neighboring
locals will also benefit from the study.
1.3.b. Educational Significance
The study will benefit the young generation by having the Disaster Relief
Center a temporary educational hub. These facilities will allow them to enhance
their knowledge and interest outside their schools.
It also helps to improve and remove the custom of having schools as an
evacuation center, which is not ideal since using schools as default evacuation
centers displaces students.
1.3.c. Social Significance
The study will benefit the social relations between government authorities
by providing a safe and secure community.
It also enhances community involvement to socialize and have a
healthier life.
1.3.d. Architectural Significance
The study will prove and empower the thinking of many people in
architecture, that it is important to integrate architectural solutions and
approaches in designing and planning facilities, in this case, a Disaster Relief
Shelter since the goal of this study is to provide temporary housing for the
evacuees during disasters.
1.3.e. Researcher Significance
As for the researcher, this study will improve and help her community to
implement disaster risk reduction and resilience strongly. Not only to her
municipality but including the neighboring municipalities and the whole country.
The researcher also takes it as a way of saving lives.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
1.4.a. Scope
The scope of this study is to provide architectural solutions that would
benefit the municipality of Tayug, Pangasinan. The total area of the proposed
site is almost 3.8 hectares catering to the Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter.
The researcher will only focus on developing the conceptual form of the
building, planning of the areas, spaces, zoning, and circulation, physical
character, and orientation. To present this scope, the researcher will provide
architectural drawings, documents, standard guidelines, laws and codes, and
digital and scale model presentations regarding the proposed Disaster Relief
Shelter.
1.4.b. Limitations
The researcher will only focus on the topics mentioned in the study's scope
and exclude the following:
The researcher will only provide architectural design, floor plans, scale
models, and animations as a method for presentation, excluding the structural,
electrical, and plumbing documents unless required as supporting data.
Also, due to lack of time, the researcher will not integrate political issues,
the budget of the construction, and other aspects that will not be part of the
scope of architectural solutions, unless required as supporting data.
“Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan” 10 | P a g e

And for the site observation and development, the researcher will only
conduct during the scope of the construction of the study and will not consume
the whole year to observe and only focus on the designated site for the
development of the proposed multi-functional disaster relief shelter.
1.5 Conceptual Paradigm
INPUT
A. Need for the study B. Functionality and C. Architectural inspired

Receptiveness of concept applying
a. Present Situations existing designs. Disaster-Resilient
- Site situation Bambootecture
- Climatic Condition a. Adequacy of
- Environmental Hazard present facilities a. Bambootecture
- Previous disaster data - Availability of
b. Material used Materials
b. Site Accessibility - Criteria/Analysis
- Location
- Road Networks b. Disaster-Resilient
- Community/users
- Building Character
- Structural Stability
PROCESS
Application of site analysis, Gathering data Gathering data and

site data gathering, regarding existing information regarding
observations and gathering designs and facilities bamboo construction
of previous data that can through the and being a disaster-
help to identify the needs mentioned resilient material through
of the study. municipalities and by journals, articles, thesis,
article through the etc.
web will improve and
give an adequate
solution.
OUTPUT

“A proposed Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-Functional Disaster Relief
Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan”
1.6 Review of Related Literature
The following related literature will compose foreign and local studies and
actual experiential learning with regards to the Disaster Relief Shelter.
1.6.1. Needs for the study
According to Estember, R., and Abiog, M. (2018), the Philippines is
among top five high-risk countries which experienced natural disasters such as
earthquake, flash floods, mudslides, typhoon, and volcanic eruptions. The
Philippines had experienced five floods, eight storms in the form of tropical
cyclones and earthquakes in 2013. The landslides occurred in the areas
surrounded by the mountains and coastlines. Based on the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Mines and Geo-Science Bureau
(DENR0MGB) had listed the top 10 provinces prone to landslides such as
Benguet, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Kalinga Apayao, Southern Leyte,
Abra, Marinduque, Cebu, Catanduanes, and Ifugao. Meanwhile, top flood-
prone provinces were Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac,
Maguindanao, Bulacan, Metro Manila, North Cotabato, Oriental Mindoro, and
Ilocos Norte.
Also from previous calamities like Typhoon Yolanda (International
name: Haiyan) made its first landfall in November 2013 in the Philippines, in
Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the municipality of
Tacloban. "Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind
speeds of 315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to
property, 110 people were killed, and 3,625 were injured" as recorded. As for the
province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas frequently affected by
tropical cyclones, populations living in high-risk areas evacuate to safe shelters
(commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the
storm's arrival. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought
catastrophic damage not only to habitat but to buildings previously used as
evacuation centers (IOM.OIM, 2014).
Besides, Pangasinan province, also listed as flood and typhoon-
prone province located in the west-central area of Luzon, proved to be
vulnerable to those disasters. Pangasinan is the third biggest province in the
Philippines, which constituted almost 42% of the region and 2% of the total
Philippine area. There are 28% or 49 out of 175 typhoons that entered the
Philippine area of responsibility directly affected the province. The Pangasinan's
Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC) reported
a total of 405 casualties due to typhoons where 188 were reported died, 183
people were injured, and 34 people were missing (Estember, R. and Abiog, M.,
2018).
There are some considerations in taking a suitable site or evacuation area,
such as: (IOM.OIM, 2014)
a. Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as
possible;
b. Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their
arrangements, therefore, it may not be necessary to shelter the entire
evacuated population;
c. Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be
minimized;

d. The accommodation should be located away from potential hazards
or secondary hazards; structurally sound; follow existing building codes
e. Use of smaller evacuation centers where possible, as self-regulation
within smaller groups, is more likely and solidarity may be fostered;
f. Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable
individuals in cases where basic shelter may not meet their needs.
Suppose animals, livestock, and pets have been transported out of the
evacuation zone. In that case, they will also need to be considered within plans
to provide shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering or accommodation of
animals must also be pre-identified (IOM.OIM, 2014).
Another thing to consider, according to Parmar, R. (2019), "a good site
location is a matter of balancing all aspects of the site, by prioritizing
requirements and considering how both site and building will impact on each
other. A good building location can also enhance the sustainability, energy
efficiency, and passive design features of a home, resulting in cost savings and
greater comfort for the inhabitants".
In conclusion, site analysis will determine the criteria for site planning of a
Multi-functional Disaster Relief Shelter. Thus, this section will be the researcher's
base in achieving one of the study's objectives, which is the site viability and the
need for the Disaster-Resilient Relief Shelter study.
1.6.2. Functionality and Receptiveness of existing designs.
The data provided the general information on the evacuation system
being implemented in the study area; to include the following: regulatory
background of evacuation, institutional set-up, evacuation procedures, and

standard criteria in identifying the present evacuation sites and the problems
concerning the evacuation system.
Figure 1.1. Samar Types of Evacuation Center Buildings (Post-Yolanda situation). From
IOM.OIM, 2014, Retrieved from 20140924-EC_BuildingDesignDevelopment.pdf
Figure 1 shows data like status and types of evacuation centers during the
post-Yolanda incident. The most vulnerable type of structures, as seen in the
figure, is the Daycare centers and schools followed by Municipal Hall, Barangay
Halls, and Multi-purpose halls, which should be the least to be destroyed during
disasters.
Besides, those used as evacuation centers during typhoons must be
located in areas safe from floods and must have strong roofing to protect the
evacuees. The duration of the stay of the affected residents in the evacuation
centers will depend on the nature of the hazards. The stay in the evacuation
centers during typhoons and floods usually ranges from a few hours to one day.
The evacuees usually return to their residences once the warning signal has
been lowered or the flood has already subsided (Jica, ND).

In the study area covering 21 barangays, there are an estimated
population at risk of 8,200 out of 43,149 population in the municipality that is
usually evacuated at times of disasters to 1 identified evacuation center, the
town plaza covered court (basketball court) with an estimated area of 800sqm
that also serves as a small office and equipment storage for the MDRRMC shown
in Image 2.
Image 1.2. Tayug, Pangasinan Covered Court as Evacuation Center. From Author, (2020)
According to the Disaster Report in Pangasinan, the province strike by
major typhoons named Pepeng (2009), with estimated casualties is about 465
dead, 207 injured, 47 missing and also with the same year typhoon Ondoy (2009),
464 dead, 529 injured, 37 missing estimated casualties. The most severe typhoon
in Pangasinan is the Typhoon Ompong (2018), with at least 2,335 families in 26
areas in Pangasinan who were evacuated. According to a Provincial Disaster
Risk Reduction Office (PDRMMO, 2018) report, these families, which total to

about 9,507 individuals, are temporarily seeking refuge from strong winds, harsh
rain, and flooding due to the typhoon Ompong (Gavilan, 2018).
Furthermore, according to Ibon (2015), a report from the CCCM
Philippines also attested to the substandard construction of the bunkhouses. The
CCCM Bunkhouse Assessment Report raised concerns over bunkhouse
conditions ranging from lack of drainage systems and toilets. Some bunkhouse
sites were flood-prone due to construction deficiencies such as outward
swinging doors and gaps in the wall partitions between units. The report also
noted that the space of the bunkhouse unit allotted to one family of five was 50%
below sphere standards, as set by The Sphere Project. The Sphere Project is a
voluntary initiative that brings humanitarian agencies together to ensure
people's standards and rights affected by disasters.
International architect Jun Palafox (2015), who has worked with 38
countries in rebuilding disaster-hit areas, also confirmed that the various
international organizations found the bunkhouses to be substandard and
undersized. He stated that bunkhouses in Leyte, for example, violated building
code with living spaces being too cramped and lacking privacy and that the
materials used such as plywood were fire hazards. Palafox also noted that the
same materials blown away by Typhoon Yolanda were being used again in
building the bunkhouses.
Therefore, coming up with a unique and viable idea that will serve as a
solution for disaster situations will be identified in the Disaster Relief Shelter
proposal. This solution will help to attain the common principles and rights of an
individual during a disaster, the right to life with dignity, the right to receive
humanitarian assistance, and the right to protection and security. This principle
concludes that the present concept of evacuation in the Philippines is not

