Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 391–406

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels

during peristaltic transport of an MHD fluid having
temperature-dependent properties
J.C. Misra a,*, B. Mallick a, A. Sinha b

a
Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,
Howrah 711103, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya, Purba Medinipur, 721457, India

Received 27 July 2016; revised 25 September 2016; accepted 28 September 2016

Available online 27 October 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract Of concern in the paper is a study on the peristaltic transport of a magnetohydrodynamic
Peristaltic transport; fluid at low Reynolds number in an asymmetric channel. The study is motivated by the phe-
Physiological fluids; nomenon of peristalsis that is prominent in the flow of some physiological fluids in the human body.
MHD flow; The viscosity of the fluid is considered dependent on temperature. The associated problems of heat
Heat and mass transfer; and mass transfer during the flow of the fluid are also taken into account. The study has been car-
Perturbation technique ried out for long wavelength of the peristaltic motion. By using perturbation technique, series solu-
tions have been obtained for stream function, velocity, pressure gradient, shear stress and pressure
rise per wavelength. Pumping characteristics and the phenomenon of trapping are also adequately
discussed. In order to illustrate the validity of the theoretical study, numerical results have been
computed for a specific situation by using MATHEMATICA software. The study reveals that
the volume of the trapped bolus diminishes with increase in Hartmann number, Reynolds number,
fluid viscosity and Schmidt number but decreases with increasing phase difference. It is seen that the
results of the study conform very well to those of previous studies reported in available scientific
literatures.
Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction vessels of the human circulator system, transport of ovum

and cilia, movement of spermatozoa in the ductus efferentes
Peristaltic transport is a unique mechanism of fluid transport of reproductive organ of human males, semen transport in
by way of area contraction/expansion of progressive waves. vas deferens, bile transport from gall bladder to duodenum,
Various physiological functions, such as blood flow in small urine transport from kidney to the bladder through ureters,
transport of food in the digestive tract, are performed with
* Corresponding author. the help of mechanism of peristalsis. This mechanism also
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.C. Misra). enables the movement of lymphatic fluids in lymphatic vessels.
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria Because of its multiple advantages, research findings on
University. peristaltic flows have got wide applications in industries. They
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.021
1110-0168 Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
392 J.C. Misra et al.

Nomenclature

(X; Y) fixed Cartesian coordinate Greek symbols

(U; V) velocity components in fixed frame d wave number
c wave speed r electrical conductivity
p fluid pressure q density of fluid
g acceleration due to the gravity a1 coefficient of thermal expansion
B0 strength of the applied magnetic field a2 coefficient of expansion with concentration
Cp specific heat at constant pressure rH Stefan-Boltzmann constant
qr relative heat flux j thermal conductivity
kH mean absorption coefficient hH non-dimensional mean flow rate
Q0 constant heat addition/absorption h non-dimensional temperature
k0 reaction rate constant b heat source/sink parameter
D thermal molecular diffusivity b1 velocity slip parameter
C concentration / non-dimensional concentration
Re Reynolds number m reaction rate parameter
M Hartmann number a Reynolds model viscosity parameter
Pr Prandtl number c kinematic coefficient of viscosity
Gr Grashof number w stream function
Gm Solute Grashof number l variable viscosity
Nr Radiation parameter l0 constant viscosity
Sc Schmidt number k wave length
T0 temperature at the left side wall / phase difference
T1 temperature at the right side wall
C0 concentration at the left side wall
C1 concentration at the right side wall

are used in sanitary fluid transport and in the transport of cor- basis of the same study, they further observed that the charac-
rosive fluids, where it is desirable to avoid the contact of the teristics of peristaltic transport of the fluid along with velocity
fluid with different machine parts. They also have important distribution and shear stress distribution at the wall are signif-
applications in many biomedical engineering appliances, such icantly affected by the amplitude ratio of the waves.
as blood pumps and heart lung machine. Different physiolog- Based on the study on peristaltic pumping in an asymmetric
ical systems (e.g. digestive system, oesophagus, stomach, small porous channel, it was observed by Misra et al. [4] that by the
intestine, ureter and vas deferens) associated with the phe- application of an external magnetic field, it is possible to
nomenon of peristalsis have been discussed in the book enhance pumping efficiency for the adverse pressure gradient.
‘‘Biomathematics” [1]. A survey of important theoretical/ex- Maiti and Misra [8] also made an investigation of the peri-
perimental studies on peristalsis including the epoch-making staltic transport of a dense porous mass that consists of a mix-
publications of Fung and Yih [2] and Shapiro et al. [3] is also ture of fluid and solid particles. By applying this model to a
available there. Recent references to some other important pathological problem of bile transport in the common bile duct
publications on peristaltic motion can be found in the more in the presence of stones, they proclaimed that bile velocity
recent papers by Misra and Maiti [4–9]. diminishes as the number of stones increases and further that
The communications mentioned above largely deal with the if the number of stones is very large and the critical pressure
peristaltic flow of physiological fluids. Peristaltic flow of a is small, reflux takes place in the fluid mass flowing peristalti-
multi-layered power-law fluid in a cylindrical vessel was stud- cally. Effects of compliant walls on the peristaltic flow of a
ied by Misra and Pandey [10]. The same authors [11] also per- Maxwell fluid were analyzed by Ali et al. [12] by assuming that
formed analysis of peristaltic flow of a Casson fluid in both the wave amplitude is small. Tripathi and Beg [13] put forward
two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases, by considering an analysis for peristaltic flow of nano-fluids, by using long
the existence of a peripheral layer of Newtonian fluid. On wavelength approximation and by considering Reynolds num-
the basis of this study, they remarked that blood flow in small ber to be small.
vessels of the micro-circulatory system is not significantly However, it is to be noted that in the aforesaid studies of
affected, when the viscosity of the peripheral plasma layer is peristaltic flow of various types of fluids under different situa-
varied with respect to the core layer containing erythrocytes. tions, the associated problems of heat and mass transfer that
They made an observation that the flow rate attains its maxi- take place during peristaltic transfer were not paid due consid-
mum, when the two layers have the same viscosity. Misra and eration. Neither do they take into account the temperature
Maiti [5] made an important observation that the nature of tra- dependence of the fluid properties. As we know, heat transfer
jectories of fluid particles during peristaltic flow plays a signif- fundamentally refers to the exchange of thermal energy
icant role in the proper functioning in arterioles of the micro- between the different components of a physical system. The
circulatory system. They also noted that the convergence of the rate at which heat transfer takes place depends on the temper-
path lines is very sensitive even to a moderate deviation from ature of the different components/compartments and the phys-
n ¼ 1; n being the rheological fluid index parameter. On the ical properties of the medium through which heat transfer
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 393

