4 Determinants

1. Determinant: Every square matrix can be associated to an expression or a number which is known
as its determinant.
a a
Determinant of square matrix A = >a11 a12H is given by
21 22

a a
| A | = a11 a12 = a11 a22 – a12 a21
21 22
RS V
SSa1 b1 c1WWW
and determinant of a matrix A = SSa2 b2 c2WW is given by
SS W
Sa3 b3 c3WW
T X
a1 b1 c1 b c a c a b
| A | = a2 b2 c2 = a1 b2 c2 – b1 a2 c2 + c1 a2 b2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a3 b3 c3
This is known as the expansion of |A| along first row.
In fact, |A| can be expanded along any of its rows or columns.
2. Singular and Non-singular Matrix: A square matrix is a singular matrix if its determinant is zero.
Otherwise, it is a non-singular matrix.
3. (i) Minor: Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n. Then the minor Mij of aij in A is the determinant
of the sub-matrix of order (n – 1) obtained by leaving ith row and jth column of A.
RS V
SS 1 2 3 WWW
For example, if A = SS–3 2 –1WW , then
SS W
S 2 –4 3 WW
T X
2 –1 –3 –1
M11 = = 2, M12 = = –7 and so on.
–4 3 2 3
(ii) Cofactor: The cofactor Cij of aij in A = [aij]n×n is equal to (–1)i+j times Mij.
1 2 3
=
For example, if A –3 2 –1 , then

2 –4 3
C11 = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11 = 2 and C12 = (–1)1+2 M12 = – M12 = 7 and so on

100 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 4. Some Important Properties of Determinants:
(i) Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of elements of any row
(column) with their cofactors is always equal to |A| or, det (A), i.e.,
n n
/ aij Cij = | A | and / aij Cij = | A |
j=1 i=1

(ii) Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of elements of any row
(column) with cofactors of the corresponding elements of some other row (column) is zero, i.e.,
n n
/ aij Ckj = 0 and / aij Cik = 0, i ! k or j ! k
j=1 i=1
(iii) Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n, then |A| = |AT|.
In other words, we say that the value of a determinant remains unchanged, if its rows and
columns are interchanged.
(iv) Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n(≥ 2) and B be a matrix obtained from A by interchanging
any two rows (columns) of A, then |B| = – |A|.
(v) If any two rows (columns) of a square matrix A = [aij] of order n (≥ 2) are identical, then value
of its determinant is zero i.e., |A| = 0.
(vi) Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n, and let B be the matrix obtained from A by multiplying
each element of a row (column) of A by a scalar k, then | B | = k | A |.
(vii) Let A be a square matrix such that each element of a row (column) of A is expressed as the
sum of two or more terms. Then the determinant of A can be expressed as the sum of the
determinants of two or more matrices of the same order.
(viii) Let A be a square matrix and B be a matrix obtained from A by adding to a row (column) of A
a scalar multiple of another row (column) of A, then |B| = |A|.
(ix) Let A be a square matrix of order n (≥ 2) such that each element in a row (column) of A is zero,
then |A| = 0.
(x) If A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix of order n (≥ 2), then
|A| = a11 . a22 . a33 .... ann i.e., |A| is the product of its diagonal elements.
(xi) If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
|AB| = |A||B|
(xii) If A = [aij] is a triangular matrix of order n, then
|A| = a11 . a22 . a33 .... ann i.e., |A| is the product of its diagonal elements.
(xiii) If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then |kA| = kn|A|, because k is common from each row
(or column) of kA.
(xiv) We can take out any common factor from any one row or any one column of a given determinant.
5. Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
x y 1
1 1 1
D = Numerical value of x y 1
2 2 2
x3 y3 1
Note: Since area is positive quantity therefore we take absolute value of D.
6. (i) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then|A| = 0.
(ii) The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is a perfect square.
7. Some Important Facts:
(i) Only square matrices have determinants.

Determinants 101
 (ii) We cannot equate the corresponding elements of equal determinants like matrices
x y l m x = l, y = m
i.e.,

z w
=
n p
&
Y
z = n, w = p
(iii) In the case of matrices. We take out any common factor from each elements of matrix, while in
the case of determinants we can take out common factor from any one row or any one column
of the determinant.
(iv) If the value of determinant ‘D’ becomes zero by substituting x = a then (x – a) is factor of the
determinant ‘D’.
(v) If area is given then both positive and negative values of the determinant is taken for calculation.
(vi) To prove three points collinear, we show area of the triangle formed by these three points is
zero.
Selected NCERT Questions

1. If A = = G , then show that |2 A| = 4|A|.

1 2

4 2
Sol. We have,

A = = G ⇒ 2A = = G
1 2 2 4
4 2 8 4
2 4
∴ LHS = 2A =
= 8 – 32 = – 24
8 4
1 2
RHS = 4 A = 4 = 4 (2 – 8) = 4 # (–6) = –24
4 2
∴ LHS = RHS

Hence Proved
By using properties of determinant in problems 2 to 5 prove that:
–a 2 ab ac
2. ba –b 2 bc = 4a 2 b 2 c 2 . [CBSE (Delhi) 2011]
ca cb –c 2
–a 2 ab ac
2
Sol. LHS = ∆ = ba –b bc
ca cb –c 2
Taking a, b and c common from R1, R2 and R3 respectively, we get
–a b c
∆ = abc a –b c
a b –c
Taking a, b and c common from C1, C2 and C3 respectively, we get
–1 1 1
2 2 2
∆ = a b c 1 –1 1
1 1 –1
Operating R2 → R2 + R1 and R3 → R3 + R1, we get
–1 1 1
2 2 2
∆ = a b c 0 0 2
0 2 0

102 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Interchanging C2 and C3, we get
–1 1 1
∆ = (–1) a2b2c2 0 2 0
0 0 2
Since the determinant of a triangular matrix is product of its diagonal elements.
= (–1) a2b2c2 (–1) × (2) × (2) = 4 a2b2c2 = RHS
1 1 1
3. a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c) . [CBSE (Delhi) 2012]
3 3
a b c3
1 1 1
= a
Sol. LHS b c
3 3
a b c3
Operating C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3 – C1, we get
1 0 0
= a b–a c–a
a3 b3 – a3 c3 – a3
Taking (b – a) and (c – a) common from C2 and C3, we get
1 0 0
= (b – a) (c – a) a 1 1
3 2 2
a +
b ba a + c ca + a 2
2
+
Operating C3 → C3 – C2, we get
1 0 0
= (b – a) (c – a) a 1 0
a3 b + ba + a 2
2
c 2 + ca – b 2 – ba
Expanding along R1, we get
= (b – a) (c – a) (c2 + ca – b2 – ba) = (b – a) (c – a) [c2 – b2 + a (c – b)]
= (b – a) (c – a) [(c – b) (c + b) + a (c – b)] = (b – a) (c – a) (c – b) [c + b + a]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c) = RHS.
x x2 yz
2
4. y y zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + yz + zx) .
2
z z xy
x x2 yz
2
Sol. LHS = y y zx
2
z z xy
Operating R1 → R1 – R3 and R2 → R2 – R3 , we get

x–z x2 – z2 yz – xy (x – z ) (x – z ) (x + z ) – y ( x – z)
2 2
= y–z y –z zx – xy = (y – z ) (y – z ) (y + z ) –x (y – z)
z z 2
xy z z2 xy
Taking (x – z) and (y – z) common from R1 and R2 , we get
1 x+z – y
= (x – z) (y – z) 1 y + z – x
z z2 xy

Determinants 103
 Operating R2 → R2 – R1, and R3 → R3 – zR1 , we get

1 x+z –y
= (x – z) (y – z) 0 y – x y – x
0 – xz xy + yz
Expanding
along R1 , we get
= (x – z) (y – z) [(y – x) (xy + yz) + xz (y – x)]
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + yz + zx) = RHS
a–b–c 2a 2a
5. 2b b–c–a 2b = (a + b + c) 3
2c 2c c–a–b
a–b–c 2a 2a
Sol. LHS = 2b b–c–a 2b
2c 2c c–a–b
Operating R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
= 2b b–c–a 2b
2c 2c c–a–b
Taking (a + b + c) common from first row, we get
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) 2b b–c–a 2b
2c 2c c–a–b
Operating C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3 – C1 , we get
1 0 0
= (a + b + c) b
2 –c–a–b 0
2c 0 –a–b–c
Since determinant of a triangular matrix is equal to product of its diagonal elements
∴
= (a + b + c) (a + b + c) (a + b + c) = (a + b + c)3 = RHS
6. By using properties of determinant, show that:
1 + a2 – b2 2ab –2b
= ^1 + a 2 + b 2 h
3
2ab 1–a 2 + b 2 2a
2b –2a 1 – a2 – b2
[CBSE Delhi 2008, 2009, (F) 2013; Guwahati 2015]
2 2
1+a –b 2ab – 2b
Sol. LHS = 2ab 1 – a2 + b2 2a
2b –2 a 1 – a2 – b2
Applying C1 → C1 – bC3, and C2 → C2 + aC3, we get