viable to attain those rights of every individual, so, therefore, the integration of
new solutions that will be the Biotecture inspired concept for disaster resiliency
will be integrated to the proposal.
1.6.3. Architectural inspired concept applying Disaster-Resilient Biotecture
1.6.3a. Bambootecture
According to the article by RSG (2009), a growing awareness of the
importance of the natural environment led to the recognition that even a
human-made environment could never be a wholly man-controlled
environment. It could not disconnect itself totally from the natural world around
it.
Concern over the pollution and depletion of natural resources led to a greater
appreciation of nature expressed in "Natural Wood Walls, Bamboo Furniture,
Greenhouses, and Indoor Gardens." Biotecture seeks to take advantage of
nature's workings to produce the desired conditions without unwarranted side
effects, instead of expending great quantities of energy and material resources
to create and maintain an artificial environment. The goal of biological
architecture is to produce a human habitat compatible with the habitats of the
other life forms on this planet and wholly integrated into the natural cycles of
water and air circulation, using clean energy and reusable materials, and
capable of changing in response to changing conditions.
The data in section as part of the architectural concept of
bambootecture, the Bamboo structure, will be integrated. And according to
the article of Jain (2015), entitled "Bamboo as a Building Material," states that
"bamboo, as a building material has high compressive strength and low weight,
has been one of the most used building material as support for concrete,

especially in those locations where it is found in abundance. Due to a distinctive
rhizome-dependent system, bamboos are one of the fastest-growing plants in
the world, and their growth is three times faster than most other species of plants.
They are a renewable and extremely versatile resource with multi-purpose
usage. Among many uses of Bamboo, housing is one of the major areas
applications, especially in the wake of residential shortages around the globe."
Furthermore, from the article of Mahdavi, Clouston & Arwade (2011),
entitled "Development of Laminated Bamboo Lumber: Review of Processing,
Performance, and Economical Considerations," stated that as the focus is drawn
toward more sustainable construction practices, use of Bamboo as a structural
building material is growing as a topic of interest. It is highly renewable, has low
embodied energy, and has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of steel,
concrete, and timber. Composite lumber made from Bamboo, termed
laminated bamboo lumber (LBL), has gained the particular interest of
researchers and practitioners of late since it has Bamboo's mechanical
properties manufactured in well-defined dimensions, similar to commercially
available wood products. Its primary drawbacks are that it is difficult to connect
and is more costly than competing, locally available materials.
One of the material integration on the planning is the laminated bamboo
lumber. Laminated bamboo lumber is a relatively new concept that involves
gluing bamboo material in various forms (e.g., strands or mats) to form
rectangular boards, similar to lumber. Despite its commercial potential, only a
small body of research on LBL exists in the literature. Two patents exist—the first
patent, by Chu, entitled "Bamboo board" [U.S. Patent No. 4,810,551 (1989)],
describes a product that is similar in a layup to plywood. The second, "Parallel
randomly stacked, stranded, laminated bamboo boards and beams" (1996), is

similar in a layup to parallel strand lumber (PSL). The second patent describes
the composition of the beam as bonded bamboo segments—specifically,
"bamboo stalks that are split open and dried in segments ranging from 1=4 to
3=4. in width to approximately 5–20 ft in length. The core may contain gaps as a
result of the cross-sectional shape of the bamboo segments and the
randomness of the stacking of the segments" (Mahdavi, Clouston & Arwade,
2011), see Figure 2 for the process of laminated bamboo lumber.
Figure 1.2. Laminated Bamboo Lumber. From Designing Buildings Wiki, Retrieved from
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineered_bamboo
Moreover, Akwada (2017) from his article entitled "Bamboo Use in
Construction Industry: How Sustainable is it?", states that, regarding how
sustainable Bamboo is used as construction material, one can state that
Bamboo is a functional graded composite plant with a short regenerative
growth lifecycle making it sustainable material for construction (Gratani et al.
2008 and Van der Lugt et al. 2009). It can be harvested in three to five years, as

opposed to ten to fifty years for most softwoods and hardwoods. It grows in
almost any climate, and it replaces itself very quickly (Gratani et al. 2008).
Bamboo has been in existence for thousands of years with multiple
applications in all fields of structural engineering but has not suffered any
destruction across the globe (Van der Lugt et al. 2009). A sample of history for
the durability of bamboo construction during disasters, like the "7.5 earthquakes
in Limón, Costa Rica, in April 1991 destroyed homes built with concrete and
rebar, but all 20 of the more-flexible bamboo houses at the earthquake's
epicenter remained standing. When three typhoons swept into the Cook Islands
in 2005, producing winds of 173 mph, they devoured everything in their path
everything, that is, except a group of bamboo houses on the beach" (Best,
2017). It is a far more environmentally safe and sustainable option than other
modern construction materials like corrugated metal, artificial plaster, and
chemically treated wood and brick (Van der Lugt et al. 2009). It requires minimal
energy for processing before use; it leaves no environmental footprint. Afterward,
it is affordable and readily available (Yu et al. 2011 and Van der Lugt et al.
2009).
According to Schröder (2010), most countries have no standard building
codes for Bamboo, making it difficult for those who wish to use the material in
construction. There is a kind of legal uncertainty surrounding the determination
of certain bamboo properties such as fire resistance, strength properties,
durability, and so on, which implies that there is an urgent need for regulations
and standards. Strength properties for Bamboo have already been tested by
universities around the world and present outstanding results, which are, in many
cases, much superior to conventional building materials. However, building
code standards require more than the strength properties of material alone,
other properties to consider are Durability, Fire Safety, Environmental Impact,

user Safety & Energy Efficiency. Fire resistance and durability are areas that still
need further research before a standard building code can be appointed to
Bamboo.
Nevertheless, important progress has been made by introducing an
international ISO 22157 standard for Bamboo's mechanical properties. Thus, the
International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO, has drawn up its
standard for determining the mechanical properties of Bamboo in 2004. It is a
first and very important step to get bamboo poles approved as a building
material worldwide. The ISO 22157 standard describes how bending strength,
compression, tension, shear, and durability must be determined.
Figure 1.3. Strength and stiffness comparison of Bamboo. From Designing and Building with
Bamboo, Retrieved from https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/
Another comparison between the materials is shown in Figure 3. Two
questions are dealt with here – how much strength and how much stiffness
(resistance against deformation) do concrete, steel, timber, or Bamboo give.
The diagram shows that, as far as strength is concerned, concrete is the worst,
followed by timber (the green bars in the diagram are calculated as the
strength divided by the mass per volume or the density). Steel is the best and

Bamboo the second best. In terms of stiffness, the fourth place is for concrete,
third for timber, second for steel, and the first place is for Bamboo (the brown
bars in this diagram are calculated as the E-modulus divided by the mass per
volume or the density)(Janssen, 1981).
Also, ISO 22156: Bamboo – structural design (ISO, 2004a) provides basic
design guidance for full culm construction. The standard is supported by ISO
22157-1 Bamboo – determination of physical and mechanical properties – part 1:
requirements (ISO, 2004b), which specifies test methods, and ISO 22157-2 (ISO,
2004c), a laboratory manual for determining material properties. An emerging
field is the study of laminated bamboo products for construction. ISO 22156 (ISO,
2004a) addresses the structural application of full culm bamboo and ply
Bamboo, which is composed of woven bamboo mats glued together or layers
of split bamboo strips laid across each other and glued together. The standard
indicates that the material's characterization should be conducted based on
national standards for plywood (Sharma, 2014).
Basically, at present, there are 62 species of bamboos recorded in the
country. Previous records (1991) showed only 47 bamboo species. The increase
in the number of species was due to the introduction of some bamboos due to
the efforts of the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) to
establish bambuseta in several places in the country, ie. Baguio City; Los Baños,
Laguna; Nabunturan, Davao del Norte; Malaybalay and Bukidnon. There may
have been other new introductions of bamboos in the country, but these have
not been reported, seen or identified. Most likely, these are bamboos
introduced and planted by garden enthusiasts and are kept as private
collections. Of the 62 bamboo species are endemic or native Philippine
bamboos. Thirteen are climbers, and eight are erect. The rest are introduced,
and a few of them, introduced in prehistoric times. The commercially important

bamboos are usually used in construction, furniture, basketry, and decorative
articles. The current commercial bamboos can be increased to 15 species,
especially those with thick culm walls and big-diameter culms,
including Bambusa bamboos (L) Voss, B. oldhamii Munro, B
utilis Lin, Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro D., giganteus Munro, and Guadua
angustifolia Kunth (Roxas, BRP).
Economically important bamboos (FAO/ERDB/DENR 1991)
1. Bambusa blumeana - J. A. & J. H. Schultes
2. B. vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland
3. Bambusa sp. 1
4. Bambusa sp. 2
5. Dendrocalamus asper (Shultes f.) Backer ex Heyne
6. Gigantochloa atter (Hassk) Kurz.
7. G. levis (Blanco) Merr.
8. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr.
In conclusion, Bamboo's perspectives are more impervious to water harm
than the normal hardwood. And the realization that Bamboo is the most
potentially important non-timber resource and fast-growing woody biomass has
evoked keen interest in the processing, preservation, utilization, and the
promotion of Bamboo as an alternative to wood. Its high valued utilization not
only promotes economic development but also saves forest resources to
protect our ecological environment as a wood substitute. By integrating this
Bambootecture concept in designing the disaster relief shelter, it will be
introduced as a disaster resilient structure not only in the physical planning and
design but also in considering every individual resiliency in the community.