takes place. When a fluid flows in a medium, the flow is likely its viscosity and thermal conductivity are higher than those of
to be influenced by external agency or buoyancy forces. In the water. Zin et al. [20] and Khalid et al. [21] deal with two differ-
case of convective heat transfer, heat is transferred from one ent problems of MHD free convection flows past vertical
particle to another, and therefore, from one location to plates embedded in porous media. In [20], the fluid considered
another by the flow of fluids. This process necessarily involves is a Jeffrey fluid containing nano-particles of silver. They
mass transfer. In the case of fluids (both liquids and gases), observed that a rise in volume fraction is accompanied by an
heat transfer takes place by the method of convection. The increase in fluid velocity and a rise in fluid temperature. Heat
heat equation that represents the temperature variation/ther- transfer during flow of a ferrofluid that contains nano-
mal distribution in a given system is a partial differential equa- particles of cylindrical shape was investigated in [21] for the
tion. Although in some cases, closed form solution of the case of ramp-type heating of a vertical plate on which the fluid
equation can be derived, in many cases, numerical methods flow occurs. This study may have some impact on drug deliv-
need to be used to solve the equation. ery to breast cancer cells.
Mass transfer refers to the transfer or movement of mass Mishra et al. [22] studied the effect of heat and mass trans-
from one location/component to another. In a variety of fer on free convective flow of an incompressible viscoelastic
engineering processes, mass transfer is of common occurence. fluid, by considering the fluctuative suction to be time-
Particularly, in the field of chemical engineering, study of mass dependent. Sinha and Misra [23] studied the effect of induced
transfer is of vital importance, more specifically in the magnetic field on magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow
branches of heat transfer engineering, separation process on a stretching heat, by accounting for the heat transfer. On
engineering and reaction engineering. The rate at which the basis of their study, it was conjectured that the ambient
mass transfer takes place depends on flow pattern and fluid gains temperature from the stretching sheet. In a recent
diffusivity. In various studies, mass transfer coefficients are communication, Misra and Adhikary [24] presented their
usually considered as dimensionless parameters, e.g. Schmidt study on MHD oscillatory channel flow, heat and mass trans-
number, Sherwood number, and Reynolds number. It is fer in the presence of a chemical reaction. On the basis of this
interesting to note that the approximate differential equations study, the authors reported that heat transfer increases with
used in the study of variety of physical problems of fluid increasing Prandtl number and also that the mass transfer rate
dynamics (at low Reynolds number) that represent the enhances with a reduction in the value of Schmidt number
conservation of momentum, mass and energy are somewhat (mass diffusivity). In the studies mentioned above, the momen-
analogous [14,15]. tum equation was solved along with the heat equation and
An analytical solution to a problem of estimating particle- concentration equation, subject to appropriate boundary con-
to-fluid heat and mass transfer rates in multiparticle systems at ditions. However, in any of these studies, peristaltic flow has
low Reynolds numbers was put forward by Pfeffer and Happel not been studied.
[16]. A problem of heat and mass transfer during MHD flow of Considering a Newtonian fluid, Srinivas and Gayathri [25]
a viscous fluid in a vertical plate was discussed by Singh et al. examined the effect of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow in a
[17], by considering the fluid to be incompressible and electri- vertical channel. In their study, the channel flow asymmetry
cally conducting. The vertical plate was assumed to be porous was supposed to be due to propagation of wave train of differ-
and to be embedded in a porous medium, whose permeability ent amplitude and phase. Hayat et al. [26] studied the effects of
is time-dependent. Under these assumptions, the effect of oscil- velocity-slip and thermal slip on peristaltic flow in a channel.
latory suction velocity normal to the plate was studied for a sit- The channel was considered to be asymmetric in this study
uation, where the action of the applied magnetic field is also. However, the effects of heat and mass transfer, and the
uniform and permeability of the medium fluctuates with time. temperature-dependence of the fluid properties on peristaltic
The study shows that the amplitude, phase and the skin fric- flow have hardly been studied earlier under the purview of a
tion coefficient due to heating the plate are similar to the case single model.
of cooling. However, the phase lag in the case of heating the The aim of the present investigation has been to investigate
plate is more than that for cooling. Some more interesting heat and mass transfers that take place during peristaltic flow
studies related to the effects of heat and mass transfer on of a magnetohydrodynamic fluid on an asymmetric channel,
MHD channel flows were investigated recently by Gul et al. by taking into account the temperature-dependent properties
[18,19], Zin et al. [20] and Khalid et al. [21]. These studies bear of the fluid. Following Beavers et al. [27], we have also incor-
the promise of important applications in different industrial porated the effect of velocity-slip at the channel wall. The
problems. Heat transfer during MHD mixed convection flows study applies to a situation, where wavelength of the peristaltic
of ferrofluids in a vertical channel was investigated in [18], flow is long and the Reynolds number is small. The equations
while [19] deals with an important problem of the effects of for the momentum, energy and concentration have been lin-
energy transfer on mixed convection channel flows of nanoflu- earized on the basis of these considerations. Expressions for
ids. The channel was considered to be submerged in a satu- the stream function, velocity, pressure gradient, temperature
rated porous medium. The fluid considered was supposed to and concentration have been obtained. Pumping characteris-
contain nano-particles of different shapes. On the basis of tics of the peristaltic flow and the trapping phenomenon have
these two studies, the authors made an important observation been discussed. Numerical estimates of different physical vari-
that for both ferrofluids and nanofluids, the fluid velocity and ables in the context of peristaltic transport of the MHD fluid
temperature are highly influenced by fluid viscosity and ther- have been obtained by using the software MATHEMATICA.
mal conductivity. It was remarked on the basis of the study The results presented show that the volume of the trapped
[19] that in comparison with water, ethylene glycol is consid- bolus of the fluid diminishes with increase in the strength of
ered as a better base fluid for convection owing to the fact that the magnetic field applied externally.
394 J.C. Misra et al.
 

2. The Model @U @U @U @P @ @U
q þU þV ¼ þ2 lðTÞ
@t @X @Y @X @X @X

 
In the present study, we consider the peristaltic transport of an @ @V @U
unsteady and electrically conducting fluid in a two- þ lðTÞ þ
@Y @X @Y
dimensional asymmetric channel (cf. Fig. 1) under the effect
 rB20 U þ qga1 ðT  T0 Þ
of heat and mass transfer. The peristaltic flow is generated
by propagation of waves on the channel walls travelling with þ qga2 ðC  C0 Þ ð5Þ
different amplitudes and phases but with the same constant
 

speed c. We choose H1 and H2 as the right side wall and the @V @V @V @P @ @V
q þU þV ¼ þ2 lðTÞ
left wall respectively in the stationary frame of reference @t @X @Y @Y @Y @Y
(X; Y). The nature of the wall surfaces is taken in the form
 
@ @V @U
(cf. [4]) þ lðTÞ þ ð6Þ

 @X @X @Y
2p  
2 
H1 ðX; tÞ ¼ d1 þ a1 cos ðX  ctÞ @T @T @T @ T @2T @q
k qCp þU þV ¼j þ  r þ Q0 ð7Þ
@t @X @Y @X2 @Y2 @Y
for the right hand side wall; ð1Þ
2 2 

 @C @C @C @ C @ C
2p þU þV ¼D þ  k0 ðC  C0 Þ; ð8Þ
and H2 ðX; tÞ ¼ d2  a2 cos ðX  ctÞ þ / @t @X @Y @X2 @Y2
k
where T is the temperature and C the mass concentration at
for the left hand side wall; ð2Þ
any point ðX; YÞ of the fluid mass in motion. Eq. (4) ensures
a1 and a2 being the wave amplitudes, k the wavelength, d1 þ d2 the conservation of mass, while Eqs. (5) and (6) are the
the channel width, c the speed of wave propagation and t the momentum conservation equations.
time. The phase difference / varies in the range 0 6 / 6 p. By using Rosseland approximation (cf. [23]), the relative
Here / ¼ 0 corresponds to symmetric channel with waves heat flux is given by
out of phase and / ¼ p corresponds to that for waves in phase. 4r @T4
Moreover, a1 ; a2 ; d1 ; d2 and / satisfy the following condition qr ¼  : ð9Þ
3k @Y
a21 þ a22 þ 2a1 a2 cos / 6 ðd1 þ d2 Þ2 ð3Þ Under the consideration that the temperature difference within
the fluid mass that flows is sufficiently small, using Taylor
expansion and neglecting higher-order terms, we can write
3. Analysis
T4 ¼ 4T30 T  3T40 : ð10Þ
Based on the consideration made above, the governing equa- Now we shift the platform to a wavy frame of reference (x; y)
tions that describe the flow in the present study are given by moving with velocity c from the stationary frame of reference
@U @V (X; Y), with respect to which the motion can be treated as
þ ¼0 ð4Þ steady, using the following transformations:
@X @Y
x ¼ X  ct; y ¼ Y; u ¼ U  c; v ¼ V; p ¼ P;
T ¼ T; C ¼ C: ð11Þ
After employing the transformations (11), Eqs. (4)–(8) assume
the following form:

