Scribd
Upload
161 views13 pages

Quadratics Pearson

Uploaded by

Paul Meratzis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
161 views13 pages

Quadratics Pearson

Uploaded by

Paul Meratzis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13
¥ at mais = Functions, equations, and inequalities aby and cate read numbers, and +0, then the funtion foo a2 bx cis ‘quadratic function. The graph of 46 called parabola Functions, equations, and inequalities une By the end of this chapter, you should be familiar with... + quadratic functions, and different forms in which to express them + finding characteristics ofa parabola: axis of symmetry, x-intercepts, and vertex + solving quadratic equations and inequalities, both analytically and graphically + applying the quadratic formula and the discriminant ofa quadratic equation ‘+ rational functions and their graphs, and identifying all asymptotes, ‘+ solving a variety of equations, both analytically and graphically. ‘This chapter will focus on polynomial functions (which includes quadratic functions) and rational functions. There are other function types that you need to be familiar with for this course. Chapter 4 will cover exponential functions and logarithmic functions, and Chapter 5 will focus on trigonometric functions. Along with polynomial and rational functions, this chapter will address solving polynomial equations, solving other types of equations and solving inequalities, Quadratic functions A linear function is a polynomial function of degree one that can be written in the general form f(x) = ax + b, where a # 0. Linear equations were briefly reviewed in Section 1.1. Any linear function will have a single solution (root) b This isa formula that gives the zero of any ofx= wear equation, In this section, we will focus on quadratic functions, which are functions expressed in terms of a second-degree polynomial that can be written in the form flx) = ax" + bx + c, where a # 0. You are probably familiar with the formula that gives the zeros of any quadratic polynomial; that is, the quadratic formula. We will also investigate other methods of finding zeros of quadrat and consider important characteristics of the graphs of quadratic functions, Quadratic formula The slation(s) toa quadratic equation inthe form ax? + be + € = O are given by we te Every parabola is symmetric about a vertical line called its axis of symmetry. ‘The axis of symmetry passes through a point on the parabola called the vertex of the parabola, as shown in Figure 2.1. IFthe leading coefficient, a of the quadratic function is positive, then the parabola opens upward (concave up), and the )-coordinate of the vertex is a minimum value for the function, Ifthe leading coefficient is negative, then the parabola opens downward (concave down), and the y-coordinate of the vertex is a maximum value for the function, axis of symmetey {axis of ymmmeiry ’ ” i Jal = ae + tie 6 Ifa > O then the parabola opens upward. {fa oN > rand the constant term is (2) then a? + px-+ (2) = (x-+ 8) ancl the square is completed. Remember that the coefficient of the quadratic term (leading coefficient) must be equal to + 1 before completing the square. See Find the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of f(x) = x2 ~ 8x + 18 by rewriting the function in the form fo) = ale W)? +k Solution To complete the square and get the quadratic expression x? — 8x + 18in the 4 a forma? + px+ (8) vthe constant erm needs tobe (=*)' = 16, We need todd 16, but also subtract 16, so that we are adding zero overall and not changing the original expression. foo = (x* — 8x + 16)— 16 + 18 This effectively adds zero (—16 + 16) to the right side eet 16 +2 3#~ Gx + 16 its the pattem ae 2 P # +p (2) with p= —8, f= ea t2 Soak t16= 4) ‘The axis of symmetry of the graph of fis the vertical line x= 4 and the vertex is at (4, 2). foe For the function g:c-+ —2x — 12x +7: (a) find the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of the graph ofg () indicate the transformations that can be applied to y = x? to obtain the graph of g (©) find the minimum or the maximum value. Factorise so that coefficient of quadratic term is +1. ° ge alter oe 9-9 pues (8) =ahenen add +9 — 9 (zero). gas-afarae- BT tt octo= tar gar —afee+ 39-33] gree 2+ 3+ 25 Multiply through by —2 to remove outer brackets. gar Ue (DEE 25 Express in vertex form gee ale WP +A, ‘The axis of symmetry of the graph ofg is the vertical inex = —3 and Figure 24 ‘Graph af the vertex is at (—3, 25). The graph is shown in Figure 2.4. yankee 7 (b) Since g:x-+ =2x! = 12x47 = =2(x + 3)? +25, we can obtain the ‘graph of g by applying the following transformations (in the order given) on the graph of y = 2%: 1 horizontal translation of 3 units left 2 reflection in the x-axis (parabola opening down) 3. vertical stretch of factor 2 4 vertical translation of 25 units up. (©) The parabola opens down because the leading coefficient is negative. ‘Therefore, ghas a maximum value and no minimum value. The maximum value is 25 ()-coordinate of vertex) at x = —3. We cai use the technique of completing the square to derive the quadratic formula, Example 2.3 derives a general expression for the axis of symmetry and the vertex of a quadratic funetion in the general form f(z) = ax? + bx +e by completing the square. 49 ‘The sesltin Fxample 23 ws iotie alowing generalisation, Foe the graph ofthe quadratic fonction fis — a inte, theaxisofsrmmetryis the vertical line ith the ‘equation = and the vertex has ‘ovens b a tal Functions, equations, and inequalities Find the axis of symmetry and the vertex for the general quadratic function fox) = ax? + be +c. Solution fo =a(r + bx +8) Factorise so that the coefficient of x? term is +1, ford(erte+(2h)-G) +] e-E=G)-() puedfer tf 2 evter(df feet fis) = als+ 2 fy-£ ‘Multiply through by a. foo = a(s— (fee Express in vertex form fa) = ale — WP +k. ‘We can check the results from Example 2.2 using these formulae for the axis of symmetry and vertex, For the function gat -+ —2x* — 12x + 7: b_ =12 ‘ t call m st2 = -3 = wis of symmetry is the vertical linex = — Foy 73S eisofsymmetry isthe vertical inex = ~3 _ (= 12 _ 56, 44 ve ¢ aa Ap 7 25. = vertex has coordinates (~3, 25) A specific value of x is a zero of a quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + cifitis a solution (or root) to the equation ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0. The x-coordinate of any point(s) where f crosses the x-axis (y-coordinate is zero) is a real zero of the function. ‘A quadratic function can have no, one, or two real zeros, as Figure 2.5 illustrates. Finding all real zeros of a quadratic function requires you to solve quadratic equations of the form ax* + bx + ¢= 0. Although a # 0, itis possible for b or ¢ to be equal to zero, There are five general methods for solving quadratic equations, as outlined in ‘Table 2.1. Figure 25 Different quadratic functions ith different numbers of eal eras Method Square root Ifs? = cand ¢> 0, then v= Ve Factorising Fm = 0then = Gorn = 0 Completing the square tart prt g= Othe pct Clas (Ca py waif Bin square root both sides (as above). ‘uote orn Ifa? + f+ 0, then = be b= dac Graphing Graph the equationy = ax' + bx +eon | GDC calculations reveal thatthe zeros are your GDC. Use the GDC’ graph analysis Tdeent features o determine the x coordinates of | |*~ 724% the point(s) where the parabola intersects the |p a LT rimir ‘The expression beneath the radical sign in the quadratic formula, b? ~ ac, tells tus whether the zeros of a quadratic function are real or not real (imaginary). Because it acts to ‘discriminate’ between the types of zeras, b — 4ac is called the discriminant, Itis often labelled with the Greek letter A (upper ease delta). ‘The value of the discriminant can also indicate if the zeros are