1.6.3b. Disaster Resilient
In the context of disaster risk, the ability of a system, community or society
exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and
recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including
the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions
through risk management (UNISDR Terminology, 2017).
In addition, to design a building with resiliency means to start the design
process by thinking carefully about the typical use of scenarios of the building,
common points of stress due to normal use, as well as the most likely disaster
situations in the environment that could challenge the integrity of the building
and or endanger its occupants. The local environment always plays a critical
role in determining the factors that make a building resilient or not, and so
resilient design is always locally specific (Tuazon, 2015).
Following natural disasters or conflict, architecture plays a critical role in
reconstructing lost infrastructure and responding to the need for comfort and
safety for those affected. Successful post-disaster architecture must meet both
the short-term need for immediate shelter and long-term needs for
reconstruction and stability. Eight years after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, those
displaced continue to reside in temporary shelters without adequate access to
plumbing and electricity, revealing the critical importance of addressing long-
term needs after disaster and conflict (Shen, 2018). Publicly-funded infrastructure
must be designed resiliently. When transport, health care, drinking water,
sanitation, telecommunications, and electricity are resilient, basic services are
maintained during a disaster, and infrastructure users are not put at risk by sub-
standard structures. Furthermore, since infrastructure development attracts

population and investment, planning and locating it, thoughtfully can steer
development toward safer areas (GFDRR, 2020).
According to the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH),
released the latest design standards intended for resilient design of public
buildings like hospitals thru a memorandum dated Feb. 26, 2014, signed by Sec.
Rogelio L. Singson. The guidelines consider a wind load of 250 kph for Zone 1 and
Zone II areas while 150 - 200 kph for zone 3 areas in the Philippines (refer to Figure
4). For the Philippine seismic zones, only the province of Palawan, Sulu, and Tawi-
Tawi are under Zone 2 while the rest of the Philippines are Zone 4. The Philippines'
public buildings/structures shall be designed to withstand earthquakes with a
corresponding seismic zone factor of 0.20 for Zone 2 and 0.40 for Zone 4 (NSCP,
2010).
Figure 1.4. Alternative Wind Zone Map (De Leoz et al, 2014). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-Alternative-Wind-Zone-Map-De-Leoz-et-al-
2014_fig2_315698667
In conclusion, the study location (Pangasinan) will be part of the wind
map zone 3 with a wind load of 150 – 200 kph, while the seismic load will be

under zone 4 0.40 resistance. This standard and guidelines mentioned will be the
reference of the researcher for designing disaster-resilient infrastructure while
integrating the bamboo architecture concept as the main material of the
proposal.
Case Study
To enable the researcher to be familiarized with the idea, function, and
operation of a Bambootecture inspired concept for Disaster Relief Shelter, the
following case studies are analyzed:
a. Bamboo shelter retracts like a turtle to combat extreme weather in the
Philippines
Image 1.3. Resilient bamboo shelter by EEMY architecture studio and design. From
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/eemy-office-bamboo-shelter-philippines-11-
25-2019/
Using the Philippines as an example of areas prone to natural disasters,
EEMY was inspired by the strength of traditional Filipino Bahay-Kubo houses.
Delta's pyramidal shape enhances earthquake resilience while the base is
elevated off the ground to withstand high waters. In extreme weather conditions,
the shelter can contract half its size, transforming into a 'super resilient' compact
pyramid. The shelter does so through a series of foldable 'bamboo tents' that
can be expanded or folder back onto the main structure (430 square feet).
When expanded to its full size (861 square feet), the triangular windows and
'wings' can be used as shade, drying racks, market stalls, and connecting to
create covered community courtyards (EEMY, 2019).
This study will define that bamboo structures can also be resilient in terms
of construction time and specify that this kind of structure can be useful even
though without disaster or in normal days as a community center.
b. Folding Bamboo Houses
Image 1.4. Folding Bamboo Houses by Ming Tang. From

https://www.treehugger.com/modular-design/folding-bamboo-houses-by-ming-tang.html

Ming Tang's temporary shelters "origami-inspired," according to the designer,
after a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck central China last May, killing 69,000
people, injuring hundreds of thousands and leaving millions homeless, the
government is planning an extensive reconstruction project that includes
building more than 1.5 million temporary homes, which are expected to last two
or three years. The central feature of our project is the development of a
temporary shelter for homeless people. This kinetic structure exhibited umbrella
and folded fans' characteristics, with the potential of arranging themselves into
various contexts and dwelling requirements. We named it Bamboo + paper
House, a self-reconstructive structure for instant installations, which, according to
the changing internal requirements and site topography, can produce
potentially infinite scenarios. The composed of paper fibers, water, and cement
can be used for various construction applications. The lightweight paper house
can be pre-assembled in the factory, folded into a small package, and loaded
into a truck for transportation (Alter, 2008).
c. Design Against the Elements Green Design Award Winner / Nikola Enchev and
Stefan Vankov Case Study
Image 1.5. Design Against the Elements Green Design Award Winner / Nikola Enchev and
Stefan Vankov: Bamboo Structure. From Vinnitskaya,(2011)

Nikola Enchev and Stefan Vankov (2011), shared their winning design in
the student Green Design Award category for the Design Against the Elements
Competition. Set in Manila, Philippines, the design addresses the disastrous
consequences of climate change around the world and proposes an
architecture that would end the cycle of destruction and rebuilding that
occupies so much time and so many resources in countries most affected by
extreme storms.
Furthermore, the proposal is to integrate technologies that produce a low
cost, easy to assemble the building. The design combines two main building
materials: Bamboo, a natural, sustainable resource abundant in Asia, and
concrete, as presented in Image 6. The type of building to develop has the
following properties: constructed with geometrical modules that can fit any
program, any site, any landscape and any environment - distinctly modern
functionally, yet has a vernacular look - stands firmly in the ground yet can never
be flooded - welcomes wind but shuts out typhoons - easy and cheap to build
yet can last decades - stores food, water and medicine when disaster strike -
universal, that it can be built in any tropical community and still conform to the
local needs by changing its size, shape, and function (Vinnitskaya, 2011).
In conclusion, the idea of promoting a disaster-resilient community will be
a big help to prevent the loss of lives in the community while promoting eco-
friendly resources in planning and design. And as mentioned in the study, the
researcher's idea is the design focuses on affordable and resilient communities
that use modern technologies to thwart the effects of such storms.

d. Disaster-Proof Bamboo Housing
Image 1.6. Disaster-Proof Bamboo Housing by an Indian group of architects (Vasanth

Packirisamy, Monish Kumar, Vikas Sharma, Sakshi Kumar, and Komal Gupta) . From
www.architecturecaribbean.com
According to Zipmatch (2014), this bamboo-made housing community
comprises cluster housing units, two community centers, prayer and meditation
space, a library, and plenty of open green space. It is a master-planned eco-
community built for sustainability, with features bioswales, rainwater collection,
greywater recycling, and plantations intended for community food supply.
Furthermore, the housing units and community halls are built on stilts with
side elevation designed to avoid flooding and withstand storms. Moreover, the
landscape is designed to direct the water from the cluster housing units toward
the lower elevation and to absorb stormwater as much as it can. The housing
concept for this design is that each apartment unit is built around a core that
holds the kitchen and the bathroom, along with necessities such as water lines,
power, and staircases. Plugin units made of large bamboo decks radiate from
the core and function as a living room and bedroom/s (Zipmatch, 2014).
The idea is that in the event of a dreadful typhoon when plugin units are
destroyed, the core refuge areas remain intact. As they are made of Bamboo,
plugin units can be easily and inexpensively rebuilt and plugged into the existing

core. So as part of the solution, bamboo construction is also incorporated in this
study. It provides a sufficient study that proves bamboo material will be good
enough to sustain a disaster-resilient home or structure.
e. Flood Evacuation Centers in Temerloh, Pahang
Image 1.7. Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme by Hoo Zhi Xin, Feiven Chee & Haziq
Ariffin. From https://michy0217.wixsite.com/sputnik-atelier/trgs-project
Ideally, the design of a conventional building is contextualized according
to its function and its occupants' behavior. However, evacuation centers are not
built for that particular purpose. Instead, they rely on available public buildings
that normally function as schools or community halls for the majority of its
lifespan. The design of such buildings' spatial layout and its ability to be
transformed for a multiplicity of functions should be a key strategy in developing
buildings that can function normally in itself but be effective as a shelter for
displaced flood victims (UKM, 2015).
Furthermore, UKM (2015) states that traditional disaster mitigation
measures mostly found ineffective and failed to serve in the long run. Therefore,
it is important to design innovative structures or to plan to mitigate disasters like

floods for long-lasting periods. In rural areas, the culture of farming and slope
protection management by planting indigenous crops and plants that is a part
of flood resilience has since eroded. The local communities within peninsular
Malaysia, including Pekan, have very few skills to exploit the vast benefits of
bamboos, which are now known to be useful in flood mitigation and adaptation.
There is also a lack of understanding about the usefulness of Bamboo among
government bodies and local voluntary organizations for disaster preparedness
and prevention. Therefore Bamboo has not been incorporated in regulations
and policies about flood disaster management.
Therefore, in developing flood preparedness, a holistic and integrated
approach should be stressed upon it. Evacuation centers are essential in
reducing the risk of fatalities or harm to human lives. However, not much
development is needed in terms of structural strength but rather on the design,
management strategies, and logistics involved in using evacuation centers. It
includes input from and action by all parties, including the local community, city
council, academicians, and the private sector.
1.7 Definition of Terms
1.7.a. Disaster-Resilient is the ability of the individuals, communities, organizations,
and states to adapt to and recover from hazards, shocks, or stresses without
compromising long-term prospects for development.
1.7.b Bambootecture is the combination (Bamboo + Architecture) and the use
of Bamboo in Architecture that is once thought of as the building material of the
poor. Bamboo is now being used more prominently in all types of architecture.
From houses to business buildings, there are more and more places built with

Bamboo as the main material or at least an accenting material of the
architecture.
1.7.c. Disaster Relief means fast aid provided for alleviating the suffering of
domestic disaster victims. Hence it aims to meet the immediate needs of the
victims of a disastrous event. Usually, it includes humanitarian services and
transportation, food, clothing, medicine, beds and bedding, temporary shelter
and housing, medical equipment, medical and technical personnel, and repairs
to essential services.
1.7.d. Shelter a place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger.
1.7.e. Bamboo is a woody grass that is known to be the fastest-growing plant in
the world. It has become a popular material choice in architecture and design
projects because of its sustainable qualities and hardwearing characteristics. It
has a higher compressive strength than concrete or wood, and rivals the tensility
of steel.
1.7.f. Vulnerable is capable of being physically or emotionally wounded and
open to attack or damage.
1.7.g. Recovery. The coordinated process of supporting emergency-affected
communities in reconstructing the physical infrastructure and restoration of
emotional, social, economic and physical well-being
1.7.h. Risk. The likelihood of harmful consequences arising from the interaction of
hazards, communities, and the environment; the chance of something
happening that will have an impact upon objectives. It is measured in terms of
consequences and likelihood, a measure of harm, taking into account the
consequences of an event and its likelihood.