( 1 + a 2 + b 2) 0 – 2b
2 2
= 0 +
(1 a b )+ 2a
b (1 + a 2 + b 2) –a (1 + a 2 + b 2) 1 – a 2 – b 2

104 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Taking out (1 + a2 + b2) from C1 and C2 column, we get
1 0 – 2b
= (1 + a 2 + b 2) 2 0 1 2a
b – a 1 – a2 – b2
Applying R3 → R3 – bR1, we get
1 0 – 2b
= (1 + a 2 + b 2) 2 0 1 2a
0 –a 1 – a 2 + b 2
Expanding along first column, we get
= (1 + a2 + b2)2 [1 – a2 + b2 + 2a2]
= (1 + a2 + b2)2 (1 + a2 + b2 ) = (1 + a2 + b2)3 = RHS
7. By using properties of determinant, show that:
a 2 + 1 ab ac
ab b + 1 bc = 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 [CBSE Delhi 2014; (F) 2009, 2013]
2

ca cb c2 + 1
a 2 + 1 ab ac
Sol. LHS = ab b 2 + 1 bc
ca cb c 2 + 1
a 2 + 1 ab ac
abc
= ab b 2 + 1 bc [Multiplying and dividing by abc]
abc
ca cb c 2 + 1
Multiplying a in C1, b in C2 and c in C3, we get
a 3 + a ab 2 ac 2
1
= a 2 b b 3 + b bc 2
abc 2
a c b2 c c3 + c
Taking a, b and c common from R1, R2 and R3 respectively, we get
1 + a2 b2 c2
1 2 2
= ×abc a 1+b c2
abc
a2 b2 c2 + 1
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get

1 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
2 2 2 2
= 1+a +b +c 1+b c2
2 2 2 2 2
1+a +b +c b c +1

Taking (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2) common from C1, we get

1 b2 c2
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2) 1 1 + b 2 c 2
1 b2 c2 + 1

Applying R1 → R1 – R3 and R2 → R2 – R3, we get

0 0 –1
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2) 0 1 –1
1 b2 c2 + 1

Determinants 105
 Expanding along R1, we get

(1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2) [–1 (–1)] = (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2) = RHS

a2 bc ac + c 2
8. Prove that: a 2 + ab b2 ac = 4a 2 b 2 c 2 [CBSE (F) 2014; Allahabad 2015, 2019 (65/5/3)]
ab b 2 + bc c2
a2 bc ac + c 2
Sol. LHS = a 2 + ab b2 ac
2
ab b + bc c2
a c a+c
= abc a + b b a [Taking out a, b, c from C1, C2 and C3]
b b+c c
0 c a+c
= abc 2b b a [Applying C1 → C1 + C2 – C3]
2b b + c c
0 c a+c
= 2ab 2 c 1 b a [Taking out 2b from C1]
1 b+c c
0 c a+c
2
= 2ab c 0 – c a – c [Applying R2 → R2 – R3]
1 b+c c
c a+c
= 2ab 2 c.1. = 2ab 2 c (ac – c 2 + ac + c 2) [Expanding by I column]
–c a – c
= 2ab2c(2ac) = 4a2b2c2 = RHS

x x2 1 + px 3
9. Prove: y y2 1 + py 3 = ^1 + pxyz h^ x – y h^ y – z h ^z – x h [CBSE (AI) 2010]
z z2 1 + pz 3

x x 2 1 + px 3
Sol. LHS D = y y 2 1 + py 3
z z 2 1 + pz 3

x x2 1 x x 2 px 3 x x2 1 1 x px 2
= y y 2 1 + y y 2 py 3 = y y 2 1 + xyz 1 y py 2 [ Taking common x, y, z from
z z2 1 z z 2 pz 3 z z2 1 1 z pz 2 R1, R2, R3 respectively]

x x2 1 1 x x2
= y y 2 1 + (xyz) p 1 y y 2 [Taking p common from C3 ]
z z2 1 1 z z2
By changing (transforming) column to column in first determinant, we get

1 x x2 1 x x2 1 x x2
= 1 y y 2 + pxyz 1 y y 2 = (1 + pxyz) 1 y y 2
1 z z2 1 z z2 1 z z2

106 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Applying R1 → R1 – R3 and R2 → R2 – R3 , we get

0 x – z x2 – z2
= (1 + pxyz) 0 y – z y 2 – z 2
1 z z2
Taking out (x – z), (y – z) from R1 and R2 respectively, we get
0 1 x+z
= (1 + pxyz) (x – z) (y – z) 0 1 y + z
1 z z2
Expanding along C1, we get
= (1 + pxyz) (x – z) (y – z) [y + z – x – z]
= (1 + pxyz) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) = RHS.

b+c c+a a+b

10. If a, b and c are real numbers and D = c + a a + b b + c = 0 then show that either a + b + c = 0
or a = b = c. a+b b+c c+a [CBSE (AI) 2007C; (F) 2009]
b+c c+a a+b
Sol. Given D = c + a a + b b + c
a+b b+c c+a

2 (a + b + c) 2 (a + b + c) 2 (a + b + c)
= c+a a+b b+c [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
a+b b+c c+a
1 1 1
= 2 (a + b + c) c + a a + b b + c [Taking common 2(a + b + c) from R1]
a+b b+c c+a
Applying C1 → C1 – C3 and C2 → C2 – C3 , we get
0 0 1
= + +
2 (a b c) a – b a – c b +c
b–c b–a c+a
Expanding along R1, we get
= 2 (a + b + c) [(a – b) (b – a) – (b – c) (a – c)]
= 2 (a + b + c) [ab – a 2 – b 2 + ab – {ab – bc – ac + c 2}]
= 2 (a + b + c) [ab – a 2 – b 2 + ab – ab + bc + ac – c 2]
= 2 (a + b + c) [–a 2 –b 2 –c 2 + ab + bc + ca]
= –2 (a + b + c) [a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca]
= – (a + b + c) [2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca]
= – (a + b + c) [(a – b) 2 + (b – c) 2 + (c – a) 2]
Now, given that D = 0
⇒ D = (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0

So, either (a + b + c) = 0 or (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0 i.e., a = b = c.

Determinants 107
 11. Show that points A(a, b + c), B(b, c + a), C(c, a + b) are collinear.

Sol. We have,
a b+c 1
1
Area of DABC = b c+a 1
2
c a+b 1
a a+b+c 1
1
= b b + c + a 1 (Applying C2 → C2 + C1)
2
c a+b+c 1
a 1 1
1
= (a + b + c) b 1 1 (Taking (a + b + c) common from C2)
2
c 1 1
1
= # (a + b + c) # 0 ( C2 = C3)
2
⇒ ar(DABC) = 0

Since area of DABC is zero, therefore points A, B and C are collinear.
Hence proved.

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option in the following questions.

x 2 6 2
1. If = , then x is equal to
18 x 18 6
(a) 6 (b) ± 6 (c) – 6 (d) 0

a–b b+c a
2. The value of determinant b – c c + a b [NCERT Exemplar]
c –a a+b c
(a) a3 + b3 + c3 (b) 3bc (c) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (d) None of these
3. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0),(3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The value of k will be
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) –9 (d) 6
–1 cos C cos B
4. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then the determinant cos C –1 cos A is equal to
cos B cos A –1
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
0 x–a x–b
+
5. If f(x) = x a 0 x – c , then [NCERT Exemplar]
x+b x+c 0
(a) f(a) = 0 (b) f(b) = 0 (c) f(0) = 0 (d) f(1) = 0

1+x 1 1
6. If x, y, z are all different from zero and 1 1+y 1 = 0, then value of x–1 + y–1 + z–1 is
1 1 1+z
(a) xyz (b) x–1 y–1 z–1 (c) –x –y –z (d) –1

108 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 1 –2 5
7. There are two values of a which makes determinant D = 2 a –1 = 86 , then sum of these
numbers is 0 4 2a
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) – 4 (d) 9
8. If A is a non-singular square matrix of order 3 such that A2 = 3A, then value of |A| is
 [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)]
(a) –3 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 27
2 3 2
9. If x x x + 3 = 0 , then the value of x is [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)]
4 9 1
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 1
x x + y x + 2y
10. The value of the determinant x + 2y x x + y is [NCERT Exemplar]
+ +
x y x 2y x
(a) 9x2(x + y) (b) 9y2(x + y) (c) 3y2(x + y) (d) 7x2(x + y)
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
11. If a, b, c are in AP, then the value of determinant D = x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b is
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) x (d) 2x
2
1 a a 1 1 1
2 =
12. The value of 1 b b a b c is
1 c c 2
a2 b2 c2
(a) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (b) (b – a) (c – b) (c – a)
(c) a (b – c) (c – a) (d) None of these
0 a–b a–c
13. The value of b – a 0 b – c is
c–a c–b 0
(a) a (b) b (c) 0 (d) None of these
1 ~ ~2
14. The value of ~ ~ 2 1 is
~2 ~ 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) ω

