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L2 - Operating System Concepts Introduction

The document discusses operating systems and their role. It can be summarized as follows: 1) An operating system is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for running application software. 2) Computers are found in many devices beyond traditional desktops and servers, from home appliances to vehicles to industrial systems. 3) Operating systems control and allocate resources, make solving user problems easier, and provide common functions like input/output device management that application programs require. They are the core software managing all other programs running on a computer.

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Naveen Masterji
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
61 views

L2 - Operating System Concepts Introduction

The document discusses operating systems and their role. It can be summarized as follows: 1) An operating system is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for running application software. 2) Computers are found in many devices beyond traditional desktops and servers, from home appliances to vehicles to industrial systems. 3) Operating systems control and allocate resources, make solving user problems easier, and provide common functions like input/output device management that application programs require. They are the core software managing all other programs running on a computer.

Uploaded by

Naveen Masterji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINING OPERATING

SYSTEMS
DEFINING OPERATING SYSTEMS

Operating system is said to be playing many roles and functions because of the various versatile
designs and uses of the computers.
Computers are present everywhere.
Computers are present within toasters, cars, ships, spacecraft, homes, and businesses. They are
the basis for game machines, music players, cable TV tuners, and industrial control systems,
military uses, such as code breaking and trajectory plotting, and governmental uses, such as
census calculation.
Although computers have a relatively short history, they have evolved rapidly.
DEFINING OPERATING SYSTEMS

• The fundamental goal of computer systems is to execute user programs and to make solving
user problems easier.
• Computer hardware is constructed toward this goal.
• Since bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to use, application programs are developed.
• These programs require certain common operations, such as those controlling the I/O devices.
• The common functions of controlling and allocating resources are then brought together into
one piece of software:
THE OPERATING SYSTEM
KERNEL

• the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer—usually called the
kernel.
Along with the kernel, there are two other types of programs:
• System programs, which are associated with the operating system but are not necessarily part of the
kernel, and
• Application programs, which include all programs not associated with the operation of the system.
COMPUTER-SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
COMPUTER-SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

• A computer system is made up of various components. The components can be hardware or


software. Because these systems are so massively complex, the components are organized
in layers.
Layers of Organization
Modern computer systems have a layered organization, which each layer either using the services of, or
being physically built from, entities on the level directly below it.

Layer People Domain


Application Programs Application Programmers Software
System Utility Programs System Programmers
Operating System
I/O System (BIOS)
Computer System Computer Engineers Hardware
CPU Computer Architects
Memories, Logic Circuits, Flip- Logic Designers
Flops, Gates
Transistors, Diodes, Resistors, Materials Scientists
Power Supplies
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM LAYER

The computer systems we build


today feature programmable processing
units which interact with a number
of devices, each controlled by an I/O
controller, and using memory.
Devices are roughly classified into input devices, output
devices and storage devices. Examples include:

Devices
Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices
Keyboard , Mouse Screen Disk Drive
Light Pen ,Joystick Television
Joyswitch ,Trackball CD Drive
Printer (2D or 3D)
Tablet, Track Pad
Plotter
DVD Drive
Surface ,Digitizer USB Flash Drive
Film Recorder
Microphone,Voice Recognizer
Scanner, Fingerprint Scanner Projector Solid State Drive (SSD)
Card Reader ,Paddle Hologram Generator Tape Drive
Game Controller ,Data Glove Robot Arm
Wand ,Video Camera Speaker
Eye Tacker , Motion Sensor Headphones
Voice Synthesizer
Card Punch
Software Layers: Software can be roughly divided into systems
software and applications software. The dividing line is fuzzy, but the basic
concepts are:
COMPUTER-SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
MEMORY UNITS

• Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This
storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
Bit (Binary A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
Digit) component in an electric circuit.
Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
Byte A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent
a data item or a character.
Word A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as
a unit, which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each
computer.
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be
as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the
information in the form of computer words.
STORAGE STRUCTURE

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