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IoT Protocols IoT Architecture

The document describes the key components and stages of an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. It discusses sensors and actuators that collect and convert physical data, internet gateways that aggregate and digitize sensor data, edge IT systems that perform preliminary analytics close to the sensors, and data center/cloud systems that enable more powerful and in-depth analysis of the data.

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Venkatasamy EEE
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334 views

IoT Protocols IoT Architecture

The document describes the key components and stages of an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. It discusses sensors and actuators that collect and convert physical data, internet gateways that aggregate and digitize sensor data, edge IT systems that perform preliminary analytics close to the sensors, and data center/cloud systems that enable more powerful and in-depth analysis of the data.

Uploaded by

Venkatasamy EEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Link Layer Protocols

• Protocols determine how data is physically


sent over the network‘s physical layer or
medium.
• Local network connect to which host is
attached. Hosts on the same link exchange
data packets over the link layer using link
layer protocols.
• Link layer determines how packets are coded
and signaled by the h/w device over the
medium to which the host is attached.
Types of Link Layer Protocols

• 802.3-Ethernet

• 802.11-WiFi

• 802.16 - WiMax

• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN

• 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication
Link Layer Protocols
• 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet
standards for the link layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable;
802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber
optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet over fiber.
• 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless
LAN(WLAN) communication standards including extensive
description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band,
802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n
operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band,
802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
• 802.16 – Wi-Max: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless
broadband standards including exclusive description of link
layer. Wi Max provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards
for low rate wireless personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis
for high level communication protocols such as ZigBee.
Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
• 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from
9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).
Network/Internet Layer
• Responsible for sending IP data grams from
source n/w to destination n/w. Performs
the host addressing and packet routing.
Data grams contains source and destination
address.
Types:
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LOWPAN
Transport Layer
• Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of
the underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and
without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Types:
• TCP
• UDP
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along
with HTTP and HTTPS), email (along with SMTP, FTP).
Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals
with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of
protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion
collapse.

• UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful


in time sensitive applications, very small data units to exchange.
Transaction oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide
guaranteed delivery.
Application Layer
• Defines how the applications interface with lower
layer protocols to send data over the n/w. Enables
process-to-process communication using ports.
Types:
• HTTP
• CoAP
• Web Socket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
Application Layer Protocols
• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms
foundation of WWW. Follow request- response model
Stateless protocol.
• CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-
to-machine(M2M) applications with constrained
devices, constrained environment and constrained
n/w. Uses client- server architecture.
• Web Socket: allows full duplex communication over a
single socket connection.
• MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light
weight messaging protocol based on publish-subscribe
model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for
constrained environment.
Application Layer Protocols
• XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol
for real time communication and streaming XML
data between network entities. Support client-
server and server-server communication.
• DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric
middleware standards for device-to-device or
machine-to-machine communication. Uses
publish-subscribe model.
• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is
open application layer protocol for business
messaging. Supports both point-to-point and
publish-subscribe model.
IoT Architecture
• IoT architecture varies from solution to
solution, based on the type of solution
which we intend to build. IoT as a
technology majorly consists of four main
components, over which an architecture is
framed.
1) Sensors
2) Devices
3) Gateway
4) Cloud
Stages of IoT Architecture
Sensors/actuators
• Sensors collect data from the environment or object under
measurement and turn it into useful data. Think of the
specialized structures in your cell phone that detect the
directional pull of gravity and the phone's relative position to
the ―thing‖ we call the earth and convert it into data that your
phone can use to orient the device.
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions
that generate the data. An actuator might, for example, shut off
a power supply, adjust an air flow valve, or move a robotic
gripper in an assembly process.
• The sensing/actuating stage covers everything from legacy
industrial devices to robotic camera systems, water level
detectors, air quality sensors, accelerometers, and heart rate
monitors. And the scope of the IoT is expanding rapidly, thanks
in part to low-power wireless sensor network technologies
and Power over Ethernet, which enable devices on a wired
LAN to operate without the need for an A/C power source.
Internet Gateway
• The data from the sensors starts in analog form. That data needs to be
aggregated and converted into digital streams for further processing
downstream. Data acquisition systems (DAS) perform these data aggregation
and conversion functions. The DAS connects to the sensor network, aggregates
outputs, and performs the analog-to-digital conversion. The Internet gateway
receives the aggregated and digitized data and routes it over Wi-Fi, wired
LANs, or the Internet, to Stage 3 systems for further processing. Stage 2
systems often sit in close proximity to the sensors and actuators.

• For example, a pump might contain a half-dozen sensors and actuators that
feed data into a data aggregation device that also digitizes the data. This
device might be physically attached to the pump. An adjacent gateway device
or server would then process the data and forward it to the Stage 3 or Stage 4
systems. Intelligent gateways can build on additional, basic gateway
functionality by adding such capabilities as analytics, malware protection, and
data management services. These systems enable the analysis of data streams
in real time.
Edge IT
• Once IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it's ready to
cross into the realm of IT. However, the data may require
further processing before it enters the data center.
• This is where edge IT systems, which perform more analysis,
come into play. Edge IT processing systems may be located in
remote offices or other edge locations, but generally these sit
in the facility or location where the sensors reside closer to the
sensors, such as in a wiring closet.
Edge IT
• Because IoT data can easily eat up network
bandwidth and swamp your data center resources,
it's best to have systems at the edge capable of
performing analytics as a way to lessen the burden
on core IT infrastructure.
• You'd also face security concerns, storage issues, and
delays processing the data. With a staged approach,
you can preprocess the data, generate meaningful
results, and pass only those on.
• For example, rather than passing on raw vibration
data for the pumps, you could aggregate and convert
the data, analyze it, and send only projections as to
when each device will fail or need service.
Data Center & Cloud
• Data that needs more in-depth processing, and
where feedback doesn't have to be immediate,
gets forwarded to physical data center or cloud-
based systems, where more powerful IT systems
can analyze, manage, and securely store the data.
• It takes longer to get results when you wait until
data reaches Stage 4, but you can execute a more
in-depth analysis, as well as combine your sensor
data with data from other sources for deeper
insights.
• Stage 4 processing may take place on-premises, in
the cloud, or in a hybrid cloud system, but the
type of processing executed in this stage remains
the same, regardless of the platform.

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