15. If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, –6) (5, 4) and (k, 4), then k is
(a) 12 (b) –2 (c) –12, –2 (d) 12, –2
16. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then |KA| is equal to
(a) K|A| (b) K2|A| (c) K3|A| (d) 3K|A|
265 240 219
17. The value of 240 225 198 is
219 198 181
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None

Determinants 109
 1 a b+c
18. The value of 1 b c + a is
1 c a+b
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) a + b (d) a – b
a11 a12 a13
19. If T = a21
a22 a23 and Aij is cofactors of aij, then value of D is given by
a31 a32 a33
(a) a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 (b) a11 A11 + a12 A21 + a13 A31
(c) a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13 (d) a11 A11 + a21 A21 + a31 A31
20. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that |A| = 8, then |3A| equals [CBSE 2020 (65/5/1)]
(a) 8 (b) 24 (c) 72 (d) 216

Answers
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (d)

Solutions of Selected Multiple Choice Questions

1. We have,
x 2 6 2
=
18 x 18 6
⇒ x2 – 36 = 36 – 36

⇒ x2 – 36 = 0

⇒ x2 = 36

⇒ x = ± 6

2. We have,
a–b b+c a a+c b+c+a a
b – c c + a b = b + a c + a + b b [Applying C1 → C1 + C2 and C2 → C2 + C3]
c– a a+b c c+b a+b+c c
a+c 1 a
= (a + b + c) b + a 1 b [Taking (a + b + c) common from C2]
c+b 1 c
a–b 0 a–c
= (a + b + c) a – c 0 b – c [Applying R2 → R2 – R3 and R1 → R1 – R3]
c+b 1 c
= (a + b + c) [– (a – b) (b – c) + (a – c)2] [Expanding along R2]
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
3. We know that, area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
x1 y1 1 –3 0 1
1 1
x
D = ; 2 2y 1 ;= ; 3 0 1 ;
2 2
x3 y3 1 0 k 1

110 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Expanding along R1, we get
1
9 = ; [–3 (– k) – 0 + 1 (3k)] ; ⇒ 18 = |3k + 3k| = |6k|
2
18
∴ k = ! = ! 3 = 3, – 3
6
0 x–a x–b
+
5. We have, f (x) = x a 0 x – c
x+b x+c 0
0 0 a–b
⇒ f (a) = 2a
0 a–c = [(a – b){2a. (a + c)}] ≠ 0
a+b a+c 0
0 b–a 0
and f (b) = b + a 0 b – c = – (b – a)[–2b(b – c)] = 2b(b – a)(b – c) ≠ 0
2b b + c 0
0 –a –b
and f (0) = a 0 – c = a(bc) – b(ac) = abc – abc = 0
b c 0
1 –2 5
7. We have, D = 2 a –1 = 86
0 4 2a
⇒ 1(2a2 + 4) – 2(– 4a – 20) + 0 = 86
[Expanding along first column]
2
⇒
2a + 4 + 8a + 40 = 86
⇒
2a2 + 8a + 44 – 86 = 0
⇒
a2 + 4a – 21 = 0
⇒
a2 + 7a – 3a – 21 = 0
⇒
(a + 7)(a – 3) = 0 ⇒ a = – 7 and 3
∴
Required sum = – 7 + 3 = – 4
8. We have,
A2 = 3A  ⇒ |A2| = |3A|
⇒ |A|.|A| = 33 |A|
( order of matrix A is 3 and |A| is not equal to zero)
3
⇒ |A| = 3 = 27  ⇒ |A| = 27

9. We have,
2 3 2
x x x + 3 = 0
4 9 1
2 3 2
⇒ x 1 1 1 + 3 = 0
(Taking out x from R2)
4 9 1
⇒ x {2 (1 – 9) – 3 (1 – 4) + 2 (9 – 4)} + 3 = 0

⇒ x (– 16 + 9 + 10) + 3
⇒ 3x + 3 = 0
⇒ 3x = – 3  ⇒  x = – 1
20. We have,
|3A| = 33 |A| = 27 × 8 = 216

Determinants 111
Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]
sin 2 23° sin 2 67° cos 180°
1. The value of the determinant – sin 2 67° – sin 2 23° cos 2 180° is _____________ .
cos 180° sin 2 23° sin 2 67°
RS V
SS2 –3 5 WWW
2. The cofactor of element a12 in the matrix SS6 0 4 WW is _____________ .
SS W
S1 5 –7WW
T X
3. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then the value of |A| = _____________ .
2
0 cos i sin i
4. If cos 2q = 0, then cos i sin i 0 = _____________ . [NCERT Exemplar]
sin i 0 cos i
x 3 7
5. If x = – 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0 , then other two roots are _____________ . [NCERT Exemplar]
7 6 x
Answers
1
1. 0 2. 46 3. 0 4. 5. x = 2, x = 7
2
Solutions of Selected Fill in the Blanks
1. Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we have
sin 2 23° + sin 2 67° + cos 180° sin 2 67° cos 180°
– sin 2 67° – sin 2 23° + cos 2 180° – sin 2 23° cos 2 180°
cos 180° + sin 2 23° + sin 2 67° sin 2 23° sin 2 67°
JKa sin 2 67° = cos 2 23°NO
1 + (–1) sin 2 67° –1 KK OO
= –1 + 1 – sin 2 23° 1 KK cos 180° = –1 OO
KK O
–1 + 1 sin 2 23° sin 2 67° and sin 2
i + cos 2 i = 1 O
L P
0 sin 2 67° –1
= 0 – sin 2 23° 1 =0
2 2
0 sin 23° sin 67°
3. Since matrix A is a skew-symmetric of odd order i.e. 3
∴ |A|= 0

Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

1. If A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, such that |A|= 2 and AB = 2I, write the
value of |B|. [CBSE Delhi 2019]
Sol. |A| = 2 and AB = 2I
⇒ |AB| = |2I| = 8

⇒ |A||B| = 8
⇒ 2 |B| = 8 ⇒ |B| = 4

2. Find |AB|, if A = = G and B = = G [CBSE 2019 (65/2/2)]

0 –1 3 5

0 2 0 0

Sol. We have, AB = = G= G== G

0 –1 3 5 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0

112 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 0 0
∴
AB = =0
0 0
3. Let A be a square matric of order 3 × 3. Write the value of 2A , where A = 4.
[CBSE Delhi 2012]
n
Sol. a 2 A =2 A , where n is order of matrix A.

Here A = 4 and n = 3

2A = 23 × 4 = 32

x+1 x –1 4 –1
4. If = , then write the value of x. [CBSE Delhi 2013]
x –3 x+2 1 3
x+1 x–1 4 –1
Sol. Given =
x–3 x+2 1 3
⇒ (x + 1) (x + 2) – (x – 1) (x – 3) = 12 + 1

⇒
x2 + 2x + x + 2 – x2 + 3x + x – 3 = 13
⇒ 7x – 1 = 13

⇒ 7x = 14

⇒
x = 2
5. If A = [aij] is a matrix of order 2 × 2 , such that |A| = –15 and Cij represents the cofactor of aij,
then find a21C21 + a22C22. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
a11 a12 a11 a12
Sol. Given, A=> H     \ A =
a21 a22 a21 a22
Expanding along R2
⇒ –15 = a21 . C21 + a22 . C22 [Cij = Cofactor of aij]
⇒
a21. C21 + a22 . C22 = – 15
6. Write the value of the following determinant:
a–b b–c c–a
b – c c – a a – b [CBSE (AI) 2009; (East) 2016]
c–a a–b b–c
Sol. Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we get
0 b–c c–a
= 0 c – a a – b = 0 [ All elements of Cl are zero]
0 a–b b–c
7. Show that the points (1, 0), (6, 0), (0, 0) are collinear. [CBSE (AI) 2008]
1 0 1
Sol. Since 6 0 1 = 0
0 0 1
Hence, (1, 0), (6, 0) and (0, 0) are collinear.
8. What positive value of x makes the following pair of determinants equal?
2x 3 16 3
,
5 x 5 2 [CBSE (AI) 2010]
2x 3 16 3
Sol.  =
5 x 5 2

Determinants 113
 ⇒
2x2 – 15 = 32 – 15 ⇒ 2x2 = 32
⇒
x2 = 16 ⇒ x=±4
⇒
x = 4 (+ve value).
cos 15° sin 15°
9. Evaluate: [CBSE (AI) 2011]
sin 75° cos 75°
Sol. Expanding the determinant, we get
cos 15°. cos 75° – sin 15°. sin 75° = cos (15° + 75°) = cos 90° = 0
[Note : cos (A + B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B]
10. Write the value of the following determinant:
102 18 36
1 3 4 [CBSE (F) 2012]
17 3 6
102 18 36
Sol. Let D = 1 3 4
17 3 6
Applying R1 " R1 – 6R3 , we get
0 0 0
D = 1 3 4 = 0 [ Each element of R1 is zero]
17 3 6
11. If A is a square matrix and A = 2, then write the value of AAl , where Al is the transpose of
matrix A. [CBSE (F) 2013]
AAl = A . Al = A . A = A 2 = 2 2 = 4
Sol.
[Note: AB = A . B and A = AT , where A and B are square matrices.]