Chapter II
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design and Methodology
In this chapter, the researcher presents her methodologies to supply the
study needing a considerable amount of data necessary to obtain established
objectives. In this study, the methods applied are Descriptive research,
observation method, data analysis, and interviews.
According to Bhat (2019), descriptive research defines as a research
method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon
that is being studied. Moreover, the researcher uses the observation method to
immerse herself in the setting where her respondents are while taking notes and
recording data. The researcher applies this method before analyzing the existing
site features and areas of the disaster relief shelter.
Another method the researcher used is the data analysis defined by
Dudovskiy (2019), data analysis is the methodology chapter of the dissertation
should include discussion about the methods of data analysis. It should be
explained briefly on how you will analyze the primary data you will collect
employing the methods.
And also, interviews and surveys are part of the data gathering from the
concerned government agencies. The method includes personal interviews or
through provided documents of qualified respondents that can supply the data
for the study about the Disaster Relief Shelter.
2.2 Locale and Population of the Study
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (2015), Tayug is a 3rd class
municipality of the province of Pangasinan, Philippines, and located 160 km

Southeast of Manila, 46.38 Northwest of Baguio City, 111.01 km Southwest of
Pampanga, and 70.21 km Northeast of Isabela.
SITE
Map 4. The Site location in Tayug, Pangasinan. From Google Map, Google 2019, Retrieved
fromhttps://www.google.com.ph/maps/place/Tayug/Pangasinan
Based on the CLUP of Tayug (2016). The municipality's vision is "by the
year 2020, Tayug shall have been leading growth center in Pangasinan in an
ecologically-balanced and safe environment sustained by God-centered and
self-reliant Tayugenians under competent, transparent and accountable local
leadership." It can be accessed through national key arterial road and
expressway systems such as Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway,
Pangasinan- Nueva Vizcaya Road, Subic- Clark- Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) and
North Luzon Expressway (NLEX).
From the data given, the national roads of TPLEX, NLEX, SCTEX, and
Pangasinan-Nueva Vizcaya road are all accessible to Tayug, Pangasinan and
that favors conditions for access and circulation that made Tayug as a suitable
location of a major disaster relief shelter.

Map 5. Satellite map of the Project Site, Poblacion B, Tayug, Pangasinan. From Google Map,
Google 2019, Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.com.ph/maps/place/Tayug/Pangasinan
The municipality of Tayug, which the project site (Map 5) is located. Tayug
is the central access of many municipalities of Pangasinan, including San
Nicolas, Sta Maria, Natividad, and San Quintin, making it strategic for the major
location of a Disaster Relief Shelter. The project site is in the middle of
government offices and residential houses, under classified as per the Tax
Declaration as National Government Property.
2.3 Data Gathering Techniques
The proposed research technique was utilized in collecting data and
information for the development of the Disaster Relief Shelter in Tayug,
Pangasinan. The instruments that will be used to collect data include interviews,
journals, and documents related to the study. Data gathering tools include site
documentation, analysis, and bubble diagram.
2.3.1 Objective 1: To identify the need for the study of a Disaster Relief Shelter.
1. Present Situation

a. Sources of Data
i. Observation
This method includes site visitation, in which the researcher will
conduct a physical survey on the existing conditions of the site. This
activity also includes sketch and photographic documentation for proof
of visitation.
ii. Gather Documents
The researcher would gather legal restrictions, recorded data about
previous disasters, climatic conditions, accessibility, and existing
environmental hazards
iii. Interviews
The researcher would conduct interviews with the residents and
government agencies who are related to the study.
iv. Treatment of Data
The information observed and gathered would be translated into
various analysis maps like thematic maps and sensory maps. Then it would
be analyzed, and the researcher would give recommendations about
designing the relief shelter.
2. Site Accessibility
a. Source of Data
i. Gather Documents
The researcher would map existing road networks about access to
the site. Plus, its location would be discussed for its suitability based on the
guidelines and standards given by the disaster management agencies.

ii. Treatment of data
The data would be translated into maps showing the existing road
networks and possible routes during emergency response operations.
2.3.2. Objective 2: To determine the functionality and receptiveness of present
designs of a Disaster Relief Shelter.
1. Adequacy of present facilities
a. Sources of Data
i. Observation
The researcher would gather information to present evacuation
centers, MDRRRMC offices, and Fire and Police Department, and observe
the facilities and areas. The observation would be documented through
photographs.
ii. Gather Documents
The researcher would find guidelines and criteria for designing the
spaces of a Disaster Relief Shelter.
iii. Treatment of Data
The observed and gathered data would be formulated into an
area analysis, and an interrelationship diagram would be created.
2. Materials Used
a. Source of Data
i. Gather Documents

The researcher would gather information about materials used in
present design ideas of a Disaster Relief Shelter and then analyze if the
presented materials are receptive enough in the construction.
ii Treatment of Data
The data would be translated into a flow chart representing the
material used in the present situation.
2.3.3. Objective 3: To design a Disaster-Resilient Bamboo Architecture inspired
concept for a Disaster Relief Shelter.
1. Bambootecture
a. Sources of Data
i. Gather documents
Research on how the concept of bamboo architecture will be
integrated as part of a solution for disaster resilience. Also identifying
criteria, structural analysis, codes, standardization, and properties of
bamboo for construction.
ii. Treatment of Data
The data will be analyzed and translated into area analysis that
shows the material's availability and structural analysis.
2. Disaster Resilient
a. Sources of Data
i. Observation

This method includes gathering information from the community
and related offices for the previous happenings in the area to measure
the place's vulnerability.
ii. Gather documents
The researcher will gather research on the concept and provision of
having a disaster resilient building, the resiliency of the said community,
and the comfortability of the users.
iii. Treatment of Data
The data gathered would be presented trough area analysis that
shows disaster resiliency of the location.
2.4 Final Output
All outputs for this study are completed and presented through the
following different media:
2.4.1 Architectural Plans
The architectural plans will include the Site Development Plan, Floor Plans,
Elevations, Section, Perspective, Scale Model, and the Animation that will serve
as the visual interpretation of the proposal. The said architectural plan will be
provided with a printout and soft copies.
2.4.2 Manuscript
The manuscript would be the compilation of the research that includes,
Title page, certificate of originality, acknowledgment, dedication, legal
documents, list of maps, list of figures, list of images, bibliography, and the table

of contains that can be seen in the manuscript. It contains four (4) chapters;
Chapter 1 – Introduction, Chapter 2 – Design and Methodology, Chapter 3 –
Results and Discussion, and Chapter 4 – Recommendations and Conclusions.
These documents are presented in APA format. The final manuscript will be
reproduced into four copies and distributed to the panel of juries and the thesis
adviser.

Chapter III
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains the presentation analysis and interpretation of data
gathered by the researcher. This chapter will give an overview of the results that
have been gathered through the use of actual site investigation, readings and
observation, and to understand and analyze the data to support the study
about the planning and designing of Disaster Relief Shelter.
Extensive study about site analysis assessing whether development is possible by
establishing parameters for the design in the site and its environment. Site
analysis includes site boundary, site restrictions, site suitability to the project,
neighboring buildings, legal restriction, land use, adjacent access, typography,
views, microclimate, and hazards. Application of resilient design features are
guided by-laws, standards, other design solutions, thesis books, journals,
researches, and guidelines taken from books, works of literature, studies, laws,
and guiding standards in design.
In this chapter, the researcher will develop Architectural Solutions that
would be applied through different aspects, namely Site Planning and
Architectural Planning and Design. By evaluating alternative solutions, the
researcher will be able to introduce a new concept on Disaster Relief Shelter.
Through various mapping exercises, this study emphasizes the disaster resiliency
of bamboo as the main material in designing Disaster Relief Shelter that could
be adopted in different regions in our country.
3.1 The role of Architecture in Disaster Relief Shelter
Relief shelter usually provides major accommodation or accommodates
longer and provides humanitarian approaches. An evacuation center is

commonly used only for first reception or as an immediate assembly area
before going to a relief shelter.
By integrating a more safe, secure, provides privacy and with a
therapeutic ambiance will help the evacuees not only by providing them
necessities but most importantly helping them mentally to recover from
disastrous events. Suppose we were to present the evidence of the effect of
architecture in planning and designing relief shelter. In that case, it is focused on
creating opportunities for appropriate design solutions and long-term capacity
building. Also, the process of architectural approach can be a primary
contributor to a disaster and can provide meaningful solutions and significantly
impact the overall effectiveness of relief shelter.
"The best way to achieve long term resilience is through development
phases that create needed resources and establish sustainable construction
techniques in disaster areas" - Nolte, K.
In some areas and municipalities, their direct adoption or temporary
techniques to mitigate flooding situations is by building dikes. It is possible to
reduce the risk, but temporarily and not provide a 100% safety during the event.
It can also overflow. But providing more long-term solutions like Relief Shelter will
cater to the needs of the evacuees physically and mentally. But of course, it is
the best way to provide both immediately needed resources and generate
long-term resilience by establishing architectural interventions.
3.2 Presentation of Collected Data
The researcher conducted a survey using questionnaires as a tool to
determine the needs of the study. This study was centered and conducted in
the following municipalities of Pangasinan: Tayug, San Nicolas, Sta Maria,
Natividad, and San Quintin. The researcher considered one hundred sixty-four

(164) respondents for this study. They were categorized as residences that are
vulnerable to flooding in the following municipalities. Table 3.1 shows the
distribution of the respondents according to municipalities.
Table 3.1. Respondents Percentage Every Municipality
MUNICIPALITY NO.OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Tayug 87 52.8 %
San Nicolas 28 17%
Sta Maria 22 13.2%
Natividad 18 11.3%
San Quintin 9 5.7%
TOTAL 164 100%
Table 3.1 shows that most of the respondents were coming from the
municipality of Tayug, since it is the project location and will carry priority on the
evacuees from Tayug, while the 17% and 13.2% where coming from the
municipality of San Nicolas and Sta Maria where according to Vulnerability map
of Pangasinan(Map 2. p4) are labeled as mildly vulnerable rather than with the
municipality of Natividad and San Quintin which is considered as not vulnerable
to flooding.
The number of respondents is determined by the recorded poverty
incidents of every municipality shown in Table 3.2. It was considered the basis of
the respondents' percentage since if a disaster happens, less privileged families
fall into greater risk categories. Figure 5 shows the computation of the number of
respondents.

Table 3.2. Population at Risk
MUNICIPALITY POPULATION POVERTY INCIDENTS YEAR RECORDED
Tayug 43,149 11.31% 2015
San Nicolas 35,574 13.05% 2015
Sta Maria 33,038 11.77% 2015
Natividad 24,299 11.72% 2015
San Quintin 32,945 12.64% 2015
TOTAL POPULATION AT-RISK= 20,421
Number of Respondents Computation
Population (N): 20,421
Confidence Level (z): 80%
Margin of Error (e): 5%
Percentage Value (p): 0.5
Formula: Slovin’s Formula
{Z² x p (1-p)/e²}/ {1+ [z² x p (1-p)/ e²N]}
= {1.28² x 0.5 (1-0.5)/ 0.05²} / {1+[1.28² x 0.5 (1-0.5)/ 0.05² x 20,421]}
= {0.4096/ 0.05²}/ {1+ [0.4096/ 0.05² x 20421]}
= 163.89/ 1+(0.0080)
= 163. 898 or 164 Respondents
3.3 Statistical Treatment of Data
One of the major concerns of this study was determining the needs of
the study and the suitability of the project to its community. In the process, the

respondents presented seven (7) questions that determine the receptiveness of
accustomed disaster relief shelters.
Question 1:
On what level of vulnerability (flooding, wind, etc.) you experienced on
past disaster (typhoon).
This question's result is 30% - 50% are experiencing a mild to moderate
vulnerability to typhoons. This data will help the researcher determine if up to
what level of vulnerability experienced by the respondents. This data will be a
guide on the resistance of the building character.
Question 2:
Where do you usually go to evacuate?
The go-to evacuation area during typhoons is more likely in the main
evacuation center or the integrated covered court of the municipality.