@u @v
þ ¼0 ð12Þ
@x @y
 

@u @u @p @ @u
q ðu þ cÞ þv ¼ þ2 lðTÞ
@x @y @x @x @x

 
@ @v @u
þ lðTÞ þ  rB20 ðu þ cÞ þ qga1 ðT  T0 Þ
@y @x @y
þ qga2 ðC  C0 Þ ð13Þ
 

@v @v @p @ @v
q ðu þ cÞ þv ¼ þ2 lðTÞ
@x @y @y @y @y

 
@ @v @u
þ lðTÞ þ ð14Þ
@x @x @y
 
2 
@T @T @ T @2T @q
qCp ðu þ cÞ þv ¼j þ  r þ Q0 ð15Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2 @y

2 2 
@C @C @ C @ C
ðu þ cÞ þv ¼D þ  k0 ðC  C0 Þ ð16Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2
Figure 1 Physical sketch of the problem. We now introduce the following non-dimensional variables:
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 395

x y u kv ct T  T0 @2h @2h
x¼ ; y¼ ; u¼ ; v¼ ; t¼ ; h¼ ; ð17Þ 0¼ þ Nr 2 þ b ð25Þ
k d1 c d1 c k DT @y2 @y
C  C0 H1 ðxÞ H2 ðxÞ lðhÞ
/¼ ; h1 ðxÞ ¼ ; h2 ðxÞ ¼ ; lðhÞ ¼ : 1 @2/
DC d1 d1 l0 0¼  m/ ð26Þ
Sc @y2
Along with these, we shall also make use of some non-
dimensional parameters that are listed below: Eq. (24) indicates that p is independent of the non-dimensional
rffiffiffiffiffi axial coordinate y. Eqs. (23), (25) and (26) will be solved in the
d1 qd1 c q
d ¼ ; Re ¼ ; M¼ B0 d1 ; sequel to determine the distributions of velocity, temperature
k l0 l0 and mass in the context of the peristaltic flow under the pur-
qga1 ðDTÞd21 l0 cp view of the present study.
Gr ¼ ; Pr ¼ ð18Þ
cl0 j
qga2 ðDCÞd21 Q0 d21 3.1. Rate of volume flow
Gm ¼ ; b¼ ;
cl0 jðDTÞ
The instantaneous volume flow rate in the fixed frame of refer-
16 r T30 c k0
Nr ¼ ; Sc ¼ ; m¼ ence (X; Y) is given by
3 k jd1 D c
Z H2 ðX;tÞ
in which DT ¼ T1  T0 and DC ¼ C1  C0 denote the temper-
Q¼ UðX; Y; tÞdY ð27Þ
ature difference and mass concentration difference respec- H1 ðX;tÞ
tively. T1 and T0 are the temperature at the upper and lower
wall respectively, whereas C1 and C0 denote the concentration In the wave frame, the expression for the volumetric flow rate
at the upper and the lower wall respectively. Re and M are becomes
called the Reynolds number and Hartmann number respec- Z H2 ðxÞ
tively. Gr is called the Grashof number, while Gm stands for q¼ uðx; y; tÞdy ð28Þ
the solute Grashof number, Pr is the Prandtl number, Sc the H1 ðxÞ

Schmidt number and Nr the thermal radiation parameter. d Using the transformations (11) in (27) and making use of (28),
stands for the wave number, while b is the heat source/sink we obtain the relation between the volumetric flow rate in two
parameter and m is a parameter that depicts the reaction rate. frame of references as follows:
Definitions of all the symbols involved in the non-
dimensional variables and parameters are available in the Q ¼ q þ c½H1 ðxÞ  H2 ðxÞ ð29Þ
Nomenclature. Time-mean flow over a period of time TH ð¼ kcÞ is given by
Introduction of all the above-written dimensionless quanti-
Z TH
ties into Eqs. (12)–(16) and use of (10) and (11) yield the fol- 1
QH ¼ H Qdt ð30Þ
lowing partial differential equations: T 0



@u @u @p @ @u Substituting (29) into (30), we have
Re  d ðu þ 1Þ þ v ¼  þ 2d2 lðhÞ
@x @y @x @x @x

  QH ¼ q þ cd1 þ cd2 ð31Þ
@ @v @u
þ lðhÞ d2 þ H
@y @x @y On defining the dimensionless time-mean flows h and F
 M ðu þ 1Þ þ Gr  h þ Gm  /
2
ð19Þ respectively in the fixed and wave frames of reference as



@v @v @p @ @v QH q
Re  d3 ðu þ 1Þ þ v ¼  þ 2d2 lðhÞ hH ¼ and F ¼ ; ð32Þ
@x @y @y @y @y cd1 cd1

 
@ @v @u we derive the following relationships by using (31):
þ d2 lðhÞ d2 þ ð20Þ
@x @x @y

 hH ¼ F þ 1 þ d; ð33Þ
@h @h @2h @2h Z h1 ðxÞ
d  Re  Pr ðu þ 1Þ þ v ¼ d2 2 þ ð1 þ NrÞ 2 þ b ð21Þ @w
@x @y @x @y and F ¼ dy ¼ wðh1 ðxÞÞ  wðh2 ðxÞÞ; ð34Þ


2 
@/ @/ 1 2 @ / @ h 2 h2 ðxÞ @y
Re  d ðu þ 1Þ þ ¼ d þ  m/ ð22Þ
@x @y Sc @x2 @y2 in which d ¼ dd21 and h1 ðxÞ; h2 ðxÞ are dimensionless quantities
Introducing the stream function w defined by u ¼ @w
@y
and defined in (17).
v ¼  @w
@x
, using the long-wavelength approximation ðd  1Þ
3.2. Non-dimensional forms of the boundary conditions
and considering Reynolds number to be small, the equations
listed below have been derived.

   h1 ðxÞ and h2 ðxÞ appearing in (34) represent two non-
@p @ @2w @w dimensional quantities, which are given by
0¼ þ lðhÞ 2  M2 þ 1 þ Gr  h þ Gm  /
@x @y @y @y
H1
ð23Þ h1 ðxÞ ¼ ¼ 1 þ acosð2pxÞ and
d1
@p H2
0¼ ð24Þ h2 ðxÞ ¼ ¼ d  bcosð2px þ /Þ ð35Þ
@y d1
396 J.C. Misra et al.