equal and if they are rational. For ihequadaatic function fi ax? + be +6 las (where band care rel cumibers + HFN=F —dac> Othe fhas to tnt el rvs. andthe graph off ineaet the wai ice #174 =~ duc = 0, then fas one eal eo (double wat), and the graph off intersects he ais nee b,c tangent the wa) + 1T4-= b ~ 4ac 0, hen fhastwo imaginary zs (oon wlan the graph dso intent hea, + Inthe speci ee nhen 0 yan care integers andthe scriinaat the square fan integer (pert sao) thepolenomial ax «e+ cast stint rational ers the zeros ofa quadratic Pobmomial ae rational (Gihertwodintinet ‘atonal eraser te cua atonal zeros) ther the polynomial can be factorised, That if fae + he + chas rasonal ‘erosthen a + bx + € = (ins + alex +g) where pv and are rational nares Remember thatthe roots ‘ofa polynomial eatin ane those aks oF for vehich Ps) =0. These aes of x arecaled he ‘ferns of the palynoril en the 2a aan bare integers th 3, wl eration Use the discriminant to determine how many real roots each equation has, ‘Confirm the result by graphing the corresponding quadratic function for each equation on your GDC. (a) 22 +5x-3=0 (b) 4 —12e+9=0 (@) x¢—5x+6=0 Solution (a) ‘The discriminant is A = 5* — 4(2)-3) = 49 >0, ‘Therefore, the equation has two distinct real roots. ‘This result is confirmed by the graph of the quadratic function y = 2x? + 5x — 3, which clearly shows that it intersects the x-axis twice. Since A = 49 isa perfect square, the two roots are also rational and the quadratic polynomial 2x? + Sx — 3 can be factorised: 2x + 5x—3= @x— Ne +3)=0 yrawisey ‘The two rational roots are x = }and.x = ~3 (b) The discriminant is A = (—12)? — 4(4)(9) = 0. Therefore, the equation hhas one rational root (a double root). The graph on the GDC of |) = 4x? — 12x +9 appears to intersect the x-axis at only one point. We ‘ean be more confident with this conclusion by investigating further, for ‘example by tracing or looking at a table of values on the GDC. xin yetncn2549 hs oo Since the root is rational (A = 0) the polynomial 4x* ~ 12x + 9 can be factorised: a 4x? = 12x + 9 = (Ox ~ 312¢-3) ble (x-3) “There are two equal linear factors, which means there are two equal rational zeros, both equal to in this cas. (c) The discriminant is A = (—5 — 4(2\(6) = -23 <0, "Therefore, the equation has no real roots. ‘This result is confirmed by the graph of the quadratic function y = 2° — 5x + 6, ‘which clearly shows that the graph does seta not intersect the x-axis. ‘The equation will have two imaginary (non-real) roots. For 4x2 + 4kx + 9 = 0, determine the value(s) of k so that the equation has: (a) one real zero (b) two distinct real zeros (6) no real zeros. 2 Solution (a) For one real zero, A = (4K)? ~ 4(4)(9) = 16K — 144 = (b) For two distinct real zeros, A = (4k)? ~ 4(4)(9) > 0 16 > > 9 k= 3 oF k>3 =p 16k? = 44> k= 9 k= 3 () For no real zeros, A = (4K)? — 4(4y(9) <0 = lok? < 144 2 <9 k>—3 and ka 3-3 Oagrees with the parabola opening up). The funetion is fix) = 36x — 2)%, Expanding the brackets: fx) = 3% ~ 12x + 12 ered ‘The graph of a quadratic function intersects the x-axis at the points (~6,0) and (—2,0) and also passes through the point (2,16). {a) Write the function in the form fx) = agx — py(x — gy. (b) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola, (©) Write the fimetion in the form fay = a(x — Wh)? + k. ES Solution (a) The x-intercepts of (—6, 0) and (—2, 0) gives x) = atx + 6x +2). Since f passes through (2, 16), then {O) = 16 = f2) = al2 + 02 +2) 32a = 16 a= ‘Therefore, fix) = yo + Ox +2) 1 2 {b) Thex-coordinate ofthe vertex is the average of the x-coordinates of the intercepts «= =9=2 = —4 ‘The coordinate of the vertexisy = fA) = 2-4 + 6-442) = Hience, the coordinates ofthe vertex are (4, ~2). (6) Invertex form, the quadratic Function is foo) = 46e + 4)* —2 ‘Quadratictunction,a #0 | Graph of function Results General form Parabola opens up ifa > 0 for = at + bebe Parabola