Followed by schools and then barangay halls, these two evacuation centers are
usually used per barangay, not for the whole town. In this data gathered, the
researcher will determine if these structures are receptive to every evacuee's
needs and necessity.
Question 3:
Level of comfortability at the evacuation center.
Not comfortable Highly Comfortable
Most of the respondents were not comfortable with their existing
evacuation centers. The following reasons will be presented in the next question.
From this data, the researcher will know the comfortability level of the existing
relief shelter or evacuation centers and identify the problems and concerns
regarding the center's existing plan and design.

Question 4:
If not comfortable, what are the possible reasons?
This data is the concern of the respondents from the comfortability level of
existing evacuation centers. From the data collected, the usual reason for not
having comfortability is the lack of facilities like comfort rooms, health centers,
and emergency offices. Also, it includes a lack of privacy or too crowded and
unorganized sleeping quarters. From this, the researcher will now be able to
identify some of the necessary areas to be included in the Disaster Relief
Shelter's planning and design.
Question 5:
How long do you usually stay in the evacuation center?
In this data collected, it shows the length of stay of the evacuees in an
evacuation center, and it's ranging from 1-5 days and not exceeding to a week
and above. From this, the researcher will now be able to determine some of the

computation of the facilities' total area be integrated into the planning and
designing of the Disaster Relief Shelter.
Question 6:
Do you feel safe and secure from the existing evacuation area?
Safety and security are one to be considered in designing such structures.
Most of the respondents did not feel safe and secure in the existing evacuation
areas from this data. Hence, the researcher will now identify the importance of
the safety and security of the planning and designing Disaster Relief Shelter.
Question 7:
If you were to choose, do you want an integrated structure/building for
an evacuation center (relief shelter) rather than using the mentioned existing
evacuation areas?
From all of the questions above, the respondents' results were to introduce
a separate or a new approach to the system of an evacuation area. Hence,

the researcher has now proved that the need to study a new approach to the
system of existing evacuation areas is highly needed.
3.4 The Site
The site's location is at the Poblacion of the municipality of Tayug,
Pangasinan, and it is bounded by institutional, residential, and open areas. It has
two (2) major road access with a total of 37, 800 square meters excluding
access roads per TD No.: 41-0004-00649. The lot was classified as government
property.
3.4.1 Vicinity Map
In this section, the actual photos of the areas around the site were
presented through mapping. The visual analysis will guide the researcher in
identifying site concerns.

Figure 3.1. Vicinity Map. Retrieved from Google Earth Images and the Author.

3.4.2 Site Analysis
For the development of the proposed Disaster Relief Shelter, the
researcher visited the site and analyzed the present situation and conditions.
From these findings, the researcher answers the key issues considering the site
analysis in Tables 3.3, 3.4, and Table 3.5 below:
Table 3.3. Physical/ Site Condition
Category Element Key Issues Results
Zoning 1. What is the 1. General Institutional Zone

classified 2. Yes, according to CLUP of
zone of the the municipality of Tayug,
site? it is an area intended for
2. Is it
a general type of
compatible
institutional
with your
proposal? establishments
Size and 1. What is the 1. 37,800 sqm

Boundaries Total lot area 2. Yes, based on
of the site? computation the facility
2. Is the TLA of can fit on the site.
Physical the site can 3. Residential lots,
Conditions carry the Institutional lots, Barangay
capacity of roads and other structure-
the free government lots.
proposed
facility?
3. What are the
adjacent
areas existing
in the vicinity
of the site?
Topography 1. Are there 1. None.

any water 2. Yes, because the location
bodies of the site has the highest
present or level of the topography
near on the around the municipality.
site? 3. According to the
2. Is the level of Vulnerability Map of
the site Tayug, it is considered as
considered not vulnerable.
safe for the
facility?
3. What level of

vulnerability
on flooding is
mapped
with the site?
Lot Texture 1. What are the 1. The site is free on any

existing structure and mostly a
objects, and grassland.
natural
elements on
the site?
Vista 1. Are there 1. On the eastern part of

any vistas or the site, it has the view of
views around the Caraballo mountain of
the site? the municipality of Natividad
and from the southern part
of the site is an open field.
Vegetation 1. What are the 1. Most of the vegetation

existing types present on the site are
of bamboos within the
vegetation southern part of the site,
present in while the other trees are,
the site? Mango tree, Cotton fruit
2. Is the existing tree, Kapok tree and
vegetation other fruit bearing trees.
can retain on 2. Yes.
the planning 3. Bamboo is considered as
of the site? one of the concepts on
3. What are the the site, while other trees
purposes of will be part of the
it, landscape.
considering
having it on
the site?
Noise 1. What are the 1. Mostly a vehicular and

type of noise pedestrian noise, but
present in minimal.
the site 2. Not much, but need to
2. Is it be buffed naturally.
destructive 3. Northern and Eastern part
to the of the site, because of
proposed the presence of
facility? Residential areas and
3. What area of barangay roads.
the site is
mostly
affected by
noise?
Smell 1. What are the 1. Car smokes but mostly

types of smell grass dew.

present to 2. No.
the site?
2. Is it
destructive?
Table 3.4 Climatic Conditions
Sun Location 1. Where are 1. Sunrise is located on the

the sunrise southeastern part of the
and sunset site going to the
located on northwestern part for
the site? sunset
2. Where is the 2. Generally, the hottest
hottest and part of the site is from the
coldest part north, east and southern
on the site? part of the site, while the
Climatic coldest part is from the
Conditions eastern part, because of
natural shades.
Wind 1. What are 1. Northeast monsoon,

Direction the existing Southwest monsoon,
wind typhoon wind, and
elements in prevailing winds
the site 2. From the Southeastern
location? going to Northwestern
2. Where are part of the site.
the
prevailing
winds
coming from
and going
to?
Hydrological 1. What is the 1. The most rain falls during

Direction average the 31 days centered
monthly around August 6, with an
rainfall average total
accumulatio accumulation of 17.9
n on the inches. The least rain falls
project around January 28, with
location? an average total
2. What accumulation of 0.8
direction is inches.
the water 2. From the northeastern
run-off of part going to
the site? southwestern part of the
site.

Table 3.5 Environmental Hazards
Category Elements Key Issues Results
Physical 1. What type of 1. Earthquakes and

Hazard physical floods.
hazard is 2. Yes, because the
experienced recorded highest
Environmental on the site? level of flood within
Hazard 2. Is the site still the site is not more
considered a than 1-2 ft high and
safe location subsided within a
for the day or less than.
project?
Psychological 1. Is there a 1. None, the site is

Hazard presence of considered as stress-
psychologica free location
l hazards at
the project
site?
Table 3.6 Previous Disaster Reports
Category Elements Key Issues Results
Flooding 1. Is there a reported 1. Yes, from the highest

flooding recorded incident of
incidence on the flooding about 1-2 ft
project site? high
2. How long did it 2. Usually the flood
take to subside? subsides within a day
3. Is it tolerable? or not more than 2
days
3. Yes, because of its low
level of flooding and
Disaster the fast drawing of
Report water on the site
Casualties 1. Are there any 1. None

casualties during
typhoons on the
site?
Damages 1. What types of 1. Fallen some branches

damages happen of trees
on the site during
typhoons?

Table 3.7 Accessibility
Location 1. Where is the site 1. Tayug, Pangasinan

located? 2. Yes, because it is
2. Is the location of located in a safer
Accessibility the site place (not prone to
considered as a flooding) and easily
strategic location accessible.
for the project?
Road 1. What are the 1. Barangay roads and

Networks connecting roads donated private
on the site? roads.
2. Is the road access 2. Yes, it ranges from 8-
suitable for some 10 meters wide.
type of
emergency
vehicles?
The tables above are used to formulate the S.W.O.T Analysis of the site for
the development of the Disaster-Resilient Relief Shelter.
3. 4.3 S.W.O.T Analysis
This section concludes the site analysis part of the study, which presents
the macro planning of the development.
Table 3.8 S.W.O.T Analysis
Areas Strength Weaknesses Opportunity Threats
Zoning Compatible Lack of An income Secondary

with the budget generating purposes will
proposal facility could overcome the
be integrate main purpose
of the facility
Size and Large enough None Future Existence of

Boundaries to cater the Development illegal settlers
project is possible
Topography Highest One Slopes are Current from

elevation direction of directed to the run-off
water run-off barangay could affect

drainage neighboring
area
Lot Texture Can utilized Some area Probable on Lack of

paved ways of the site is making it a management
to soft bamboo can very
plantation destructive
because of
the fast
growing of
bamboos
Vista Vistas are It features Can be Future

present only green utilized for development
fields. parks and can remove
gardens vista
Vegetation The land is Thick grass It can be used Lack of

susceptible to area could as a main organization
bamboo be source of to handle the
planting developed material in the facility.
project
Noise Most of the Two side of Quiet area, Noisy area

areas are the site were can be used can disrupt
quiet prone to for parks and the operations
noise garden
because of
the existence
of road and
residential
area
Smell Most of the Some area The fresh Neighboring

site has a fresh has breeze residential
grass breeze unpleasant circulation to area can add
smell the built-up up to the
facilities will be unpleasant
an advantage smell
Sun Location Eastern and Afternoon Afternoon sun Unwanted sun

western part sun could be can sterilize ray can
of the site has very harmful spaces produce glare
a gentle sun to the users naturally
heat and on the
material of
the facilities
Wind Have mild Lack of Trees and Strong wind

Direction flow of buffer for bamboos can can disrupt
prevailing typhoon reduce the the operations
winds winds strength of the
wind
Hydrological Free flow of Only one Integration of None

Direction water-runoff direction of vegetation to
the water minimize the
run-off current
Physical Not prone to Strong Elevating Destruction of

Hazard physical disasters can structure from materials or
hazards also affect the grade line facilities
the site and making
sure that the
materials used
are resilient
Psychological Free on Mentally Using None

Hazard psychological unstable therapeutic
hazard users during elements like
disaster gardens to
ease their
shocks from
disaster.
Flooding Not prone to Strong Elevated Unpredicted

flooding typhoon can structures and situations
also affect considering a
the site circular base
shape of the
structure
Casualties None none Providing both Un-tolerable

temporary noise could
shelter for happen
people and
livestock
Damages none Fallen Providing safe Limitation on

branches of distances from planning
trees or trees the built-up
can be areas
dangerous
Location Located at Surrounded Easily Not bounded

the Poblacion by residential accessible by highways
of the units during disaster
municipality
Road Directly Some are Have many Illegal parking

Networks connected one-way road options
with road
barangay
roads

3.4.5 Factors and Issues Relevant to the Site
This section provides factors and considerations regarding the site
relevant to the study. It will be presented through Code Survey or the Checklist
of Site Data from Site Planning by Kevin Lynch (1971)
A. Physical Data
Collation of existing data such as the geology of soil, water, topography,
climate, ecology, human-made structures, and sensual qualities.
Figure 3.2. Contour Map
Contour presentation is used to determine the highest and lowest point of
a given site. Contour mapping also helps determine floor leveling, soil cut and fill,
and soil protection and erosion mitigation.