in which a ¼ ad11 and b ¼ ad21 . In this case, Eq. (3) takes the form of the fluid mass under consideration could be achieved, deter-
of mination of a similar solution for Eq. (23) has not been possi-
ble. So we had to resort to the application of a method of
a2 þ b2 þ 2ab cos / 6 ð1 þ dÞ2 ð36Þ
approximation, viz. the perturbation method to solve the
The boundary conditions for the dimensionless stream func- momentum equation. We assume that the dimensionless quan-
tion in the wave frame are tities, the stream function w and the flow rate F can be
F @w @2w expanded in powers of aða  1:0Þ as follows:
w¼ ; þ b1 2 ¼ 1 at y ¼ h1 : ð37Þ
2 @y @y w ¼ w0 þ aw1 þ a2 w2 þ    ; ð44Þ
F @w @ w 2
p¼ p0 þ ap1 þ a2 p2 þ ; ð45Þ
w¼ ;  b1 2 ¼ 1 at y ¼ h2 :
2 @y @y
F ¼ F0 þ aF1 þ a F2 þ    :
2
ð46Þ
 
b1 ¼ bd11 being the non-dimensional velocity-slip parameter. On differentiating Eq. (23) w.r.t y and making use of (24) and
The boundary conditions for the temperature and concentra- (40), we get
 2  2
tion profiles are given by @4w @h @ 3 w @ h 2 @ w
0 ¼ ð1  ahÞ 4  2a  a þ M
h ¼ 1 at y ¼ h1 : ð38Þ @y @y @y3 @y2 @y2
h ¼ 0 at y ¼ h2 : @h @/
þ Gr þ Gm ð47Þ
@y @y
and
Now substituting Eq. (44) in (46) and collecting the coefficients
/ ¼ 1 at y ¼ h1 : ð39Þ
of like powers of a, one can obtain the following system of par-
/ ¼ 0 at y ¼ h2 : tial differential equations along with the boundary conditions
As mentioned in Section 1, although in most previous studies as follows:
of fluid mechanical problems for the sake of simplicity of the @ 4 w0 @ 2 w0 @h @/
Zeroth order equation :  M2 þ Gr þ Gm ¼0 ð48Þ
analysis, fluid viscosity has been taken to be constant, in many @y 4 @y2 @y @y
processes viscosity is a function of temperature. Keeping this F0 @w0 @ 2 w0
Boundary conditions : w0 ¼ ; þ b1 ¼ 1 at y ¼ h1 ð49Þ
in mind, in the present study temperature dependence of fluid 2 @y @y2
viscosity has been accounted for by treating it as an exponen- F0 @w0 @ 2 w0
and w0 ¼  ;  b1 ¼ 1 at y ¼ h2 :
tial function of temperature. Let us take lðhÞ ¼ eah , where a is 2 @y @y2
the Reynolds model viscosity parameter, which is a constant.
For a  1:0;, neglecting squares and higher powers of a, we @ 4 w1 @ 4 w0 @h @ 3 w0 @ 2 h @ 2 w0
First order equation : h 2  2
write @y 4 @y 4 @y @y3 @y @y2
lðhÞ ¼ 1  ah for a  1: ð40Þ @ 2 w1
 M2 ¼0 ð50Þ
@y2
For the analysis that follows, viscosity will be treated as a lin-
F1 @w1 @ 2 w1
ear function of temperature. Boundary conditions : w1 ¼ ; þ b1 ¼0
2 @y @y2
3.3. Solutions of the temperature and concentration equations at y ¼ h1 ð51Þ
F1 @w1 @ w1
2
and w1 ¼  ;  b1 ¼ 0 at y ¼ h2 :
Exact solution of the temperature Eq. (25) satisfying the 2 @y @y2
boundary conditions (38) is given by
b 4.1. Solution for the zeroth order equation
ð1 þ NrÞh þ y2 ¼ c1 y þ c2 : ð41Þ
2
which can be rewritten in the form 4.1.1. CaseI : M ¼ 0

h ¼ A1 y2 þ A2 y þ A3 ; ð42Þ Using the expressions for h and / given by Eqs. (42) and (43),
we solve Eq. (48) (with M ¼ 0) along with the boundary con-
where A1 ; A2 and A3 are constants. ditions (49). The analytical solution for w0 can be written as
Solution of the concentration Eq. (26), subject to the
boundary conditions (39) is given by w0 ¼ B0 þ B1 y þ B2 y2 þ B3 y3 þ B4 y4 þ B5 y5 þ B6 eAy þ B7 eAy :
ð52Þ
/ ¼ E1 eAy þ E2 eAy ; ð43Þ
The calculated values of B0 ; B1 ; . . . ; B7 are all put in the
E1 and E2 being arbitrary constants of integration. Appendix.
The integration constants have been calculated by using the
respective boundary conditions. The derived expressions are 4.1.2. CaseII : M – 0
presented in the Appendix.
Here the solution of the zeroth order equation along with the
boundary conditions (49), on using the analytical expressions
4. Method of perturbation
of h and /, reads

Although closed form solutions for Eqs. (25) and (26) that w0 ¼ p0 þ p1 y þ p2 eMy þ p3 eMy þ p4 y2 þ p5 y3  p7 eAy þ p6 eAy :
depict the heat and mass transfer during the peristaltic motion ð53Þ
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 397

The derived expressions for the coefficients are all put in the
Table 1
Appendix.
Parameter Symbol Value
4.2. Solution of first order equation Slip parameter b1 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7
Heat source/sink parameter b 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
4.2.1. CaseI : M ¼ 0 Reaction rate parameter m 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0
Reynolds model viscosity a 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3
Using the expressions of w0 and h given in Section 3.3, we
parameter
obtain the solution of the first order Eq. (50) in the form Schmidt number Sc 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 2.0
d2 d3 Prandtl number Pr 14.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0
w1 ¼ d0 þ d1 y þ y2 þ y3 þ d4 y4 þ d5 y5 þ d6 y6 Radiation parameter Nr 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
2 6
Hartmann number M 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0
þ d7 y7 þ d8 eAy þ d9 eAy þ d10 yeAy þ d11 yeAy Grashof number Gr 15.0, 12.0, 10.0,
þ d12 y2 eAy þ d13 y2 eAy : ð54Þ 2.0, 5.0
Solute Grashof number Gm 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0
The values of all the coefficients have been calculated by using
the boundary conditions (51). The calculated values are shown
in the Appendix.
of parametric variation was used to investigate the change that
4.2.2. CaseII : M – 0 takes place in the distributions. We have made use of the
Using the expression of h and w0 given by Eqs. (42) and (53) software MATHEMATICA. Variations are studied for the
respectively, we get the solution of the first order equation sub- distribution of axial velocity u ¼ @w
@y
0
þ a @w
@y
1
, temperature distri-
ject to the boundary conditions (51) as bution h depicting the heat transfer process, concentration dis-
w1 ¼ p8 þ p9 y þ p10 eMy þ p11 eMy þ b11 y2 þ b12 y3 tribution / that helps us understand the effect of mass transfer
during the peristaltic transport process and the stream func-
þ b33 eAy þ b34 eAy þ b35 yeAy þ b36 yeAy þ b37 yeMy
tion. The computational results have been presented graphi-
þ b38 yeMy þ b39 y2 eMy þ b40 y2 eMy þ b21 y2 eAy cally that correspond to a specific situation for a particular
þ b24 y2 eAy þ b27 y3 eMy þ b30 y3 eMy : ð55Þ fluid. The numerical estimates have been computed by consid-
ering the values of the different parameters given in [28,29].
The calculated values of all the coefficients are also presented The values used have been shown in Table 1.
in the Appendix.
The axial pressure gradient can be written in the form 5.1. Velocity distribution
 
dp @3w @h @ 2 w 2 @w
¼ ð1  ahÞ 3  a  M þ 1 þ Grh þ Gm/: Fig. 2(a)–(c) give an idea of the change in velocity distribution,
dx @y @y @y2 @y
when there is a change in the values of the (a) Grashof number
ð56Þ
Gr, (b) Hartmann number M and (c) Solute Grashof number
The pressure rise per wavelength and the wall shear stress can Gm. For the sake of generality of the problem, we consider
be obtained by using the formula both the cases of cooling (Gr > 0) and heating (Gr < 0). The
Z 1  results presented in Fig. 2(a) indicate very clearly that the
dp
Dp ¼ dx: ð57Þ velocity distribution in the case of heating is much different
0 dx from that in case of cooling. From the graphs of this figure,
The shear stress on the two walls of the channel can be defined it may be noted that in the case of cooling, with an increase
as follows: in Gr, the velocity decreases up to a certain point (which
  may be called as the point of inflexion), after which the trend
@u
srw ¼  ð58Þ is reversed. In the case of heating, as the value of Gr is
@y y¼h1 increased, the velocity gradually decreases, but after crossing
 