opens down ifa <0 A=! ~dac (discriminant) | 4 > 0, Fhas.x-intercept(s) Vertes form fon = abe — BP te ‘Axis of symmetry is x= fs Vertex is hk : scinercepts ae: (0) and (g,0) Factorised form (toro distinct rational zeros) foo = ax pix— 9) Factorised form ‘Axis of symmetry sx p (one rational zero) Sferlincondcileree fertex and x-intercept is (p,0) fix) = ae — pP 9 Table 22 Properties of qudrates 55. ae] Functions, equations, and inequalities 1, For each of the quadratic functions f find: (® the equation for the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the ‘vertex by algebraic methods i) the transformation(s) that can be applied to y = x*to obtain the graph of y = fox) (ii) the minimum or maximum value of f. ‘Check your results by using your GDC. (@) fee? = 10x32 (b) fx 4 48 (©) far -2x* — 4 +10 (@) fix 4x? ae $9 (ofr r+ 26 2. Solve each quadratic equation by using factorisation, @) 242-8 =0 (b) = ar+ 10 (©) 6x*~9x=0 (d) 6 + 5x =x? @x 9 () 32+ 1 -4=0 (g) 3x¢ + 18 = 15x (h) 9x2 = 4x? 3, Use the method of completing the square to solve each quadratic equation. (a) +4r-3=0 (b) x? = 4x-5 =0 (9 P= +3 (©) x4 2x-8 A. Let fx) = 3? = ae = 1, (a) Use the quadratic formula to find the zeros of the function. (b) Use the zeros to find the equation for the axis of symmetry of the parabola, (©) Find the minimum value off 5. Determine the number of real solutions to each equation. (d) 2x? + 16x +6 (8) 2x? + ax + (@) 2 +3x.42=0 (b) 22? = 3x +2=0 (© x?-1=0 (@) 22 ~Fe41=0 6, Find the value(s) ofp for which the equation 2x? + px + 1 =O has one real solution, 7. Find the value(s) of & for which the equation x? + 4x + k = 0 has two distinct real solutions, 8. The equation x? ~ 4kx + 4 = O has two distinct real solutions. Find the set of all possible values of k 9. Bind all possible values of m so that the graph of the function ae gx mx? + 6x + m does not touch the x-axis, pce 10. Find the range of values of k such that 3x? ~ 12x + k > O forall real youn ieee values of x 56 11, Prove that the expression x ~ 2 — 2? is negative forall real values of x 12, Find a quadratic function in the form y = ax® + bx + ¢ that satisfies the given conditions. (@) The function has zeros of x the y-axisat 0,8). (6) ‘he function has zeros of x = F and x = 3 and ts graph passes through the point (—1, 4). 13, Find the range of values for kin order for the equation 2x? + 3 — Kx + k + 3 = 0 to have two imaginary (non-real) solutions. land = 4 and its graph intersects 14, Find the values of mt such that the function f(x) = 5x? two distinct real zeros. mx +2has 15. Do the following for each function (i) Write it in vertex form: y = a(x — h}? +k i). State the coordinates of the vertex. (iii) Indicate whether the vertex isa maximum or minimum point, (a) y= + 4x41 (b) y= — 28 + 4x +3. (© y= 3x ae 12 @ya34 eee 16, A quadratic function fx) passes through the points (2,0) and (6,0). The graph of his a parabola, (a) Write down the equation for the axis of symmetry of the parabola, (b) Given that the graph of Ft also passes through the point (8,6), find an expression for h and write it in the form h(x) = ax? ++ bx +c. 17, Show that there is no real value ¢ for which the equation 2 + (2 — the + P+ 3 = Ohas real roots. 18. Show that the two soots of ax? + e+ a= 0 are reciprocals of each other. A Rational functions Another important category of functions is rational functions, which are functions in the form Rox) = a where fand g are polynomials and the domain of the function R is the set of all real numbers not including the real zeros of polynomial gin the denominator. In this course, we will consider rational functions where the numerator and denominator are linear functions, Some examples of such rational functions are 3 4x-2 poo) =? gand gen = 2 ‘The domain of function p is all real numbers x not including x= S(ie.2ER, x #5) and the domain of function q isx € Rx *

You might also like