12. If A is a 3 × 3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if det (A–1) = (det A)k.
[CBSE Delhi 2017]
Sol. Given, det (A–1) = (det A)k

⇒ |A–1| = |A|k ⇒
k = –1

Short Answer Questions-I and II [2, 3 marks]

1. Find the equations of line joining (1,2) and (3,6) using determinants.
Sol. Let given points are A(1, 2) and B(3, 6) and P(x, y) lies on the line joining points A and B.
∴ Points A,P and B are collinear

∴ Area of ∆ APB = 0

1 2 1 1 2 1
1
⇒
x y 1 = 0 ⇒ x y 1 =0
2
3 6 1 3 6 1
⇒ 1 (y – 6) – 2 (x – 3) + 1 (6x – 3y) = 0

⇒ y – 6 – 2x + 6 + 6x – 3y = 0 ⇒ 4x – 2y = 0
⇒ 2(2x – y) = 0
⇒ 2x – y = 0
∴ Equation of line be 2x – y = 0

114 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 x2 – x + 1 x – 1
2. Evaluate the determinant: [NCERT Exemplar]
x+1 x+1
x2 – x + 1 x – 1
Sol. Let D =
x+1 x+1
x2 – x + 1 x – 1
= (x + 1) [Taking common (x + 1) from R2]
1 1
= (x + 1){x2 – x + 1 – x + 1} = (x + 1) (x2 – 2x + 2)
= x3 – 2x2 + 2x + x2 – 2x + 2 = x3 – x2 + 2
3. What is the value of the following determinant: [CBSE (F) 2010]
4 a b+c
4 b c+a
4 c a+b
4 a b+c 4 a a+b+c
Sol. Here, T = 4 b c + a = 4 b a + b + c [Applying C3 → C3 + C2]
4 c a+b 4 c a+b+c
1 a 1
= + +
T 4 (a b c) 1 b 1 [Taking out common 4 from C1 and a + b + c from C3]
1 c 1
a C = C3
D = 4 (a + b + c) . 0 = 0 = 1 G
`T=0
x+y y+z z+x
4. Write the value of T = z x y . [CBSE Allahabad 2015]
–3 –3 –3
x+y y+z z+x
Sol. Here, T = z x y
–3 –3 –3
Applying R1 → R1 + R2, we get
x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z
= z x y
–3 –3 –3
Taking (x + y + z) common from R1 , we get
1 1 1
= (x + y + z) z x y
–3 –3 –3
Applying R3 → R3 + 3R1, we get
1 1 1
= (x + y + z) z x y = 0 [ Each element of R3 is zero]
0 0 0
5. Without expanding evaluate the determinant: [HOTS]
x –x 2 x –x 2
( a + a ) (a – a ) 1
(a y + a –y) 2 (a y – a –y) 2 1 , where a > 0 and x, y, z ∈ R
(a z + a –z) 2 (a z + a –z) 2 1

Determinants 115
 (a x + a –x) 2 (a x – a –x) 2 1
D = (a y + a –y) 2 (a y – a –y) 2 1
Sol. Here
(a z + a –z) 2 (a z + a –z) 2 1
Applying C1 → C1 – C2, we get
4 (a x – a –x) 2 1
T = 4 (a y – a –y) 2 1 [Using (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab]
4 (a z – a –z) 2 1
Taking out 4 from C1, we get
1 (a x – a –x) 2 1
T = 4 1 (a y – a –y) 2 1 ⇒ D = 4 × 0 = 0. [ C1 and C3 are identical]
1 (a z – a –z) 2 1

Long Answer Questions [5 marks]

1. If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P, then prove that
log a p 1
log b q 1 = 0 [CBSE 2020 (65/5/1)]
log c r 1
Sol. Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P respectively.
∴ a = AR p–1, b = AR q–1, c = AR r–1

Now, we have,
log a p 1
L.H.S. T = log b q 1
log c r 1

log AR p–1 p 1
⇒
T = log AR q–1 q 1
log AR r–1 r 1

log A + (p–1) log R p 1

⇒ T = log A + (q–1) log R q 1
log A + (r–1) log R r 1
 (log(ab) = log a + log b and logam = m log a)

log A p 1 p–1 p 1
T = log A q 1 + log R q–1 q 1
⇒

log A r 1 r–1 r 1
apply C2 " C2 – C1
1 p 1 p–1 1 1
= 1 q 1 + log R q–1 1 1
⇒ T log A

1 r 1 r–1 1 1
(C1 = C3) (C2 = C3)
T = log A × 0 + log × 0
` T = 0 + 0 = 0 = R.H.S

` T=0

116 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 4 –x 4 + x 4 + x
2. Using properties of determinants, find the value of x for which 4 + x 4 – x 4 + x = 0 .
4+x 4+x 4– x

 4 –x 4 + x 4 + x [CBSE 2019(65/4/3)]
Sol. We have, 4+x 4– x 4+x =0
4+x 4+x 4– x
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we get
12 + x 4 + x 4 + x
12 + x 4 – x 4 + x = 0
12 + x 4 + x 4 – x
1 4+x 4+x
⇒
(12 + x) 1 4 – x 4 + x = 0 [ Taking (12 + x) common from C1 ]
1 4+x 4– x
Applying R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1, we get
1 4+x 4+x
(12 + x) 0 –2x 0 =0
0 0 –2x
⇒ (x + 12)(4x2) = 0 ⇒
x = 0, –12
3. Using properties of determinants, prove that [CBSE Delhi 2014]
2y y–z–x 2y
z – x – y = _x + y + zi .
3
2z 2z
x–y–z 2x 2x
2y y–z–x 2y
Sol. LHS = 2z 2z z–x–y
x–y–z 2x 2x

Applying R2 ↔ R3, then R1 ↔ R2, we get

x–y–z 2x 2x
= 2y y – z – x 2y
2z 2z z – x – y
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3, we get
x+y+z y+z+x z+x+y
= 2y y–z–x 2y
2z 2z z–x–y
Taking out (x + y + z) from first row, we get
1 1 1
= (x + y + z) 2y y – z – x 2y
2z 2z z – x – y
Applying C1 → C1 – C3 and C2 → C2 – C3, we get
0 0 1
= (x + y + z) 0 ( y + z + x) 2y
(x y + z)
+ z+x+y z–x–y

Determinants 117
 Expanding along first row, we get
= (x + y + z) (x + y + z)2 = (x + y + z)3 = RHS

x x 2 x 3 –1
2 3
4. If x, y, z are different and D = y y y –1 = 0, then using properties of determinants, show
z z 2 z 3 –1
that xyz = 1. [CBSE 2019 (65/5/1)]

x x 2 x 3 –1 x x2 x3 x x 2 –1
2 3
Sol. We have y y y –1 = 0 ⇒ y y y + y y 2 –1 = 0
2 3

z z 2 z 3 –1 z z2 z3 z z 2 –1
1 x x2 –1 x 2 x SRSIn det 1 taking x, y, z common WVW
2 2
S
SSfrom each row and in det 2 WW
⇒ xyz 1 y y + –1 y y = 0
SS WW
S WW
1 z y 2 2
–1 z z Susing C1 * C3
and applying C2 * C3
in det 2 W
T X
2 2
1 x x –1 x x
2 2
⇒ xyz 1 y y + –1 y y = 0

1 z z2 –1 z z 2
1 x x2 1 x x2
2 2
⇒ xyz 1 y y + (–1) 1 y y = 0 [Taking (-1) common from C1]

1 z z2 1 z z2
1 x x2
2
⇒ 1 y y (xyz – 1) = 0
1 z z2
RSApplying VW
1 x x2 1 x x2 SS W
2 SSR " R – R WWW
If 1 y y = 0 ⇒ 0 y–x y2 – x2 = 0 SS 2 2 1W

1 z z2 0 z–x z2 – x2 SSR " R – R WWW

3 3 1
T X
y – x y2 – x2
^ y – x h]z – xg
1 y+x
⇒
= 0 ⇒ =0
z–x 2
z –x 2 1 z+x

⇒ (y – x)(z – x)(z + x – y – x) = 0

⇒ (y – x)(z – x)(z – y) = 0

⇒ x = y or z = x or y = z, which is a contradiction.