@u the point of inflexion, it increases gradually. In both the cases,
and slw ¼  ð59Þ
@y y¼h2 however, the magnitude of the velocity merges to a fixed value
at the wall. Fig. 2(b) gives an idea of the change in velocity dis-
where the symbols srw and slw stand for the wall shear stress at tribution that takes place with the change in the strength of the
the right side and the left side walls respectively. It is not pos- external magnetic field, that is, with the change in Hartmann
sible to find the analytical expressions for the pressure rise Dp. number (M). Here too, we notice the existence of point of
In order to illustrate the applicability of the mathematical inflexion. It may be observed that the trend in velocity reverses
model formulated and analyzed in the preceding sections, we after crossing the point of inflexion and the magnitudes of the
had to employ numerical techniques to use suitable softwares. velocity converge to a particular value at some particular point
of the wall of the asymmetric channel under consideration. The
5. Numerical estimates and discussion increase in velocity may be attributed to the increase in Lor-
entz force. Fig. 2(c) exhibits the change in velocity distribution
For finding the numerical estimates of the different physical with change in the value of the solute Grashof number (Gm). It
variables that have come into picture during the analysis of is important to make an observation that in this case the point
the model in the current study, we have computed the variables of inflexion lies on the vertical axis of the channel. The influ-
by using appropriate computational techniques. The method ence of solute Grashof number on the change in the velocity
398 J.C. Misra et al.

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 2 Velocity distribution for (a) different Gr when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4, (b) different M when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2; Gm ¼ 5:0;
Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4, and (c) different Gm when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Gr ¼ 5:0; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4.

distribution can be calculated by comparing the velocity distri- ciently high thermal radiation, the temperature distribution
bution curves drawn with Gm – 0 with the distribution curve curves will be almost coincident. The plots presented in
corresponding to Gm ¼ 0. It is worthwhile to make a mention Fig. 3(c) shows that the phase difference / does have an appre-
that all the three parameters Gr; Gm and M bring about appre- ciable impact on the temperature distribution and that thermal
ciable changes in the velocity distribution. boundary layer decreases with increase in phase difference.
One can further note that the initial point is gradually shifted
5.2. Temperature distribution towards the central region of the channel with a rise in the
phase difference.
Fig. 3 presents the change in the temperature distribution dur-
ing the peristaltic motion of the fluid in the particular situation 5.3. Concentration distribution
investigated in the study. The plots presented in Fig. 3(a)–(c)
give some important information with respect to the heat Fig. 4 nicely describes the changes that take place in the concen-
transfer in the fluid mass. Fig. 3(a) shows that temperature tration distribution in the fluid mass undergoing peristaltic
rises, as the value of the heat source/sink parameter b motion, with the change in the value of the reaction rate param-
increases, while the different plots presented in Fig. 3(b) indi- eter (m) and also the Schmidt number (Sc). Fig. 4(a) illustrates
cate an opposite trend, when the thermal radiation parameter the influence of the reaction rate on concentration distribution
Nr changes its value. This figure reveals that the temperature while Fig. 4(b) depicts the role played by the Schmidt number in
profile is greatly affected by thermal radiation. This assertion changing the same. One may note that fluid concentration
can be made by having a look to the temperature profile that diminishes gradually with increase in the reaction rate. The
corresponds Nr ¼ 0:0 and comparing it with the graphs plot- same is the observation when the value of Schmidt number
ted with non-zero values of thermal radiation parameter. Here increases. From (18), we know that Schmidt number is the ratio
we can make an important observation that the thermal between the kinematic coefficient of viscosity c and D the ther-
boundary layer thickness decreases with increase in thermal mal diffusivity. Fig. 4(a) also shows that the space between two
radiation. We are inclined to make a conjecture that for suffi- consecutive concentration boundary layers gradually decreases
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 399

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 3 Temperature distribution for (a) different b when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Gm ¼ 5:0; Gr ¼ 5:0 , Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4, (b) different Nr when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05;
Sc ¼ 0:2; Gm ¼ 5:0; Gr ¼ 5:0 / ¼ p4, and (c) different / when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; Gm ¼ 5:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4;
M ¼ 4:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2.

(a) (b)
Figure 4 Concentration distribution for (a) different m when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05,
Sc = 0.2, Gm ¼ 5:0; Gr ¼, Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4 and (b) different Sc when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05;
m ¼ 0:5; Gm ¼ 5:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; / ¼ p4.

with increase in the reaction rate. It appears from the different exceeds the value 16. However, Fig. 4(b) indicates that the small
plots presented in this figure that the concentration distribution gap between two consecutive concentration profiles will be
will not be affected much after the reaction rate parameter maintained for higher values of Sc.
400 J.C. Misra et al.

Figure 5 Variation of pressure gradient (a) different b1 when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Gm ¼ 5:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4 and (b) different M when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; Gr ¼ 5:0; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4 ; a ¼ 0:05.

5.4. Pumping characteristics (h < 0; Dp > 0). Fig. 6(a) shows that retrograde pumping
increases with an increase in the strength of the magnetic field,
Numerical estimates of the influence of the wall slip (b1 ) and while in the case of augmented pumping our observation is to
the intensity of the magnetic field (M) on the pressure gradient the contrary. Fig. 6(b) gives us an idea about Dp versus h vari-
dp ation, when the Grashof number Gr changes. This dimension-
dx
are available from Fig. 5(a)–(b). From Fig. 5(a) one can
less quantity defined in (18) has been used in the analysis of the
make an important observation that the velocity-slip at the
present study for velocity distribution in free convection of
wall can considerably reduce the pressure gradient. It is inter-
heat. The results presented in Fig. 6(b) depicting the role of
esting to note that in the vicinity of the channel walls
the value of Gr are important here, because of the considera-
(0:0 6 x 6 0:2; 0:8 6 x 6 1:0), because of low pressure gradi-
tion of heat transfer in the present study.
ent, the fluid can flow with ease, but in the central region, more
pressure is needed for the fluid to flow. The pressure gradient
5.5. Wall shear stress
gradually rises, attains its maximum around x ¼ 0:45, and
then start diminishing. Fig. 5(b) shows that increase in the
Hartmann number enhances the pressure gradient. The variation of wall shear stress (s) versus Grashof number
Plots depicting the variation in the pressure rise per wave- on both the right side and left side walls of the asymmetric
length (Dp) versus the mean flow rate (h ) are presented in channel under consideration has been displayed in Fig. 7.
Fig. 6(a) and (b). It may be seen that all the plots in both The variation of the shear stress with Gr at the right side wall
the figures are of rectilinear nature. Here we can make an of the channel has been plotted in Fig. 7(a), which shows that
important observation that the entire pumping region consists the wall shear stress on the upper wall decreases as the slip
of three zones, viz. pumping (h > 0; Dp > 0), augmented velocity at the wall increases, but a reverse trend is revealed
pumping (h > 0; Dp < 0) and retrograde pumping from Fig. 7(b) for the left side wall of the asymmetric channel.

Figure 6 Variation of pressure rise per wavelength (Dp) for (a) different M when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5;
a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2; Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4 and (b) different Gr when a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4;
a ¼ 0:05; Sc ¼ 0:2; Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4.
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 401

Figure 7 Variation of shear stress (a) at the right side wall (b) at the left side wall for different b1 when
a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; Gm ¼ 5:0; b ¼ 1:0; hH ¼ 2:4; M ¼ 4:0; Gr ¼ 5:0; Sc ¼ 0:2; Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4.