Figure 3.3. Sun Path
Sun path helps determine the location of areas needing natural light
ventilation and full protection under the noon sun.
Figure 3.4. Vegetation Map
The vegetation map is analyzed through site visitation. Trees present on
the site are Mango trees, Cotton fruit tree, Kapok tree, and other fruit-bearing

trees. It also has bamboo on the southern part of the site. The majority of these
plants are located in the western and southern part of the site.
Figure 3.5. Wind Path
The average hourly wind speed in Tayug experiences mild seasonal
variation over the year. The wind is most often from the west for 2.6 weeks, from
May 16 to June 3 and for 2.7 months, from July 8 to September 28, with a peak
of 53% on August 18. The wind is most often from the south for 1.2 months, from
June 3 to July 8, with a peak of 41% on June 21. The wind is most often from the
east for 7.6 months, from September 28 to May 16, with a peak percentage of
81% on January 1(Weather Spark, 2019).

Figure 3.6. Hydrological Map
As seen in this map, the water flows from the northeast to the southwest
part of the site. The recorded data of the most rain falls during the 31 days
centered around August 6, with an average total accumulation of water about
17.9 inches high. The least rain falls around January 28, with an average total
accumulation of 0.8 inches.
Figure 3.7. Visual Map

The visual map presents the neighboring vistas that could affect the
planning and design of the project. As seen in the map, the only unpleasant
views are from residential areas that could be buffed by natural elements.
B. Cultural Data
The site is located in the heart of the municipality of Tayug in Pangasinan,
which has a total population of 43,149 as of 2015 census. The town of Tayug got
its unique name not from influential people or the name of saints but from a very
tall tree that once grew in the heart of the town; the bacayao tree was so tall
that in Ilocano they call it "Layug." Given the difficulty of the people
pronouncing the letter "L," they change it to letter "T" by common usage. Hence,
the name Tayug came about (Province of Pangasinan, 2020)
The municipality also classified as a 3rd class municipality but aiming to be
a leading growth center in Pangasinan in an ecologically-balanced and safe
environment.
Site History
According to the municipal LGU's, the site never had a structure on it. It is
still mostly used on some occasions that will need a large open space like the
Municipal fiesta's carnival and once used by military training area for three
months when the PPPSC in the municipality holds the police recruits training. The
site also has some private intentions for the future development of subdivision
almost 30 years ago but never developed due to a lack of legal compliance.
The legal site documents are now in the property of the Pangasinan
Provincial Public Safety Company (PPPSC). Still, the order to transfer the
ownership of the site to the municipality is ongoing, according to municipal LGU.

3.5 Behavioral Analysis
This section will determine the behavioral flow of the user's patterns of
activities as these would help for the planning and designing of spaces.
3.5.1 Activity Flow Diagram
Figure 3.8. Activity Flow Diagram (from author)
The residents who are at-risk usually waiting for early warnings before
going to evacuate their place. After that, the residents who will now evacuees
will go first to designated evacuation sites on their respective barangays for
moderate-mild situations, but for extreme situations, the evacuees will be
directed or relocate to the municipal evacuation site. The evacuation facility
should be ready to cater to the evacuee's needs for prolonged displacement.

3.5.2 Interrelationship Analysis
This section is the result of the analysis of the physical site with the
integration of the users' flow of activity.
Figure 3.9. Site Bubble Diagram
The proposed Site Bubble Diagram is considered from the analysis of the
site. The main structures, including the administration building and the temporary
housing blocks, are located at the center of the site, labeled as the highest
elevation and near access roads. Its purpose is for easy access. And for the
development of the Bamboo Treatment and Training Facility, which will be
located on the western part of the site. Also, the landscape location is for
maximizing the use of vistas and serving as buffer zones from elements affecting
the site.

3.6. Viability Study
Viability studies are undertaken to ascertain the possibility of the project
getting implemented. This section has three functional areas of analysis:
Technical Viability, Legal Viability, and Socio-Economic and Cultural Viability.
From these analyses, it aims to determine the project's probable impediments or
identify measures by which these impediments may be minimized or eliminated.
3.6.1 Technical Viability
The purpose of the technical viability study is to provide sufficient
technical support for the study. Hence, the study is a disaster-resilient
Bambootecture that will be served as technical consideration.
A. Facilities and Equipment
The proposed project's facilities will be the integration of the combination
of traditional and contemporary practice in construction. Cement-Bamboo
Frame (CBF) Technology will be applied to the construction of the project. CBF
Technology is based on Bahareque design originating from Latin America. It is
used to fortify structures against yearly earthquakes that are later developed by
an organization based here in the Philippines, the BASE Builds. They used CBF
Technology to withstand typhoons, without compromising the bamboo's ability
to dispel the tropical heat. As a result, the houses are cool and comfortable to
last well beyond 20 years (BASE Build, 2017).
B. Labor and Management
For labor and management, is one of the projects assessed problem since
the construction is not merely the usual technology used in today's construction.
Hence, the training of laborers needs to be implemented before construction.

C. Inputs
The inputs will be the materials to be used in construction. Since other
materials excluding bamboo are widely available in the market, Bamboo
purchasing is also considered a critical part of the construction, because of its
availability on the market. But fortunately, here in the Philippines, we have
enough sources of bamboos and even the 6th largest exporter of bamboo
worldwide, according to Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(2015).
3.6.2 Legal Viability
In this section, the provisions of laws, codes, standards, and guidelines will
be presented, including concerned agencies.
A. Site Zoning Classification
Under the municipality's Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2016-2025), The
site was classified under General Institutional Zone, that according to the Zone
Regulations of the municipality an area intended principally for general types of
institutional establishments, e.g., government offices, hospitals/ clinics,
academics/ research, and convention centers, therefore, the integration the
Disaster Relief Shelter is viable.
B. Occupancy Classification
The proposal Disaster Relief Shelter, under the National Building Code of
the Philippines, was classified under Group I-1, a Recreational, Assembly
Buildings with stage and an occupant load of 1,000 or more in the building that
shows on Table 3.9 below:

3.8 Site Development Plan
Table 3.9. Group I-1 Occupancy Classification. From The National Building Code of the
Philippines: PD 1096
C. Guidelines for Evacuation Systems
From the Department of the Interior and Local Government (2018)
implemented guidelines for local government units on the strengthening of
evacuation systems.
Establishment of Resilient Evacuation Centers
1. Selection of Construction Sites
1. The evacuation facility must be established on stable and safe areas not
susceptible to landslides, flooding, storm surges, and other hydrological and
meteorological hazards.
2. Shall not be constructed within or very close to the premises of sites and
structures such as military bases, camps of insurgent groups, power plants,
factories, and others, where the likelihood of the occurrence of human-induced
disasters id high.

3. Shall not be constructed within or very close to the areas categorized as "no-
build zones" or easements areas defined in Water Code, Civil Code and Revised
Forestry Code of the Philippines, excluding areas for critical government
infrastructure of economic development.
4. Shall not be constructed within hazard zones, unless otherwise permitted
5. Centers for evacuation must be strategically located to enable immediate
access to basic goods, services, and utilities (e.g., healthcare facilities, markets,
water, electricity, communication)
6. Sites to be selected for this purpose must allow for year-round access to and
from the evacuation facility through vehicular transportation, especially before,
during, and after a hazard event.
Table 3.10. Policy Content of Emergency Systems. From DILG Memorandum Circular No. 122
series of 2018
Thus, the guidelines on evacuation systems provided by the
memorandum will be considered by the researcher on the Disaster Relief
Shelter's planning and design.
3.6.3 Economic Viability
A. Source of Fund
The source of fund for the construction of Disaster Relief Shelter will be
from the following stakeholders:
 National and Regional government agencies (e.g. DILG, DSWD, Office of
Civil Defense, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council)
 Local Government (e.g. provincial, municipal)

 Private Sector
 Humanitarian and development organizations
 Donors/ Non-Governmental Organizations
 UN agencies
These stakeholders are the possible source of funds for construction.
B. Return of Investment
The proposed project is also an income-generating facility, as part of its
multi-functional system. Institutionalizing the operation and maintenance of the
project, including the allocation of the annual budget, is crucial to the building's
sustainable upkeep. So, it is possible to generate income from rents on spaces,
tourism, and the future used of bamboo plantation. The income will be used to
cover the utilities and caretaker's salaries. And also to promote economic
growth in the municipality.
C. Project Cost Estimate
The initial estimate of the total project cost is provided by applying the
Plinth Area Cost Estimate, which is obtained by multiplying the plinth area of
building with a plinth area rate.
Figure 3.11. Average Cost per Square Meter by Type of Construction, Philippines: 1st Quarter
2020. From PSA: Construction Statistics, 2020

Figure 3.12. General Assumption based on BCA (Benefit-cost analysis). From Benefit-Cost
Analysis of With and Without Certificate of Verification Requirement for Harvesting in Private
Bamboo Plantations in the Philippines, 2019.
From the given data, the construction cost of the Institutional Building
under Non-Residential Construction has reported the highest average cost of
PhP 11,290 per square meter.
For additional data in the treated bamboo price stated in Figure 15, under
Region I, the average treated bamboo pole price is 120 pesos/pieces without
transportation fees from the plantation to the site.
 Site Development Estimate
Plinth Area Rate: 5,000/sqm
 Building Cost
Plinth Area Rate: 15,000/sqm
More or less, the initial cost estimate of the project cost will be ranging
from 20,000 – 25,000 pesos per square meter.