Hence, (xyz – 1) = 0 ⇒ xyz = 1.

a + b + 2c a b
= 2 ^a + b + c h [CBSE Delhi 2014; (F) 2010, 2011]
3
5. Prove that: c b + c + 2a b
c a c + a + 2b
a + b + 2c a b
Sol. LHS = c b + c + 2a b
c a c + a + 2b
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we get
2 (a + b + c) a b
= 2 (a + b + c) b + c + 2a b
2 (a + b + c) a c + a + 2b

118 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Taking 2(a + b + c) common from C1, we get
1 a b
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 b + c + 2a b
1 a c + a + 2b
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we get
1 a b
+
= 2 (a + b + c) 0 a b c+ 0
0 0 a+b+c
Taking (a + b + c) common from R2 and R3, we get
1 a b
3
= 2 (a + b + c) 0 1 0
0 0 1
Expanding along C1, we get
= 2 (a + b + c) 3 [1 – 0] = 2 (a + b + c) 3 = RHS

1 a a2 a3 – 1 0 a – a4
6. If D = a a 2 1 = –4 then find the value of 0 a – a 4 a 3 – 1 . [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
2
a 1 a a – a a3 – 1
4
0

1 a a2
Sol. We have D = a a2 1
a2 1 a

C11 = a 3 – 1; C12 = 0; C13 = a – a 4

C21 = 0; C22 = a – a 4; C23 = a 3 – 1
C31 = a – a 4; C32 = a 3 – 1; C33 = 0

Where Cij = Co-factor of aij (i, j)th element of determinant D. Let D1 be the determinant made by
corresponding co-factor of each element of determinant D.
C11 C12 C13
i.e., D1 = C21 C22 C23

C31 C32 C33
[ D1 = Dn–1 where each element of D1 is cofactor

We know that D1 = D2

of corresponding element of D and n is order of the
\ D1 = (– 4)2 = 16
determinant]

a3 – 1 0 a – a4
⇒
0 a – a a 3 – 1 = 16
4

a – a4 a3 – 1 0

7. Using property of determinant, prove the following:

a a + b a + 2b
+
a 2b a a + b = 9b2 (a + b) [CBSE Delhi 2017; (AI) 2008, 2013]
a + b a + 2b a
a a + b a + 2b
= +
Sol. LHS a 2b a a+b
a + b a + 2b a

Determinants 119
 3 (a + b) 3 (a + b) 3 (a + b)
= a + 2b a a + b [Applying R1 = R1 + R2 + R3]
a+b a + 2b a
1 1 1
= 3 (a + b) a + 2b a a + b [Taking 3(a + b) common from R1]
a + b a + 2b a
0 0 1
= + +
3 (a b) b – b a b [Applying C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3]
b 2b a
Expanding along R1, we get
= 3(a + b) {1 (2b2 + b2)} = 9b2(a + b) = RHS
x y x+y
8. Using properties of determinants, find the value of k if y x + y x = k (x3 + y3) .
x+y x y
[CBSE x y x+y 2019 (65/4/2)]
3 3
Sol. We have k (x + y ) = y x+y x
x+y x y
2x + 2y y x + y
= 2x + 2y x + y x [Using C1 → C1 + C2 + C3]
2x + 2y x y
1 y x+y
` = ( 2x 2y ) 1 x + y x
+ [Taking (2x + 2y) common from C1]
1 x y
1 y x+y
= 2 (x + y) 0 x –y [Applying R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1]
0 x – y –x
x –y
= 2 (x + y)
x – y –x
= 2(x + y)(–x2 + xy – y2) = –2(x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
⇒
k(x3 + y3) = –2(x3 + y3)
Comparing the coefficient of (x3 + y3) on both the sides, we get
k = –2
9. Using properties of determinants show that
1 1 1+x
+
1 1 y 1 = – (xyz + yz + zx + xy) [CBSE (F) 2017]
1+z 1 1

1 1 1+x
Sol. LHS = 1 1+y 1
1+z 1 1
Apply R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we get

1 1 1+x
= 0 y –x
z 0 –x

120 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Expanding by R1, we get
= 1 [–yx – 0] – 1[+ zx] + (1 + x) (–zy) = – yx – zx – zy – xyz
= – (xy + xz + zy + xyz) = RHS

10. Using properties of determinant, prove that:

a+x y z
x a + y z = a2 ^a + x + y + z h [CBSE (F) 2014]
x y a+z
a+x y z
=
Sol. LHS x a+y z
x y a+z
a+x+y+z y z
= a + x + y + z a + y z [Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3]
a+x+y+z y a+z
1 y z
= (a + x + y + z) 1 a + y z [Taking out (a + x + y + z) common from C1]
1 y a+z
0 –a 0
= + + + +
(a x y z) 1 a y z [Apply R1 → R1 – R2]
1 y a+z
Expanding along R1, we get
= (a + x + y + z) {0 + a (a + z – z)}
= a2(a + x + y + z) = RHS
11. Using properties of determinant, prove the following:
x+y x x
5x + 4y 4x 2x = x 3 [CBSE (AI) 2014, 2009]
10x + 8y 8x 3x
x+y x x
= 5x + 4y 4x 2x
Sol. LHS
10x + 8y 8x 3x
x+y 1 1
= x 2 5x + 4y 4 2 [Taking out x from C2 and C3]
10x + 8y 8 3
x+y 1 1
= x 2 3x + 2y 2 0 [Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 – 3R1]
7x + 5y 5 0
Expanding along C3, we get
= x2 [1 {(3x + 2y) 5 – 2 (7x + 5y)} – 0 + 0] = x2 (15x + 10y – 14x – 10y)
= x2 (x) = x3 = RHS

cosec 2 i cot 2 i 1
12. Without expanding, show that: cot 2 i cosec 2 i –1 = 0 [NCERT Exemplar]
42 40 2

Determinants 121
 cosec 2 i cot 2 i 1
Sol. Given, D = cot 2 i cosec 2 i –1
42 40 2

cosec 2 i – cot 2 i – 1 cot 2 i 1

= cot 2 i – cosec 2 i + 1 cosec 2 i – 1 [Applying C1 → C1 – C2 – C3]
0 40 2

1 – 1 cot 2 i 1
= – 1 + 1 cosec 2 i – 1 [ a cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1]
0 40 2

0 cot 2 i 1
= 0 cosec 2 i – 1 = 0 [ a All elements of C1 are 0]
0 40 2
13. Prove the following using properties of determinant:
b+c c+a a+b
c + a a + b b + c = 2 ^3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 h [CBSE (F) 2010]
a+b b+c c+a
b+c c+a a+b
= c+a a+b b+c
Sol. LHS
a+b b+c c+a

2 (a + b + c) 2 (a + b + c) 2 (a + b + c)
= c+a a+b b+c [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
a+b b+c c+a

1 1 1
= 2 (a + b + c) c + a a + b b + c [Taking 2(a + b + c) common from R1]
a+b b+c c+a

1 0 0
= + + +
2 (a b c) c a b – c b – a [Applying C2 → C2 – C1; C3 → C3 – C1]
a+b c– a c–b
= 2(a + b + c) [1(bc – b2 – c2 + bc – bc + ac + ab – a2)] [Expanding along R1]
2 2 2
= 2(a + b + c) (bc + ac + ab – a – b – c )
= –2(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = –2(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
= 2(3abc – a3 – b3 – c3) = RHS

a b c
14. If a + b + c ! 0 and b c a = 0 , then using properties of determinants, prove that a = b = c.
c a b
[NCERT Exemplar, CBSE Bhubaneswar 2015]
a b c
Sol. We have b c a = 0
c a b
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get

122 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 (a + b + c) b c
(a + b + c) c a = 0
(a + b + c) a b
Taking (a + b + c) common from C1 , we get
1 b c 1 b c
(a + b + c) 1 c a = 0 & 1 c a = 0 [ a a + b + c ! 0]
1 a b 1 a b
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1 , we get
1 b c
0 c – b a – c = 0
0 a–b b–c
Expanding along C1 , we get
1{(c – b) (b – c) – (a – c) (a – b)} – 0 + 0 = 0 ⇒ – (b – c)2 – (a – c) (a – b) = 0
⇒ – b2 – c2+ 2bc – a2 + ab + ac – bc = 0
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ab – ac = 0
1
⇒ 62a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 – 2bc – 2ab – 2ac@ = 0 ⇒ (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0