5.6. Trapping: streamline patterns stagnation points, which are the points of intersection of the
curve w ¼ 0 and the centre line of the channel. As mentioned
The phenomenon of trapping is another interesting topic of in [4], some stagnation points are likely to be situated else-
discussion in the context of peristaltic transport of fluids. Sha- where in the case of asymmetric channels.
piro et al. [3] conducted a theoretical study on peristaltic flow The computational results for the stream function reveal
of fluids for situations in which wavelength is large and Rey- that the size of the trapped bolus during peristaltic flow dimin-
nolds number is small, as in the present study. They made ishes as the strength of the externally applied magnetic field is
an important observation that in cases where the rate of fluid gradually increased. Fig. 8(a) and (b) shows that bolus forma-
flow is high and the occlusions are large, a region of closed tion occurs when the value of the magnetic field parameter M
streamlines exists in the wave frame, in such a manner that (Hartmann number) is less than 8. But bolus completely disap-
some fluid gets trapped within propagating waves. As men- pears when M P 8. Under the purview of the present study,
tioned in one of our previous communications Misra et al. thus we make an important observation here that bolus forma-
[4], the phenomenon of trapping refers to the formation of a tion can be avoided by adjusting the strength of the externally
bolus of fluid that circulates internally and moves with a mean applied magnetic field. The impact of Reynolds model viscos-
speed equal to wave velocity. In the wave frame, fluid velocity ity (a) is illustrated in Fig. 9, which shows that as a increases,
components usually vanish at two particular points, called the size of the bolus increases. This observation reveals a very
important phenomenon that as the fluid viscosity reduces, the

(a) (b)
Figure 8 Streamline patterns for (a) M ¼ 7 (b) M ¼ 8 with a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4; a ¼ 0:05; Gr ¼ 5:0; Sc ¼ 0:2;
Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4.
402 J.C. Misra et al.

(a) (b)
Figure 9 Streamline patterns for (a) a ¼ 0:05 and (b) a ¼ 0:3 with a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4;
Sc ¼ 0:2; / ¼ p4.

(a) (b)
Figure 10 Streamline patterns for (a) / ¼ 3p4 and (b) / ¼ p with a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4, b ¼ 1:0, b1 ¼ 0:5, Gr ¼ 5:0,
Sc ¼ 0:2,Gm ¼ 5:0, Nr ¼ 1:0,hH ¼ 2:4.

bolus size is enhanced. Fig. 10 shows that the size of the Srinivas [30] for a simpler case of a Newtonian fluid by ignor-
trapped bolus gradually decreases, when the phase difference ing the slip velocity at the wall and without the consideration
increases, while from Fig. 11 it is revealed that the size of of temperature dependence of fluid viscosity. For a meaningful
the trapped bolus increases with an increase in the value of comparison, we first brought our study to the same platform as
the Schmidt number (Sc). that of the said study and then plotted results of both the stud-
ies in Fig. 12. One can observe a very good agreement of our
6. Validation of the model results with those reported in [30]. Further comparison of
the results of the present model has been made with the results
The results of the present study have been compared with reported previously by Srinivas and Gayathri [25], who studied
those of a similar study performed by Kothandapani and peristaltic flow of a fluid on an asymmetric channel placed ver-
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 403

(a) (b)
Figure 11 Streamline patterns for (a) Sc ¼ 0:4 and (b) Sc ¼ 1:0 with a ¼ b ¼ 0:5; d ¼ 1:0; M ¼ 4:0; b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:5; hH ¼ 2:4;
Gr ¼ 5:0; Gm ¼ 5:0; Nr ¼ 1:0; / ¼ p4.

Hartmann number ðMÞ. The results of the two studies

[25,26] along with the corresponding results obtained on the
basis of the present study have been presented in Table 2.
Our results are found to conform to those of both the
previous studies fairly well for chosen values of M and a. This
may be considered as a further validation of the present
model.

7. Summary and concluding remarks

A mathematical model has been formulated and analyzed in

the paper in order to study peristaltic transport of an MHD
fluid on an asymmetric channel. The velocity-slip at the wall
Figure 12 Comparison of axial velocity between our results with and the temperature-dependence of the fluid viscosity have
those presented by Kothandapani and Srinivas [30], when a = 0.5, been paid due consideration. Due attention has been paid to
b = 0.5, d = 0.5, b ¼ 1:0; b1 ¼ 0:0; / ¼ p4 ; k ¼ 100. the associated problems of mass and heat transfer. The prob-
lem corresponds to a situation where the wavelength is long
and Reynolds number is small. Analytical solutions for the
tically, the fluid being Newtonian. The comparison has been temperature and concentration distributions have been found,
made for different values of Grashof number ðGrÞ. Another while for finding the stream function, velocity and pressure
comparison has been made with a different study performed gradient we had to employ a method of perturbation. The
by Hayat et al. [26], by considering different values of effects of different parameters involved in the study, on the

Table 2 Comparison with previously published data for the values of u.

Gr 2.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Srinivas and Gayathri [25] 0.78092 0.84258 0.94356 1.04814
Present study 0.78428 0.84212 0.94862 1.04534
(M = 1.9) (M = 2.1) (M = 2.2) (M = 2.3)
M 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.0
Hayat et al. [26] 0.42443 0.16167 0.08363 0.06328
Present study 0.42591 0.16255 0.08468 0.06423
(a ¼ 0:19) (a ¼ 0:21) (a ¼ 0:21) (a ¼ 0:235)
404 J.C. Misra et al.

physical variables have been estimated by applying appropri-  Thermal boundary layer thickness diminishes, as the
ate analytical/numerical methods and by using MATHEMA- strength of the heat source/sink increases. It increases with
TICA software. From the study, we can draw the following increase in thermal energy transfer.
conclusions:  Fluid concentration reduces with increase in the reaction
rate and also viscous diffusion rate (when mass diffusion
 Fluid velocity and the distributions of concentration and rate remains constant).
temperature are considerably influenced by the Hartmann  Wall shear stress at the right side wall reduces due to wall
number, Grashof number and Grashof solute number as slip velocity, but at the left side wall, a reverse trend occurs.
well as by the temperature dependence and velocity slip at
the wall. However, the influence of these parameters is of
Acknowledgment
varying degrees.
 Formation of fluid bolus during peristaltic wave propaga-
This work was supported by the Science and Engineering
tion is strongly dependent on the strength of the magnetic
Research Board, Department of Science and Technology,
field. Bolus formation can be totally avoided by applying
Government of India, New Delhi, through Grant No. SB/
a sufficiently strong magnetic field (M P 8).
S4/MS: 864/14. The authors are thankful to the esteemed
 When the fluid viscosity diminishes, the size of the bolus
reviewers for their valuable comments based upon which the
increases.
manuscript has been revised.

