Sonic Logging
Uploaded by
Suleiman BaruniSonic Logging
Uploaded by
Suleiman BaruniPetroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Contents
Introduction to well log
Why we run logs?
Well logging components
Well logging tools
history to sonic log
Type of sonic log
Log presentation
Porosity Determination
Advantages &Disadvantages
Conclusions for sonic log
References
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Introduction to well logging
Electrical well logging was introduced to the oil industry over half
acentury ago . since that time , many additional and improved
logging devices have been developed and put into general use.
As the science of well logging advanced ,the art of interpreting the
Date also advanced .Today , the
detailed analysis of a
carefully Chosen suite of wire
line services provides a
method of deriving Or
inferring accurate values for
the hydrocarbon and water
saturation, the porosity, the
permeability and the lithology
of the of the reservoir rock.
The operation was performed
with a rudimentary device(a
sonde) Consisting of cylinder
with a couple of metallic electrodes on its Exterior .connecting the
device to the surface was a cable /wire, Thus providing us with term
wire line logging.
Wire line refers to the armored cable by which the measuring devices
are lowered and retrieved from the well and , by a number of shielded
insulated wires in the interior of the cable , provide for the electrical
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
power of the device and a means for the transmission of date to the
surface.
More recently ,the devices have been encapsulated in a drill Collar,
and the transmission effected through the mud column, This procedure
is known as logging while drilling (LWD).
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Why we run logs?
1)Definition of Information Top
Definition of or determination of the tops of the penetrated
Geological sequence.
2)Rock Type
Identification of the lithology (rock type) of
the penetrated sequence and their lateral and
vertical variation.
3)Porosity & Permeability Estimations
Storage and flow capacities of the
reservoir of the logged internal of
reservoirs across the area .
4)Hydrocarbon Saturation
Determination of saturation of saturation distribution across
the fields (Sw distribution ).
5)Fluid Content
Identification or determination of the reservoir fluid content,
through the interpretation of a certain well logs (resistivity
logs).
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
6)Possible Amount of Hydrocarbon In Place
Calculation or estimation of the reserves (In place)a certain
reservoir .
7758 h Φ hA(1−Sw)
OOIP=
β oi
Well logging tools
Classification of Well Logging Tools
1.Lithology logs
These logs are designed to
a. Identify permeable formation.
b. Determine boundaries between permeable & non-
Permeable formation .
c. Provide lithology date for correlation with other wells.
d. Provide a degree of certainty for quantifying the formation
lithology .
Lithology logs can be divided into:
Spontaneous potential
Gamma Ray
2.Porosity logs
These logs are designed to
a. Provide accurate lithology and porosity
b. determination.
c. Provide date to distinguish between oil and gas
d. Provide porosity date for water saturation determination
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
porosity logs can be divided into:
Sonic /Acouatic
Density
3)Saturation (Resistivity)logs
These logs –these logs are designed to:
a. Determine the thickness of a formation
b. Provide an accurate value for true formation resistivity.
c. Provide information for correlation purposes.
d. Provide a quick indication of formation pressure,
Hydrocarbon content.
Saturation logs can be divided into:
Resistivity devices
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Well logging components
Well Logging Mechanism Map
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Well Logging Components
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
history to sonic log
Acoustic wave propagation methods have become An integral part of
formation evaluation since the First down hole measurement of
velocities was conduct in 1927.these early measurements were Conduct
to obtain time/depth curves to use in Interpreting seismic data
in1930.proposal were made to conduct velocity measurement in A
fashion similar to electric logging.
By using an acoustic transmitter and
one or more Receivers .first successful
implementation of this Technology was
in late 1940 and earl 1950.
Commercial acoustic velocity logs
were first introduced in 1954 by
seismograph service corp .In the
U.S .and by united geophysical in
Canada.
Since then ,technology involving
bore hole measurement of acoustic wave propagation properties has
developed significantly and has become established as a major
formation evaluation method .these acoustic wave propagation methods
used in well logging can be broadly classified into two
groups :transmission and reflection.
Compressional wave velocities measured by acoustic logging
ware found to be related to Porosity so closely that the acoustic
log became a standard porosity tool .
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Which still is in many areas . the second most Common use of bore
hole acoustic measurement is in evaluating cement job by measurement
inside Casing .
Applications of Sonic log
In its simplest form, a sonic tool consists of a transmitter that emits a
sound-pulse and a receiver that picks up and records the pulse as it
passes the receiver .
The sonic log is simply a recording versus
depth of the time, t, required for a sound wave
to traverse 1 ft of formation. Known as the
interval transit time, transit time, Δt or
slowness, t is the reciprocal of the velocity of
the sound wave.
The interval transit time for a given formation depends upon its
lithology and porosity, This dependence upon porosity, when the
lithology is known, makes the sonic log very useful as a porosity log .
Type of sonic log
BORE HOLE COMPENSALED BHC SYSTEM
The tool is work as in the its consist from tow transmitter, one
transmitter above and one transmitter below two pairs of sonic receivers.