2
⇒ (a – b)2 = 0; (b – c)2 = 0; (c – a)2 = 0
⇒ a – b = 0; b – c = 0; c – a = 0;
⇒ a = b = c

15. Using properties of determinants, show that DABC is an isosceles if:
1 1 1
1 cos A + +
1 cos B +
1 cos C = 0 [CBSE (Central) 2016, NCERT Exemplar, HOTS]
2 2 2
cos A + cos A cos B + cos B cos C + cos C
1 1 1
1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cosC =0
Sol. We have 2 2 2
+ + +
cos A cos A cos B cos B cos C cosC
Applying C1 → C1 – C3 and C2 → C2 – C3 , we get
0 0 1

& cos A – cos C cos B – cos C +
1 cos C =0
2 2 2 2 2
cos A + cos A – cos C – cos C cos B + cos B – cos C – cos C cos C + cos C
0 0 1
&
cos A – cos C cos B – cos C 1 + cos C =0
(cos A – cos C) (cos A + cos C + 1) (cos B – cos C) (cos B + cos C + 1) cos 2 C + cos C

Taking common (cos A – cos C) from C1 and (cos B – cos C) from C2, we get
0 0 1
& (cos A – cos C) (cos B – cos C) 1 1 1 + cos C =0
2
cos A + cos C + 1 cos B + cos C + 1 cos C + cos C
Applying C1 → C1 – C2, we get
0 0 1
⇒ (cos A – cos C) (cos B – cos C)
0 1 1 + cos C =0
cos A – cos B cos B + cos C + 1 cos 2 C + cos C
Expanding along R1, we get
⇒ (cos A – cos C) (cos B – cos C) (cos B – cos A) = 0

⇒ cos A – cos C = 0 i.e., cos A = cos C

Determinants 123
 or, cos B – cos C = 0 i.e., cos B = cos C
or, cos B – cos A = 0 i.e., cos B = cos A
⇒ A = C or B = C or B = A
Hence, DABC is an isosceles triangle.
16. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
x + 4 2x 2x
2x x 4 2x = ^5x + 4 h^ 4 – x h [CBSE Delhi 2011]
2
+
2x 2x x + 4
OR
x + m 2x 2x
x + m 2x = ^5x + m h^m – x h [CBSE (F) 2014]
2
2x
2x 2x x+m

x + 4 2x 2x
= 2x x + 4 2x
Sol. LHS
2x 2x x + 4
5x + 4 5x + 4 5x + 4
= 2x x+4 2x [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
2x 2x x+4
1 1 1
= (5x + 4) 2x x + 4 2x [Taking (5x + 4) common from R1]
2x 2x x + 4
1 0 0
= (5x + 4) 2x 4 – x 0 [Applying C2 → C2 – C1; C3 → C3 – C1]
2x 0 4 – x
= (5x + 4) [1 {(4 – x)2 – 0} + 0 + 0] [Expanding along R1]
2
= (5x + 4) (4 – x) = RHS

OR
Solve as above by putting l instead of 4.
17. Using properties of determinants, prove that [CBSE Delhi 2012]
b+c q+r y+z a p x
c+a r+p z+x = 2 b q y
a+b p+q x+y c r z
OR
b+c c+a a+b a b c
+ + + =
q r r p p q 2 p q r [CBSE (AI) 2014]
y+z z+x x+y x y z
b+c q+r y+z
= c+a r+p z+x
Sol. LHS
a+b p+q x+y
a+b p+q x+y
= b + c q + r y + z [Applying R1 ↔ R3 and R3 ↔ R2]
c+a r+p z+x

124 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3, we get

2 (a + b + c) 2 (p + q + r) 2 (x + y + z) a+b+c p+q+r x+y+z

= +
b c +
q r +
y z = 2 b+c q+r y+z
c+a r+p z+x c+a r+p z+x
a p x
= 2 b + c q + r y + z [Applying R1 → R1 – R2]
c+a r+p z+x
a p x
= + + +
2b c q r y z [Applying R3 → R3 – R1]
c r z

Again applying R2 → R2 – R3 , we get

a p x
= 2 b q y = RHS
c r z
18. Using properties of determinant, prove the following: [CBSE Delhi 2012; (AI) 2014]
1+a 1 1
+
1 1 b 1 = ab + bc + ca + abc
1 1 1+c
OR
1+a 1 1 1 1 1
If a, b and c are all non-zero and 1 1 + b 1 = 0 , then prove that + + + 1 = 0
a b c
1 1 1+c
[CBSE (F) 2016]
1+a 1 1
= +
Sol. LHS 1 1 b 1
1 1 1+c

1 1 1
+
a 1 a a
1 1 1
= abc +1 [Taking out a, b, c common from R1, R2 and R3]
b b b
1 1 1
+
c c c 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + + +
a b c 1 a b c 1 a b c 1
1 1 1
= abc +1 [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
b b b
1 1 1
+
c c c 1
1 1 1
= abc c a + + c + 1 m
1 1 1 1 1 1
+1
b b b b
1 1 1
+
c c c 1
Applying C2 → C2 – C1; C3 → C3 – C1, we get

Determinants 125
 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= abc c + + + 1 m 1 0 = abc c + + + 1 m # {1 (1 – 0) – 0 + 0)}
a b c b a b c
1
0 1
c

= abc c a + + c + 1 m = ab + bc + ca + abc = RHS

1 1 1
b
OR
1+a 1 1
abc c a + + c + 1 m = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

a 1 1+b 1 = 0 & b
& + + + =
a b c 1 0 [a, b, c are non-zero]
1 1 1+c
19. Using properties of determinants, show the following:
(b + c) 2 ab ca
ab (a + c) 2 bc = 2abc (a + b + c) 3 [CBSE Delhi 2010]
ac bc ( a + b) 2
(b + c) 2 ab ca
Sol. LHS = ab (a c) 2
+ bc
ac bc (a + b) 2
Multiplying R1, R2 and R3 by a, b and c respectively, we get
a (b + c) 2 ba 2 a2 c
1
= ab 2 b (a + c) 2 b2 c
abc
ac 2 bc 2 c (a + b) 2
(b + c) 2 a2 a2
1
= abc b2 ( c + a) 2 b 2 [Taking common a, b and c from C1, C2 and C3 respectively]
abc
c2 c2 (a + b) 2
Applying C1 → C1 – C3 and C2 → C2 – C3, we get
(b + c) 2 – a 2 0 a2
= 0 ( c + a) 2 – b 2 b2
2 2
c – (a + b) c 2 – (a + b) 2 (a + b) 2
(b + c + a) (b + c – a) 0 a2
= 0 (c + a + b) (c + a – b) b2
(c + a + b) (c – a – b) (c + a + b) (c – a – b) (a + b) 2
b+c– a 0 a2
[Taking common (a + b + c)
= (a + b + c)2 0 c+a–b b2
2 from C1 and C2]
c–a–b c–a–b (a + b)
b+c– a 0 a2
2
= (a + b + c) 0 c+a–b b2 [R3 → R3 – (R1 + R2)]
–2b – 2a 2ab
ab + ac – a 2 0 a2
(a + b + c) 2
= 0 bc + ba – b 2 b 2 [Multiplying a in C1 and b in C2]
ab
–2ab –2ab 2ab

126 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 ab + ac a2 a2
(a + b + c) 2 2
= b bc + ba b 2 [C1 → C1 + C3 and C2 → C2 + C3]
ab
0 0 2ab
b+c a a
(a + b + c) 2 Taking a, b and 2ab common
=
ab
. ab . 2ab b +
c a b = G
from R1, R2 and R3 respectively
0 0 1
b+c a
= 2ab (a + b + c)2
b +
c a
= 2ab (a + b + c)2 {(b + c) (c + a) – ab}
= 2abc (a + b + c)3 = RHS
20. Using properties of determinant, show that: [CBSE (AI) 2012]
b+c a a
b c + a b = 4 abc
c c a+b
b+c a a
=
Sol. LHS b c+a b
c c a+b
2 (b + c) 2 (c + a) 2 (a + b)
= b c+a b [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
c c +
a b
(b + c) (c + a) (a + b)
= 2 b c+a b [Taking 2 common from R1]
c c a+b
(b + c) (c + a) (a + b)
= 2 –c 0 – a [Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1]
–b –a 0
0 c b
= 2 – c 0 –a [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
– b –a 0
Expanding along R1, we get
= 2 [0 – c (0 – ab) + b (ac – 0)] = 2 [abc + abc] = 4abc = RHS