Appendix.

c1 ¼ b2 ðh1 þ h2 Þ þ h1þNr ; c2 ¼ ð1þNrÞh 2

 bh21 h2 ; A1 ¼  2ð1þNrÞ b
; A2 ¼ 1þNr
c1
; A3 ¼ 1þNr
c2
,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 h2
Ah
h2 h1
ð2h þh ÞA
A ¼ m  Sc; E1 ¼ e2Ahe1 e2Ah2 ; E2 ¼ e2Ah
1 e 2 1
2 e2Ah1
; A 11 ¼ 2A 1 Gr,
A22 ¼ A2 Gr; A33 ¼ AE11 Gm; A44 ¼ AE22 Gm; A33 ¼ AE11 Gm; B4 ¼  A2422 ,
B5 ¼ A120
11
; B6 ¼  AA334 ; B7 ¼ AA444 ,
h5 h5 Ah1 eAh2 Ah1 eAh2
J1 ¼  h1Fh
0
2
þ B4 ðh1 þ h2 Þðh21 þ h22 Þ þ B5 h11 h22 þ B6 e h1 h2
þ B7 e h1 h2
,
J2 ¼ 1  4B4 h31  5B5 h41  AB6 eAh1 þ AB7 eAh1  12b1 B4 h21  20b1 B5 h31  b1 A2 B6 eAh1  b1 A2 B7 eAh1 ,
J3 ¼ 1  4B4 h32  5B5 h42  AB6 eAh2 þ AB7 eAh2  12b1 B4 h22  20b1 B5 h32  b1 A2 B6 eAh2  b1 A2 B7 eAh2 ,
1 þJ2 þJ3
B3 ¼ ðh1 h2J2 Þð6b 1 þh1 h2 Þ
; B0 ¼ B1 h1  B2 h21 þ B3 h31  B4 h41  B5 h51  B6 eAh1  B7 eAh1 þ F20 ,
J1 þJ2 þB3 ðh22 þh1 h2 2h21 6bh1
B1 ¼ B2 ðh1 þ h2 Þ  B3 ðh21 þ h1 h2 þ h22 Þ  J1 ; B2 ¼ 2b1 þh1 h2
,
p4 ¼ 2M2 ;
A22
p5 ¼ 6M2 ;
A11
p6 ¼ A4 M
A44
2 A2 ; p7 ¼ M2 AA233A4 ,
pk1 ¼ 1  b1 ð2p4 þ 6p5 h1 þ 2p4 h1  3p5 h21 þ Ap6 eAh1 þ Ap7 eAh1 ,
pk2 ¼ 1  2p4 h2  3p5 h22 þ Ap6 eAh2 þ Ap7 eAh2 þ 2b1 p4 þ 6b1 p5 h2 ,
Ah Ah2
n1 ¼ F0  p4 ðh1 þ h2 Þ  p5 ðh21 þ h1 h2 þ h22 Þ  p6 e h11 e þ p7 e h11 e
Ah Ah2
h2 h2
,
Mh1 eMh2
v2 ¼ MeMh1 þ b1 M2 eMh1  e
Mh1 eMh2
v1 ¼ MeMh1  b1 M2 eMh1 þ e h1 h2
; h1 h2
,
eMh1 eMh2 Mh2 2 Mh2 eMh1 eMh2
v3 ¼ Me Mh2
 b1 M e 2 Mh2
 h1 h2
; v4 ¼ Me  b1 M e  h1 h2
,
l1 ¼ pk1vn
2
1
; l2 ¼ vv12 ; l2 ¼ vv12 ; p2 ¼ pk2vn 1 l1 v4
3 þl2 v4
; p3 ¼ l1 þ p2 l2 ,
¼ n1  p2 e h11 e  p3 e h11 e ; p0 ¼ F20  p1 h1  p4 h21  p5 h31  p2 eMh1  p3 eMh1  p6 eAh1 þ p7 eAh1 ,
Mh
2 Mh 2 Mh Mh
p1 h2 h2
k0 ¼ 24a3 B4 þ 12a2 B3 þ 4a1 B2 ; k1 ¼ 24a2 B4 þ 120a3 B5 þ 24a1 B3 þ 48a2 B4 þ 12a1 B3 ,
k2 ¼ 24a1 B4 þ 120a2 B5 þ 96a1 B4 þ 120a2 B5 þ 24a1 B4 ; k3 ¼ 120B5 þ 280a1 B5 ,
k4 ¼ a3 A4 B6 þ 2a2 A3 B6 þ 2A2 a1 B6 ; k5 ¼ a3 A4 B7  2a2 A3 B7 þ 2a2 A2 B7 ; k6 ¼ a2 A4 B6 þ 4a1 A3 B6 ,
k7 ¼ a2 A4 B7  4a1 A3 B7 ; k8 ¼ a1 A4 B6 ; k9 ¼ a1 A4 B7 ; k10 ¼ kA4  Ak62 þ 2k 8
A3
,
k11 ¼  kA5  Ak72  2k
A3
9
; k12 ¼ kA6  2k
A2
8
; k13 ¼  kA7  2k
A2
9
; k14 ¼ kA10  kA122 þ 2k
A4
8
,
k15 ¼ k11
A
 k13
A2
þ 2k9
A4
; k16 ¼ k12
A
 2k8
A3
; k17 ¼  kA13
þ ; k18 ¼ kA14  kA162 þ 2k
2k9
A3 A5
8
,
k19 ¼  kA15
 þ ; k20 ¼  ; k21 ¼  A  A4 ; d4 ¼ 24 ; d5 ¼ 120
k17
A2
2k9
A5
k16
A
2k8
A4
k17 2k9 k0 k1
,
d6 ¼ 360
k2
; d7 ¼ 840 ; d8 ¼ A  A2 þ A6 ; d9 ¼  A  A2 þ A6 ; d10 ¼  A  2k
k3 d18 k20 2k8 k19 k21 2k9 k20
A5
8
,
5 5 6 6
4 4
h1 h2 h1 h2 h1 h2 h1 h72
7
d11 ¼  A þ A5 ; d12 ¼ A4 ; d13 ¼ A4 ; I4 ¼ d4 h1 h2  d5 h1 h2  d6 h1 h2  d7 h1 h2 ,
k21 2k9 k8 k9

Ah Ah2
 d10 h1 e h11 h
Ah Ah
I5 ¼ d8 e h11 e  d9 e h11 e
Ah Ah2
2e 2
h2 h2 h2
,
h1 eAh1 h2 eAh2 h21 eAh1 h22 eAh2 h21 eAh1 h22 eAh2
I6 ¼ d11 h1 h2
 d12 h1 h2  d13 h1 h2 þ F1 ,
I1 ¼ I4 þ I5 þ I6 ; n1 ¼ Ad8 þ d10 ; n2 ¼ Ad9 þ d11 ; n3 ¼ Ad10 þ 2d12 ; n4 ¼ Ad11 þ 2d13 ,
n5 ¼ A2 d8 þ 2Ad10 þ 2d12 ; n6 ¼ A2 d9  2Ad11 þ 2d13 ; n6 ¼ A2 d9  2Ad11 þ 2d13 ,
n6 ¼ A2 d9  2Ad11 þ 2d13 ; n7 ¼ A2 d10 þ 4Ad12 ; n8 ¼ A2 d11  4Ad13 ,
I7 ¼ ð4d4 h31 þ 5d5 h41 þ 6d6 h51 þ 7d7 h61 þ n1 eAh1 þ n2 eAh1 þ n3 h1 eAh1 þ n4 h1 eAh1 þ Ad12 h21 eAh1  Ad13 h21 eAh1 ,
I8 ¼ 12d4 h21 þ 20d5 h31 þ 30d6 h41 þ 42d7 h51 þ n5 eAh1 þ n6 eAh1 þ n7 h1 eAh1 þ n8 h1 eAh1 þ A2 d12 h21 eAh1 þ A2 d13 h21 eAh1 ,
Heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channels during peristaltic transport 405