3.7 Synthesis
3.7.1 Design Goals and Objective
A. Goals
The proposed "Disaster-Resilient Bambootecture: A Multi-functional
Disaster Relief Shelter in Tayug, Pangasinan" goals are the following:
 Provide an emotional help for the evacuees
 Maximize opportunity on the local community
 Provide a safe and secure Relief Shelter for the evacuees
B. Objectives
The design objectives will support the identified design goals of the
proposal.
1. To determine the relationship between human and nature to support
emotional stability through site planning
2. To determine what are the possible aid to local community livelihoods.
3. To analyze the mitigation on the design features of the Disaster Relief
Shelter.
3.7.2. Design Concept
The design concept is the sequence of verbal to visual identification. The
verbal part of the concepts initiates the what's, how's, and whys of the proposed
project and then translated into visual concepts.
The design concept is from the combination of the municipality's
characteristics, resilience, and end-user. From this idea, the researcher will be
able to develop the massing of the structures and its aesthetics.

Figure 3.10. Design Concept
A. Sunflower
Sunflower is considered one of the icons of the municipality of Tayug in
tourism. As of 2017, the tourism rate on the municipality grows with an estimated
1,500 visitors on weekdays and some 5,000 on weekends from February to April
because of the opening of the Botanical Garden Destination on the area.
B. Circular Base
Flood resilient structure is not only presented on its materials but also with
the consideration of its massing. Circular base or shape structures are
considered resilience on flooding since the flow of the water would be
unobstructed rather than using shapes with corners. Also, wind moves naturally
around a round building rather than getting caught at corners. A rounded roof
avoids 'air-planing'- a situation where a strong wind lifts the roof structure up and
off the building.

C. Unity
The involvement of the community on the design is also considered to
meet the needs of the end-user. Also, integrating the unification on the design
through planning systems can provide the feeling of bonhomie.
3.7.3 Design Consideration
A. Minimum Design Requirements
This section presents design requirements in an evacuation area by the
Department of the Interior and Local Government (2018).
1. The evacuation center must be designed and constructed in compliance
with the NBCP and should withstand wind speeds of 300kph and moderate
seismic activity of at least 8.0 magnitude on the Richter Scale
2. It shall be designed in such way that good fresh air ventilation and high levels
of natural light are ensured upon operation
3. It shall allow for the installation of temporary partitions within the facility as a
means of maintaining the privacy of evacuees
4. It shall have, at the minimum, the following basic features:
a. DRRM and/or Camp Management Desk or Office
b. Separate toilet and bathing facilities designated for males and females, with
a facility-to-user ratio of 1:20 persons
c. At least 1 toilet and bathing facilities designated for PWD
d. An average space allocation of 1.33 sqm per person for shelter and

accommodation, based on the DSWD standard of 40 sqm per 6 families
considering the average family size of 5 persons per family
e. Physical provisions include, but not limited to access ramps, child-friendly
spaces, and healthcare facilities
f. Other standards and facilities prescribed in DSWD-DILG-DOH-DepEd Joint
Memorandum Circular No.1 series of 2013, entitled “Guidelines on Evacuation
Center Coordination and Management” (e.g. community kitchen, solid waste
disposal facilities, laundry spaces, etc.) should also be considered in the
building’s design, provided that the spatial (i.e. land area, floor area),
demographic (i.e. number and type of possible users/evacuees), and resource-
related factors are taken into account.
Table 3.13. Policy Content of Emergency Systems. From DILG Memorandum Circular No. 122
series of 2018
B. Minimum Design Standards
The minimum standards for shelter, settlement, and non-food items of the
Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (2011),
known as the Sphere Project, recognize the human right to live in security,
peace, and dignity, as a vital determinant of survival in the initial stages of a
disaster event.
a. Planning
1. Work with the affected population as well as national and local authorities to
assess the shelter and settlement needs and capacities (Sphere, 2011).

• Assess changes from the pre-crisis context, identify immediate needs
and capacities for the displaced and non-displaced populations, and consider
any specific needs of at-risk groups.
• Identify the availability of habitable or occupiable land, buildings,
apartments and rooms within the local housing and land rental markets.
2. Work with stakeholders to identify the most effective and appropriate
assistance options and how to provide these (Sphere, 2011).
3. Develop a shelter and settlement plan in coordination with relevant
authorities and the affected communities (Sphere, 2011).
• Offer assistance tailored to the needs and preference of the affected
population and authorities.
• Optimize cost-efficiency, technical quality, speed and timing, scale of
implementation and replicability.
b. Location and Settlement Planning
1. Work within existing planning processes and regulations and agree terms with
host communities and relevant authorities (Sphere, 2011).
• Locate any new settlements a safe distance from actual or potential
threats and minimize risks from existing hazards.
• Consider the expected lifespan of the settlement to determine what
essential services may need to be expanded or developed.
2. Involve diverse stakeholders, including groups within the affected population,
in site selection and settlement planning (Sphere, 2011).

• Identify factors that could affect the location or site layout, considering
sex, age, disability, ethnic or linguistic identity, and gender roles and
responsibilities.
• In urban contexts, work through a geographically defined, area-based
approach to better understand community dynamics.
3. Ensure the affected population has access to essential services and facilities,
including livelihoods opportunities (Sphere, 2011).
• Work with other sectors to establish an acceptable distance and safe
travel (or transport) to essential services and facilities.
• Coordinate with service providers to prioritize and deliver essential
services and livelihoods opportunities where these do not already exist
4. Plan the use of land to provide sufficient space for all functions, accessibility to
all shelters and services, and adequate safety measures throughout the
settlement (Sphere, 2011).
• Include planning for shared resources like water and sanitation facilities,
communal cooking facilities, child-friendly spaces, gathering areas, religious
needs and food distribution points.
• Ensure that the placement of essential services within settlements follows
standards for safety, protection and dignity.
5. Include rainfall or floodwater drainage planning in site selection and
settlement development (Sphere, 2011).
• Provide appropriate drainage facilities so that all dwelling areas and
services are kept free of standing water and storm water drains are kept clear.
• Anticipate and manage breeding sites of disease vectors.

c. Living Space
1. Ensure that each affected household has adequate living space to perform
basic domestic activities (Sphere, 2011).
• Provide living space that accommodates the diverse needs of members
of the household for sleeping, food preparation and eating, respecting local
culture and lifestyles.
• Provide a basic roof and walls for occupants and their household assets,
offering physical security, dignity, privacy and protection from weather.
• Provide optimal lighting conditions, ventilation and thermal comfort.
2. Ensure that the space immediately surrounding the living space supports safe
access to fundamental activities (Sphere, 2011).
• Include appropriate cooking, toilets, laundry, bathing, livelihoods
activities, socializing and play areas
3. Promote the use of shelter solutions, construction techniques and materials
that are culturally and socially acceptable and environmentally sustainable
(Sphere, 2011).
d. Environmental Sustainability
1. Integrate environmental impact assessment and management in all shelter
and settlement planning (Sphere, 2011).

• Assess the environmental impacts of the crisis, and environmental risks
and vulnerabilities, to minimize negative effects of the shelter and settlement
options.
• Incorporate an environmental management plan into operations and
monitoring procedures.
2. Select the most sustainable materials and techniques among the viable
options (Sphere, 2011).
• Prefer those that do not deplete local natural resources or contribute to
long-term environmental damage.
• Salvage and reuse, recycle or re-purpose available materials, including
debris.
3. Manage solid waste in a safe, timely, culturally sensitive and environmentally
sustainable way in all settlements (Sphere, 2011).
• Coordinate with WASH, health, public works and other authorities, the
private sector and other stakeholders to establish or re-establish sustainable
waste management practices.
4. Establish, restore and promote safe, reliable, affordable and environmentally
sustainable energy supply systems (Sphere, 2011).
• Determine whether existing energy supply systems have a negative
environmental impact on natural resources, pollution, health and safety.
• Ensure any new or revised energy supply options meet user needs, and
provide training and follow-up as needed.

5. Protect, restore and improve the ecological value of operational sites (such as
temporary settlements) during and after use. (Sphere, 2011)
• Assess environmental baseline conditions and available local natural
resources for each site and identify environmental hazards, including those due
to previous commercial or industrial use.
• Remove immediate and obvious hazards from the area and repair any
serious environmental degradation, while keeping the removal of natural
vegetation and the disruption of natural drainage at a minimum.
• Leave the site in a state that will allow the local population to use it
immediately, where possible in better condition than before.

3.8 Architectural Translations
3.8.1 Site Development Plan

3.8.2 Administration Building

3.8.3 Temporary Housing Block

3.8.4 Livestock Sanctuary

3.8.5 Bamboo Treatment & Training Facility

3.8.6 Exterior Perspective
A. Administration Building

B. Temporary Housing Block

C. Livestock Sanctuary

D. Bamboo Treatment & Training Facility

E. Aerial Perspective

CHAPTER IV
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
The proposed site for the development can be identified as a strategic
location for the Disaster Relief Shelter project. The challenging part of the study is
the funding and operational aspects of the construction if ever implemented.
The site's existing elements are classified as helpful elements, including the
topography, hydrological, and accessibility.
The primary function of the Disaster Relief Shelter is to provide temporary
accommodation for the victims of disaster, mainly from typhoons and flooding,
but also suitable as an evacuation area for the victims of fire, earthquake, and
another disaster that needs to have temporary accommodation. And for its
multi-functionality use, it can accommodate meetings and gatherings from the
community, temporary housing for educational tournaments that will require
longer days competitions if ever the municipality will be hosting the event, and
could be considered a tourist spot on the municipality because of its bamboo
structure.
The layout of the plans has less and smooth edges in consideration of
weather resiliency. The plan and designs are based on data gathered in the
preceding objectives. The design concept of the facilities, which is the
combinations of Sunflower (which serves as the icon of the municipality),
Circular base (which considered in weather resiliency), and the Unity symbol (for
the community involvement features), is determined through its relation to

behavioral aspect. Thus, the design concept tackles the human-nature
relationship, community involvement, and building technologies.4.2
4.2 Recommendation
The researcher recommends that the given data on the site analysis,
including building orientations and the location, is to be maintained and
followed to fully utilize the elements presented on the site and building analysis.
Spaces provided in every facility or the building are recommended to be
followed during the design and planning phases of the project since it was
considered on the standard design requirements and comfortability of the users.
It also recommended that the additional spaces or areas be implemented are
advisable as long as it is appropriate to the type of operation.
The plans and designs are recommendable to be followed to meet the
disaster-resilient design approach of the building. And also recommended that
the choice of the design concept should be based on resiliency and behavioral
aspects of the end-users. Produced plans and designs represented in this study
could be the basis for further studies.