21. Using properties of determinants, prove that [CBSE Ajmer 2015]

3
a 2 a
b3 2 b = 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c).
3
c 2 c
3
a 2 a
Sol. LHS = b 3 2 b
3
c 2 c
3
a 2 a
3 3
= b – a 0 b – a [Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1]
3 3
c –a 0 c–a

Determinants 127
 a3 2 a
Taking common (b – a)
= (b – a) (c – a) b + a 2 + ab 2
0 1 > H
from R2 and (c – a) from R3
c 2 + a 2 + ac 0 1
a3 2 a
= (b – a) (c – a) a + b 2 + ab
2
0 1 [Applying R3 → R3 – R2]
c 2 – b 2 + ac – ab 0 0
Expanding along R3, we get
= (b – a)(c – a)(c2 – b2 + ac – ab)2 = 2 (b – a) (c – a) (c – b) (c + b + a)
= 2 (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c) = RHS
22. Using properties of determinant, prove that: [CBSE (F) 2012]
a a+b a+b+c
2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c = a 3
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
a a+b a+b+c
Sol. LHS = 2a 3a 2b 4a + 3b + 2c
+
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 – 3R1, we get
a a+b a+b+c
= 0 a 2a + b
0 3a 7a + 3b
Expanding along C1, we get
= a[7a2 + 3ab – 6a2 – 3ab]
= a × a2 = a3 = RHS
23. Using properties of determinant, prove the following: [CBSE (F) 2015]
1 a a2
a2 1 a = (1 – a 3) 2
a a2 1
1 a a2
Sol. LHS = a 2 1 a
2
a a 1
2
1+ a + a a + 1 + a2 a2 + a + 1
= a2 1 a [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3]
2
a a 1
1 1 1
= (1 + a + a2) a 2 1 a [Taking out (1 + a + a2) from first row]
a a2 1
0 1 1
2 2
= (1 + a + a ) a – 1 1 a [Applying C1 → C1 – C2]
a – a2 a 2
1
0 0 1
2 2
= (1 + a + a ) a – 1 1– a a [Applying C2 → C2 – C3 ]
a – a2 a –12
1

128 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 Expanding along R1, we have
= (1 + a + a2) [(a2 – 1)2 – a (1 – a)2] = (1 + a + a2) [(a + 1)2 (a – 1)2 – a (a – 1)2]
= (1 + a + a2) (a – 1)2 [a2 + 1 + a] = (1 + a + a2) (a – 1)2 [a2 + 1 + a]
= (a – 1)2 (1 + a + a2)2 = (1 – a)2 (1 + a + a2)2
= [(1 – a) (1 + a + a2)]2 = (1 – a3)2 = RHS
yz – x 2 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
24. Prove that zx – y 2 xy – z 2 yz – x 2 is divisible by (x + y + z), and hence find the quotient.
xy – z 2 yz – z 2 zx – y 2 [CBSE Delhi 2016]

yz – x 2 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
Sol. We have D = zx – y 2 xy – z 2 yz – x 2
xy – z 2 yz – x 2 zx – y 2
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get

xy + yz + zx – x 2 – y 2 – z 2 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
= xy + yz + zx – x 2 – y 2 – z 2 xy – z 2 yz – x 2
xy + yz + zx – x 2 – y 2 – z 2 yz – x 2 zx – y 2
Taking (xy + yz + zx – x2 – y2 – z2) common from C1, we get

1 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
= (xy + yz + zx – x – y – z ) 1 xy – z 2 yz – x 2
2 2 2

1 yz – x 2 zx – y 2
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we get

1 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
= (xy + yz + zx – x 2 – y 2 – z 2) 0 xy – z 2 – zx + y 2 yz – x 2 – xy + z 2
0 yz – x 2 – zx + y 2 zx – y 2 – xy + z 2

1 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
= (xy + yz + zx – x 2 – y 2 – z 2) 0 x (y – z) + (y 2 – z 2) y (z – x) + (z 2 – x 2)
0 z (y – x) + (y 2 – x 2) x (z – y) + (z 2 – y 2)

1 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
2 2 2
= (xy + yz + zx – x – y – z ) 0 (y – z) $ (x + y + z) (z – x) $ (x + y + z)
0 (y – x) $ (x + y + z) (z – y) $ (x + y + z)
Taking (x + y + z) common from R2 and R3, we get
1 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
2 2 2 2
= (xy + yz + zx – x – y – z ) (x + y + z) 0 y – z z – x
0 y–x z–y
= (xy + yz + zx – x2 – y2 – z2) (x + y + z)2 {1. (yz – y2 – z2 + zy – yz + xy + xz – x2)}
= (xy + yz + zx – x2 – y2 – z2)2 (x + y + z)2

yz – x 2 zx – y 2 xy – z 2
Hence, zx – y 2 xy – z 2 yz – x 2 is divisible by (x + y + z)
xy – z 2 yz – z 2 zx – y 2
and quotient is (xy + yz + zx – x2 – y2 – z2)2 (x + y + z).

Determinants 129
 25. If a, b, c are real numbers, then prove that
a b c
b c a = – ^a + b + c h^a + b~ + c~2 h^a + b~2 + c~ h
c a b
where w is a complex number and cube root of unity. [HOTS]
a b c
Sol. LHS = b c a
c a b
a+b+c b c
= b + c + a c a [Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3]
c+a+b a b
1 b c
= + +
(a b c) 1 c a [Taking out (a + b + c) from C1]
1 a b
1 b c
= + +
(a b c) 0 c – b a – c [Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1]
0 a–b b–c
c–b a–c
= (a + b + c) [Expanding along C1]
a–b b–c
= (a + b + c) {– (b – c)2 – (a – c) (a – b)}

= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) and

RHS = – (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw2) (a + bw2 + cw)

= – (a + b + c) (a2 + abw2 + acw + abw + b2w3 + bcw2 + acw2 + bcw4 + c2w3)

= – (a + b + c) [(a2 + b2 + c2 + ab(w2 + w) + bc(w2 + w4) + ca (w + w2)] [ w3 = 1]

= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = LHS [ w2 + w + 1 = 0 and w4 = w3 .w = w]

cos t t 1
f (t)
=
26. Let f (t) 2 sin t t 2t , then find lim 2 . [NCERT Exemplar, HOTS]
t"0 t
sin t t t
cos t t 1 cos t t 1
Sol. Given, f (t) = 2 sin t t 2t = 0 –t 0 [Applying R2 → R2 – 2R3]
sin t t t sin t t t
cos t 1 1
=t 0 –1 0
sin t 1 t
Expanding along R2, we get
t [(–1) (t cos t – sin t)] = – t2 cos t + t sin t
f ( t) –t 2 cos t + t sin t –t 2 cos t t sin t

` lim 2
= lim 2
= lim e + 2 o
t"0 t t"0 t t"0 t2 t

= lim c – cos t + m = –1 + lim

sin t sin t
= –1 + 1 = 0
t"0 t t"0 t

130 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 PROFICIENCY EXERCISE
QQ Objective Type Questions [1 mark each]
1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions.
RS V
SS 1 1 1WW
W
(i) The maximum value of T = SSS 2 1 + sin i 1WW is (θ is real number)
W
SS1 + cos i 1 1WW
T X
1 3 2 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2 4
52 53 54
(ii) The value of 5 3 5 4 5 5 is
5 4 5 5 56
(a) 0 (b) 52 (c) 59 (d) 513
RS V
SS 1 sin i 1 WW
W
(iii) Let A = SSS– sin i 1 sin iWW , when 0 # i # 2r. Then
W
SS –1 – sin i 1 WW
T X
(a) Det (A) = 0 (b) Det (A) ∈ (2, 3 ) (c) Det (A) ∈ (2, 4) (d) Det (A) ∈ [2, 4]

x 4
(iv) If = 0 , then the value x is
2 2x
(a) 0 (b) ! 2 (c) 2 (d) – 2
0 a–x x–b
(v) If f(x) = x + a 0 b–x , then
x+b x+c 0
(a) f (a) = 0 (b) f (b) = 0 (c) f (0) = 0 (d) f (1) = 0
sin (A + B + C) sin (A + C) cos C
(vi) If A + B + C= π, then the value of – sin B 0 tan A is equal to
cos (A + B) tan (B + C) 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 tan A sin B cos C (d) none of these
b 2 –ab b–c bc–ac
(vii) The determinant ab–a 2 a–b b 2 –ab equals

bc–ac c–a ab–a 2
(a) abc (b – c) (c – b) (a – b) (b) (b – c) (c – b) (a – b)
(c) (a + b + c) (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) (d) None of these
2. Fill in the blanks.
2x –9 –4 8
(i) If = , then value of x is _____________ . [CBSE (2020) 65/2/2]
–2 x 1 –2
0 xyz x–z
(ii) –x 0 y–z = _____________ .
y
z–x z–y 0
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and |A|= 5, |B| = 3, then the value of |3AB|is
_____________ . [CBSE (2020) 65/5/3]
a + ib c + id
(iv) The value of = _____________ .
–c + id a–ib