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
When one of the transmitters is pulsed , the sound wave generated
enters the formation , the time elapsed between detection of the first
arrival at the tow corresponding receivers is measured.
The speed of sound in the sonic sonde and in the drilling mud is less
than that in the formation , according the first arrivals of sound energy at
the receivers correspond to sound travel paths in the formation near the
hole wall.
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
The BHC transmitters are pulsed alternately Δt values are read on
alternate pairs of receivers ,the Δt values from the two sets of receivers
are averaged automatically by a computer at the
surface , the computer also integrates the transit –time
reading to obtain total travel times.
Some time the first arrival although strong enough to
trigger the receiver nearer transmitter , may be too
weak by the time it reaches the far receiver to trigger it
, instead the far receiver may be triggered by different ,
later arrival in the sonic wave and the travel time
measured on this pulse cycle will then be too large.
When this occurs , the sonic curve show a very abrupt
and large excursion toward higher Δt values this is
known as (cycle skipping) such skipping is more likely
to occur when the signal is strongly attenuated by ( unconsolidated
formation ,formation fractures , and gas saturation).
Cycle Skipping
Because ΔtC is used to calculate porosity, cycle skips result in bad values
of porosity
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Log presentation
Sonic velocities in common formation lithologies range from about
6000 to 23000 μsec /ft. to avoid small decimal fraction the reciprocal
velocity.
Δt is recorded in micro seconds/ foot ( μsec /ft) over a range about 44
sec/ft for zero-porosity dense dolomite to about 190 μsec /ft for water.
Sonic velocities in the formation
In sedimentary formation the speed of sound depends on many
parameters, principally on the rock matrix material (sand stone, lime
stone , dolomite … ) and on distributed porosity.
Ranges of value of sonic velocity and transit time For common rock
matrix material and casing are list in next table-1. Also listed are
commonly used value of Δtma .
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
The value of table are for non-porous substances the addition of
porosity to formation rocks decreases the sonic velocity through the
given rock material correspondingly increases Δt value .
( V T )
Δtma ( μsec Δtma ( μsec /ft)
Rock Type Vma (ft/sec )
/ft) (commonly used)
Sandstone 18,ooo – 19,500 55.5 - 51.0 55.5 or 51
Lime stones 21,000 -23,000 47.6 – 43.5 47.5
dolomites 23,000 43.5 43.5
anhydrite 20,000 50 50
Salt 15,000 66.7 67
Casing 17,000 57 57
Porosity Determination
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Wyllie time –average equation
The empirical relation between porosity and transit time after
numerous laboratory determinations for clean and consolidated
formation whit uniform porosity .
Tlog = Ф Tf + (1- Ф ) tma
t log −t ma
∅s =
t f −t ma
Where
tlog = reading on the sonic log in μsec /ft .
tma = transit time of the matrix material (solid rock).
tf = the transit time of the saturating fluid (about 189 μsec/ ft for fresh
water mud systems).
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
Correction for lack of compaction
When the formation are not sufficiently compacted , then the empirical
correction factor (βcp) is applied.
tlog−tma 1
Ф= ×
tf −tma βcp
Where
Tsh= transit time of shale at the zone interst.
βcp = compaction correction factor.
tsh
β cp =
100
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
1) Combines well with induction; can be run fast.
2) Ties in seismic time sections precisely with depth.
3) Provides secondary porosity information.
Disadvantages
1) Lithology must be known to compute porosity.
2) Strong affected by lack of compaction in shallow sands.
3) Effect of gas unpredictable.
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
4) Gas bubbles cause erratic operation.
5) If the formation isn’t sufficiently compacted then we need the
correction factor.
6) We need to combine sonic log with other Porosity logs like
density-Neutron logs to identify the gas bearing formations.
Conclusions for sonic log
Porosity determination from an acoustic log is based upon the
measurement of the travel time of an acoustic wave in the
formation.
The relationship between ∆t and porosity is somewhat
complex ,but good values are found from the wyllieFormula for
formations containing intergranular porosity.
With the BHC system the quality of the measurement Is very
good (accurate calibration, no borehole effect ).
The sonic logs is useful for correlation in many casesWhere
other logs give poor results , some lithologies Are identified by
the magnitude of the ∆t reading .
The sonic logs can be used in combination with other porosity
logs to evaluate shaly sands ,determine formation Lithology ,and
determine amount of secondary porosity .
The integrated travel time is useful in seismic inter-pretation.
Over pressured formations can be studied from ∆t date
References
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Petroleum Seminar Sonic Logging
1- Darwin V. Ellis , Julian M. Singer : "Well Logging for
Earth Scientists ".
2- Schlumberger : "Log Interprétation Principales ".
3- Baker Hughes INTEQ Technical Publications ; "Group
Advanced Wireline & MWD Procedures Manual ".
4- Schlumberger website //www.slb.com.
5- www. Spe.org.
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