5.0 REFERENCE
IOM-UNICEF (2016). Building Safe Spaces for the Community. Retrieved from
CHAPTE/Building/Safe/Spaces/for/the/Community.pdf
The Philippine Star (2019). One town, one evacuation center. Retrieved from
https://www.philippinestar.com.ph
Philippine Statistic Authority (2015). Tayug Pangasinan Population 2015.
Retrieved from https://www.psa.gov.ph/
Parmar, R. (2019). Importance of Site location & Wind Direction in Site Analysis.
Retrieved from https://gharpedia.com/blog/importance-of-site-location-
wind-direction-in-site-analysis/
FEMA (2016), Emergency Operations Center Assessment Checklist. Retrieved
from https://www.fema.gov/
CLUP of Tayug, (2016). Zoning Classification of Tayug, Pangasinan. Municipality
of Tayug.
Romero, P. (2019). One Town, One Evacuation Center needed across the
Philippines. Retrieved from https://thephilippinestar.com
Monreal, R. (2017). Evacuee Pre-needs Assessment Using Decision Tree Algorithm
of MDRRMC-DARAGA Records. University of the Cordilleras-Graduate
School Thesis.
IOM-OIM (2014). Design Development: Evacuation Center/Eastern Samar.
Retrieved from https://essc.org.ph/content/wp
content/uploads/2014/12/20140924-EC_BuildingDesignDevelopment.pdf

Alter, L. (2008). Folding Bamboo Houses by Ming Tang. Retrieved from
treehugger.com/modular-design/folding-bamboo-houses-by-ming-
tang.html
EEMY (2019). Bamboo Shelter Retracts Like A Turtle To Combat Extreme Weather
In The Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/eemy-office-bamboo-
shelter-philippines-11-25-2019/
ZipMatch (2014). After the Storm: Disaster-Proof Designs in the Philippines.
Retrieved from https://www.zipmatch.com/blog/disaster-proof-designs-in-
philippines/
IBON (2015). Disaster upon Disaster: Lesson beyond Yolanda. Published by IBON
Foundation, Inc. 114 Timog Avenue Quezon City, 1103 Philippines:
www.ibon.org. ISBN 978-971-9941-72-9
R. D. Estember, and M. C. M. Abiog (2018). AIP Conference Proceedings 2045,
020060. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080873
Roxas, C. (N.D.). Bamboo research in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/
Web_version/572/ch30.htm
Jain, V. (2015). Bamboo as Building Material. The Constructor: CEH. Retrieved
from https://theconstructor.org/14838/
Vinnitskaya, I. (2011). Design against the Elements Green Design Award Winner /
Nikola Enchev and Stefan Vankov. Retrieved from
https://www.archdaily.com/108903/design-against-the-elements-green-
design-award-winner-nikola-enchev-and-stefan-vankov

Jica, (N.D.). The Study on Comprehensive Disaster Prevention around Mayon
Volcano. Retrieved from
https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11603305_09.pdf
Gavilan, J. (2018). Families in Pangasinan evacuated due to Typhoon Ompong.
Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/212071-families-
evacuated-pangasinan-typhoon-ompong-september-2018
Palafox, Jr. F. (2015). Adaptive architecture and planning. Retrieved from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/05/opinion/columnists/adaptive-
architecture-and-planning/700313/
RSG (2009). Green Architecture: Biotecture. Retrieved from
http://greenarki.blogspot.com/2009/01/biotecture.html
Akwada, D. (2017). Bamboo Use in Construction Industry: How Sustainable is it?.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321255401_Bamboo_Use_in_C
onstruction_Industry_How_Sustainable_is_it
UNISDR (2017). Updates on UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Retrieved from https://www.epinurse.org/single-post/2023/08/19/This-is-
the-title-of-your-third-post
Tuazon, D. (2015). Design and disaster mitigation. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/chlyde17/design-and-disaster-mitigation
UKM (2015). Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme by Hoo Zhi Xin, Feiven
Chee & Haziq Ariffin. Retrieved from
https://michy0217.wixsite.com/sputnik-atelier/trgs-project

Bhat, A. (2015). Experimental research- definition, types of designs and
advantages. Retrieved from
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/experimental-research/
Janssen (1981). Bamboo in building structures. Thesis Eindhoven University.
Retrieved from https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org
Schröder, S. (2010). What are the Mechanical Properties of Bamboo? Retrieved
from https://www.bambooimport.com/en/what-are-the-mechanical-
properties-of-bamboo
M. Mahdavi1; P. L. Clouston, and S. R. Arwade (2011). Development of
Laminated Bamboo Lumber: Review of Processing, Performance, and
Economical Considerations. Retrieved from
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0000253
Best, E. (2017). Bamboo Houses to the Rescue. Retrieved from
https://psmag.com/environment/bamboo-houses-to-the-rescue-16347
Shen, Y. (2018). 10 Inspiring Examples of Post-Disaster Architecture. Retrieved
from https://www.archdaily.com/894734/10-inspiring-examples-of-post-
disaster-architecture
GFDRR (2020). Resilient Infrastructure. Retrieved from
https://www.gfdrr.org/en/resilient-infrastructure
NSCP (2010). National Structural Code of the Philippine: Philippine structural
design standards for resilient public buildings. Retrieved from http://uap-
ea.blogspot.com/2015/03/philippine-structural-design-standards.html
Sharma, B. (2014). Sustainable Structures: Bamboo Standards and Building
Codes. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284345386_Sustainable_structu
res_Bamboo_standards_and_building_codes
Weather Spark (2019). Average Weather in Tayug Philippines. Retrieved from
https://weatherspark.com/y/135063/Average-Weather-in-Tayug-
Philippines-Year-Round
Lynch, K. (1971). Site Planning. M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts. ISBN: 026212050X,
9780262120500.
DILG (2018). Guidelines for Local Government Units on the strengthening of
Evacuation Systems using the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Fund (LDRRMF). Memorandum Circular No. 122 series of
2018. Retrieved from www.dilg.gov.ph
DOST – FPRDI (2015). The Philippine Bamboo Industry: Issues, Potentials, Strategies
and Action Programs. Retrieved from
https://worldbamboo.net/wbcx/Powerpoints/Post-
harvesting%20and%20Processing/PhilippineBambooIndustry_RTAggangan.
Pdf
BASE BAHAY (2017). Cement Bamboo Frame Technology. Retrieved from
http://www.base-builds.com/
PSA (2020). Construction Statistics from Approved Building Permits: First Quarter
2020. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/construction-statistics-
approved-building-permits-first-quarter-2020

6.0 LIST OF APPENDICES
APENDIX A: LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Legal Document 1Survey Plan
Legal Document 2 Deed of Donation
Legal Document 3 Tax Declaration
Legal Document 4 Google Map Image
Legal Document 5 Other Lot Permits
Legal Document 6 Certification of Approval
Legal Document 7 Consent Letter 1
Legal Document 8 Consent Letter 2

Bibat Final Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibat Final Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibat Final Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

1.0 THE PROBLEM

Disasters are unexpected; they can be human-made or natural calamities

experiences daily earthquakes and, on average, 20 typhoons a year, becoming

more frequent and extreme.

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, promoting a

more proactive system of preparing for disasters than a reactive response-based

serves as a guide for government agencies and units, humanitarian

organizations, and other actors in implementing programs and projects on four

thematic areas of DRRM, namely: 1) prevention and mitigation, 2) preparedness,

3) response, and 4) rehabilitation and recovery, with the goal of "safer,

productive and disaster-resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable

development" (IOM-UNICEF, 2016).

1.1 Background of the study

According to Monreal, R. (2017), catastrophic events do not only directly

casualties, extensive population displacement and relocation, and prolonged

These concurrent events emphasized the need for better local

preparedness planning to include the establishment of robust evacuation

Furthermore, as the Global Cluster Lead Agency of Camp Coordination and

Camp Management (CCCM), IOM supports and strengthens the government's

and communities' capacity to plan and implement mass evacuations during

natural and human-induced disasters. It acknowledges that building resilient

community evacuation centers is an important component of community-

based DRRM and an avenue for improving community awareness on DRRM.

Senate President pro-tempore Ralph Recto (2019) proposes a "one town,

one evacuation center program," the centers would be sturdy enough to

withstand earthquakes of up to intensity eight and typhoon winds of up to 300

Furthermore, the impact of some emergencies may be of a scale and

complexity that exceeds the capability of existing evacuation center

arrangements, placing additional demands on Government services beyond

displacement. Such situations may require the establishment of a Mass

Controller (SEACON) (Moneral, R. (2017).

secondary function of the proposal is to cater to a community center to be the

focal point of the municipality by integrating the Bamboo architecture concept.

The study will be located at one of the provinces of Pangasinan, the

Tayug is a landlocked municipality in the coastal province of Pangasinan,

kilometers or 19.78 square miles, constituting 0.94% of Pangasinan's total area.

represented 1.46% of the total population of Pangasinan province or 0.86% of

density is computed at 842 inhabitants per square kilometer or 2,181 inhabitants

per square mile (PSA, 2015 Census).

municipality of Tayug was considered as not vulnerable to flooding due to the

topography level. But as seen in the map, Tayug is surrounded by mildly

by the municipality, some evidence proved that Tayug, Pangasinan is one of

is suitable to have a disaster-resilient development. By incorporating this kind of

town's casualties during calamities including structural and non-structural

measures to strengthen the resilience of persons, communities, and their

to cater on the project.

MUNICIPALITIES DISTANCE (KM)

San Nicolas, Pangasinan 5.19 km

Sta. Maria, Pangasinan 7.06 km

MUNICIPALITIES DISTANCE (KM)

Natividad, Pangasinan 8.25 km

San Quintin, Pangasinan 8.87 km

Furthermore, according to Romero (2019), interviewed from Recto, "one

prevent schools from becoming default evacuation sites during calamities

mass housing. There have been numerous cases of diseases spreading in

crowded evacuation centers, where there is often an inadequate supply of

vulnerable to health risks in such cramped evacuation site."

eventually become a reference to the future development of a disaster relief

center or evacuation centers to other parts of the country.