Determinants 131
QQ Very Short Answer Questions: [1 mark each]
3. For what value of x, the following matrix is singular? [CBSE Delhi 2011]
5– x x+1
=0
2 4 2 3 4
4. Write the value of the following determinant: 5 6 8 [CBSE Delhi 2009]
6x 9x 12x
5. If Aij is the cofactor of the element aij of the determinant
2 –3 5
6 0 4 , then write the value of a32 . A32. [CBSE (AI) 2013]
1 5 –7
3x
7 8 7
6. If = , then find the value of x. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
–2
4 6 4
cos i sin i
7. If A = = G , then for any natural number n, find the value of det (An).
– sin i cos i
[CBSE Ajmer 2015]
If A is a square matrix of order 3 and|3A|= k|A|, then write the value of k. [CBSE Delhi 2010]
8.
9. If A = [aij] is a matrix of order 2 × 2 , such that |A| = –15 and Cij represents the cofactor of aij, then
find a21C21 + a22C22. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
1 –2
10. Find the cofactors of all the elements of . [CBSE 2020, (65/5/3)]
4 3
QQ Short Answer Questions–I and II: [2, 3 marks each]
a+x y z
11. Using the properties of determinant, evaluate x a+y z  [NCERT Exemplar]
x y a+z
a b c
12. Show that a + 2x b + 2y c + 2z = 0 , using properties of determinant.
x y z
13. Find the equation of line Joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinant.
14. Using co-factors of elements of third column,
1 x yz
evaluate T = 1 y zx
1 z xy
Long Answer Questions:
QQ [5 marks each]
15. Using properties of determinant, solve for x:
a+x a– x a– x
a – x a + x a – x = 0 [CBSE (AI) 2011; (East) 2016]
a– x a– x a+x
16. In a triangle ABC, if
1 1 1
+
1 sin A +
1 sin B 1 + sin C =0
2 2 2
sin A + sin A sin B + sin B sin C + sin C
then prove that DABC is an isosceles triangle. [NCERT Exemplar, HOTS]
17. Using properties of determinant, prove the following:
x y z
2 2
x y z 2 = xyz (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) [CBSE Delhi 2011]
3 3 3
x y z

132 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 bc – a 2 ca – b 2 ab – c 2
18. Prove that ca – b 2 ab – c 2 bc – a 2 is divisible by (a + b + c) and find the quotient.
ab – c 2 bc – a 2 ca – b 2
a b c
19. If a ≠ b ≠ c and b c a = 0 , then using properties of determinants, prove that a + b + c = 0.
c a b [CBSE Chennai 2015]
20. Find the equation of the line joining A (1, 3) and B (0, 0) using determinants and find k if
D (k, 0) is a point such that the area of DABD is 3 sq units.
21. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
1+x 1 1
1 1 + y 1 = xyz + xy + yz + zx [CBSE (AI) 2009]
1 1 1+ z
3x –x + y –x+z
22. Show that: x – y 3y z – y = 3 (x + y + z) (xy + yz + xz) [CBSE (AI) 2013]
x–z y–z 3z
23. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
1 1 1 + 3x
1 + 3y 1 1 = 9 (3xyz + xy + yz + zx) [CBSE Examination Paper 2018]
1 +
1 3z 1
a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
24. Using properties of determinant, prove that: 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a – 1) 3 [CBSE (AI) 2017]
a –1 0 3 3 1
25. If f (x) = ax a –1 , using properties of determinants, find the value of f(2x) – f(x).
ax 2 ax a [CBSE Delhi 2015]
x+2 x+6 x –1
26. Using the properties of determinants, solve the following for x : x + 6 x – 1 x + 2 = 0
x –1 x+2 x+6
[CBSE Panchkula 2015]
27. Using the properties of determinants, prove the following:

1 x x+1
2x x (x – 1) x (x + 1) = 6x 2 (1 – x 2) [CBSE Patna 2015]
3x (1 – x) x (x – 1) (x – 2) x (x + 1) (x – 1)
28. If x, y, z are in GP, then using properties of determinants, show that

px + y x y
py + z y z = 0, where x ≠ y ≠ z and p is any real number. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
0 px + y py + z
1 1+p 1+p+q
29. Using properties of determinants, prove that 3 4 + 3p 2 + 4p + 3q = 1 .[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
4 7 + 4p 2 + 7p + 4q
0 2 –3
30. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, prove that –2 0 4 = 0 .
3 –4 0
[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Determinants 133
 31. Using properties of determinants, prove that:
(b + c) 2 a 2 bc
(c + a) 2 b 2 ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2) [CBSE 2020 (65/1/1), (South) 2016]
(a + b) 2 c 2 ab
32. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
x x+y x + 2y
x + 2y x x + y = 9y 2 (x + y) [CBSE (AI) 2013]
x+y x + 2y x
33. Using properties of determinants, prove that
b+c a a
b c+a b = 4abc [CBSE 2019 (65/3/3)]
c c a+b

Answers
1. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) (v) (c) (vi) (a) (vii) (d)
2. (i) ! 3 (ii) (y–z) (z–x) (y–x + xyz) (iii) 405 (iv) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2

3. x = 3 4. 0 5. 110 6. x = –2 7. |An|= 1 8. k = 27
9. –15 10. Cofactors of all the elements of given matrix are as follows:
C11 = 3, C21 = 2
C12 = –4, C22 = 1 where Cij is the co-factors of ith row and jth co-factors
11. a 2 (a + x + y + z) 13. x – 3y = 0 14. (x - y) (y – z) (z – x) 15. x = 0, 3a
7
18. (3abc – a3 – b3 – c3) 20. 3x – y = 0; k = ± 2 25. ax (2a + 3x) 26. x = –
3

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30
1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (4 × 1 = 4)
cos x – sin x 1
(i) If x, y ∈R, then the determinant T = sin x cos x 1 lies in the interval
cos (x + y) – sin (x + y) 0

(a) 6– 2 , 2 @ (b) 6–1, 1@ (c) 6– 2 , 1@ (d) 6–1, – 2 @

sin 10° – cos 10°

(ii) The value of is
sin 80° cos 80°
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d)
2
(iii) The value(s) of k if area of triangle with vertices (–2, 0), (0, 4) and (0, k) is 4 sq. units is
(a) 0, 4 (b) – 8 (c) 0, 8 (d) 0 only
5–x x + 1
(iv) The value of x for which the matrix > H is singular, is
2 4
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

134 Xam idea Mathematics–XII

 2. Fill in the blanks. (2 × 1 = 2)
(i) If A = = G and B = = G then the value of |A|+|B| is _____________ .
0 i 0 1
i 1 1 0
(ii) If A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and |A|= 10, then the value of |4A|= _____________ .
Solve the following questions.
QQ (2 × 1 = 2)
3. If A = = G , then find the value of k if |2A| = k|A|.
1 2
4 2
x x 3 4
4. If = , then write the positive value of x.
1 x 1 2
QQ Solve the following questions. (4 × 2 = 8)
5. Using co-factors of elements of second row, evaluate
5 3 8
T= 2 0 1
1 2 3
6. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices area (3, 8), (–4, 2) and (5, 1).
1 –2
7. Find the cofactors of all the elements of .
4 3
8. Using co-factors of elements of third column, evaluate
1 x yz
T = 1 y zx
1 z xy
QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 3 = 9)
a b c
9. Prove that: a 2
b 2
c 2 = ( a – b ) ( b – c) ^ c – a h ( a + b + c )
b+c c+a a+b
10. By using properties of determinant, prove the following:
x + m 2x 2x
= ^ 5x + m h^m – x h
2
2x +
x m 2x
2x 2x x+m
11. Using properties of determinants, prove the following:
1 1 1
a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
QQ Solve the following question. (1 × 5 = 5)
12. If x, y, z are in GP, then using properties of determinants, show that
px + y x y
py + z y z = 0, where x ≠ y ≠ z and p is any real number. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
0 px + y py + z

Answers
1. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) 2. (i) 0 (ii) 640
61
3. 4 4. –1, 2 5. 7 6. sq. units
2
7. Cofactors of all the elements of given matrix are as follows:
C11 = 3, C21 = 2, C12 = –4, C22 = 1 where Cij is the co-factors of ith row and jth co-factors
8. (x - y) (y – z) (z – x)
zzz

Determinants 135