I9 ¼ ð4d4 h32 þ 5d5 h42 þ 6d6 h52 þ 7d7 h62 þ n1 eAh2 þ n2 eAh2 þ n3 h2 eAh2 þ n4 h2 eAh2 þ Ad12 h22 eAh2  Ad13 h22 eAh2 ,
I10 ¼ 12d4 h22 þ 20d5 h32 þ 30d6 h42 þ 42d7 h52 þ n5 eAh2 þ n6 eAh2 þ n7 h2 eAh2 þ n8 h2 eAh2 þ A2 d12 h22 eAh2 ,
I2 ¼ I7  bI8 ; I3 ¼ I9 þ bðI10 þ A2 d13 h22 eAh2 Þ; d1 ¼ d2 ðh1 þ h2 Þ  d3 ðh21 þ h1 h2 þ h22 Þ  I1 ,
2ðI1 þI2 Þþ2d3 ðh22 þh1 h2 2h21 6bh1 6ð2I1 þI2 þI3 Þ
d2 ¼ h1 h2 þ2b1
; d3 ¼ ðh1 h 2 Þðh1 h2 þ6bÞ
,
d0 ¼ F1
2
 ðd1 h1 þ 2 h1 þ 6 h1 þ
d2 2 d3 3
d4 h41 þ d5 h51 þ d6 h61 þ d7 h71 þ d8 eAh1 þ d9 eAh1 þ d10 h1 eAh1 þ d11 h1 eAh1 þ d12 h21 eAh1 þ d13 h21 eAh1 Þ,
b0 ¼ 12a2 p5 þ 4a1 p4 ; b1 ¼ 36a1 p5 ; b2 ¼ a3 p7 A4  2a2 p5 A3  2a1 A2 p7 ,
b3 ¼ a3 p6 A4  2a2 p6 A3 þ 2a1 A2 p6 ; b4 ¼ a3 M4 p2 þ 2a2 p2 M3 þ 2a1 p2 M2 ,
b5 ¼ a3 p3 M4  2a2 p3 M3 þ 2a1 p3 M2 ; b6 ¼ a2 p7 A4  4a1 p5 A3 ; b7 ¼ a2 p6 A3  4a1 p6 A3 ,
b8 ¼ a2 p2 M4 þ 4a1 p2 M3 ; b9 ¼ a2 p3 M4  4a1 p3 M3 ; b9 ¼ a2 p3 M4  4a1 p3 M3 ; b10 ¼ a1 p7 A4 ,
B11 ¼ a1 p6 A3 ; B12 ¼ a1 p2 M4 ; B13 ¼ a1 p3 M4 ; b11 ¼  2M b0
2 ; b12 ¼  6M b1
2,

b2 b6
2
2ð2A M Þ 2  2 2M2

b13 ¼ A4 A AðA2 M2 Þ
2 M2 ; b14 ¼ A4 Ab6
2 M2 ; b15 ¼ A4 þA1 2 M2 b3 þ b7 4A A3 þAm2
; b16 ¼ A4 þA b7
2 M2 ,

b17 ¼ 2M1 3 b4  2M8 ; b18 ¼ 4M8 3 ; b19 ¼  2M1 3 b5 þ 2M9 ; b20 ¼  4M1 3 ; b21 ¼ A4 M
5b b 5b b10
2 A2 ,

    
2
2b10 ð4A 2M Þ
2 2
4A2 2M2 2 M2
b22 ¼  ðA4 M 2 A2 ÞðA3 AM2 Þ ; b23 ¼ A4 A 2b10
2 M2 A3 AM2
 A6A 4 M2 A2 ; b24 ¼ A4 þA B11
2 M2 ,

    
2
b25 ¼ 2B11 ð4A
3 2AM2 Þ
2AM2 4A3 2 M2
2 ; b26 ¼ A4 þA2B11
2 M2 A4 þA2 M2
 A6A 4 þA2 M2 ; b27 ¼ 6M B12
3 ; b28 ¼  5B 4M4
12
ðA4 þA2 M2 Þ
h
i h 
i
5 2 5 2
b29 ¼ 2M
B12
3 2M
 m42 ; b30 ¼  6M B13
3 ; b31 ¼  5B 13
4M4
; b32 ¼ 2M B13
3
4
M2
 2M ,
b33 ¼ b13 þ b23 ¼; b34 ¼ b15 þ b26 ; b35 ¼ b14 þ b22 ; b36 ¼ b16 þ b25 ; b37 ¼ b17 þ b29 ,
b38 ¼ b19 þ b32 ; b39 ¼ b18 þ b28 ; b40 ¼ b20 ¼ b31 ,
z3 ¼ b11 h21 þ b12 h31 þ b33 eAh1 þ b34 eAh1 þ b35 h1 eAh1 þ b36 h1 eAh1 þ b37 h1 eMh1 þ b38 h1 eMh1 ,
z4 ¼ b39 h21 eMh1 þ b40 h21 eMh1 þ b21 h21 eAh1 þ b24 h21 eAh1 þ b27 h31 eMh1 þ b30 h31 eMh1 ,
z5 ¼ b11 h22 þ b12 h32 þ b33 eAh2 þ b34 eAh2 þ b35 h2 eAh2 þ b36 h2 eAh2 þ b37 h2 eMh2 þ b38 h2 eMh2 ,
z6 ¼ b39 h22 eMh2 þ b40 h22 eMh2 þ b21 h22 eAh2 þ b24 h22 eAh2 þ b27 h32 eMh2 þ b30 h32 eMh2 ,
z1 ¼ z3 þ z4 ; z2 ¼ z5 þ z6 ,
g3 ¼ 2b11 y þ 3b12 y2 þ Ab33 eAy  Ab34 eAy þ b35 eAy ð1 þ AyÞ þ b36 eAy ð1  AyÞ þ b37 eMy ð1 þ MyÞ,
g4 ¼ b38 eMy ð1  MyÞ þ b39 yeMy ð2 þ MyÞ þ b40 yðeMy ð2  MyÞ þ b21 yeAy ð2 þ AyÞ þ b24 yeAy ð2  AyÞ,
g1 ¼ g3 þ g4 þ b27 y2 eMy ð3 þ MyÞ þ b30 y2 eMy ð3  MyÞ,
g5 ¼ 2b11 þ 6b12 y þ A2 b33 eAy þ A2 b34 eAy þ b35 eAy ð2A þ A2 yÞ þ b36 eAy ðA2 y  2AÞ þ b37 eMy ðM2 y þ 2MÞ,
g6 ¼ b38 eMy ðM2 y  2MÞ þ b39 eMy ðM2 y2 þ 4My þ 2Þ þ b40 eMy ðM2 y2  4My þ 2Þ þ b21 eAy ðA2 y2 þ 4Ay þ 2Þ,
g2 ¼ g5 þ g6 þ b24 eAy ðA2 y2  4Ay þ 2Þ þ b27 eMy ðM2 y3 þ 6My2 þ 6yÞ þ b30 eMy ðM2 y3  6My2 þ 6yÞ,
x1 ¼ g1 jh1  bg2 jh1 ; x2 ¼ g1 jh2 þ bg2 jh2 ,
F1 þz2 z1 Mh1 eMh2
x1 
h1 h2
b1 M2 eMh1 MeMh1 e h1 h2
J11 ¼ Mh Mh2 ; J22 ¼ Mh eMh2 ,
MeMh1 þb1 M2 eMh1 e h1 e MeMh1 þb1 M2 eMh1 e h1 h
1 h2 1 2
F þz2 z1 Mh1 eMh2
x2  1h h b1 M2 eMh2 MeMh2 e
JH
11 ¼
1 2
Mh Mh2 ; JH
22 ¼
h1 h2
Mh1 eMh2 ,
Me Mh2 b1 M eMh2 e h1 e
2 MeMh2 b 2
1M e
Mh 2  h h
e
1 h2 1 2
JH J Mh1 eMh2
þ F1hþz 2 z1
Mh1 eMh2
p3 ¼ 11
JH
11
J22
; p ¼ J  p J22 ;
2 11 3 p1 ¼ p2 e h1 h2
 p3 e h1 h2 1 h2
.
22

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