Civil & Construction Engineering Dep.

Formwork Design & Construction Methods

CONEN 461
Dr.Alaa Salman
PhD, PMP, P.Eng (Ontario- Canada)

Chapter 4
Properties of Form Materials

IMU: CIVIL & & Construction ENG. Formwork Design & Construction Methods Chapter 4 DR.ALAA SALMAN
 Chapter 4: Properties of Form Materials

4.1 General Information

4.2 Properties of Lumber

4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber:

Adjustment Factors:

CD for Load-Duration, CM for Moisture Content, CL for

Beam Stability, CP for Column Stability, Cfu for Flat Use,
& Cb for Bearing Area.

4.4 Allowable Stresses of Lumber

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 4.1 General Information (1)
 Material used for forms for
concrete structures include:
1. lumber,
2. plywood,  Additional materials:
3. hardboard, 1. nails,
4. fiberglass, 2. bolts,
5. plastics, 3. screws,
6. fiber form, 4. form ties,
7. corrugated boxes, 5. anchors, and
8. steel, 6. other accessories.
9. aluminum,
10. magnesium, and
11. plaster of pairs. 3
 Assignment (1)
Prepare a power point presentation,
which includes:
 Pictures only of all the 17 materials used
for forms with their titles and references.
 Each group will send 1 file to my email
([email protected]) by 6:00 pm,
Sunday, 21of Oct./2018.
 Best presentation will get (+1) bonus and do the
presentation next class.
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 4.1 General Information (2)
 Form materials should posses:-
 Adequate rigidity

 Adequate strength

 Surface smoothness, where used

 Economy, considering initial cost and number of

uses.

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 4.2 Properties of Lumber (1)
Lumber used for formwork that is finished on all
sides is designated as Surfaced-4-Sides (S4S)
lumber.

The cross-sectional dimensions of lumber are

designated by nominal sizes, but the actual
dimensions are less than the nominal dimensions.

o For example, a board designated as a

nominal size of 2 in. by 12 in. has an actual
size of 1 1/2 in. by 11 1/2 in. after it is
surfaced on all sides and edges.
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Table 4.1: Properties of S4S Dry Lumber, Moisture
≤19%

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 4.2 Properties of Lumber (2)
The width and depth of the beam are denoted as b and d.
A = cross-sectional area of a section = b d (in2)
b = width of beam
d = depth or height of beam
I = area moment of inertia of the cross section
c = distance from neutral axis to most distant

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 4.2 Properties of Lumber (4)
S = section modulus of the cross section of:
a beam = bd2/6, (in3) for a rectangular beam
r = radius of gyration of the cross section of a beam = √I/A, (in)
E = modulus of elasticity, (lb/in2)
Q = static moment of area, a measure of resistance to shear, (in3)

X-X = the location of the neutral axis of the cross section

of a beam for (load applied to narrow face; the strong axis
of the beam

Y-Y = the location of the neutral axis of the cross section

of a beam for (load applied to wide face); the weak axis of
the beam 9
4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (1)
 The loads applied to wood members create applied
bending moments, shear forces, and compression
forces in the member.
 The lumber used must have sufficient allowable
stresses to resist the applied stresses.
 The magnitudes of the allowable stresses of lumber
depend on:
o The grade and species of wood,
o Size of lumber,
o Duration of load,
o Moisture Content, and
o Other factors.
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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (2)
 Allowable design stresses are determined by:
o multiplying the reference design values from
the NDS (National Design Specification)
Supplement by adjustment factors that are
presented in the NDS

 Allowable Stress for Bending:

F`b = [reference design value]* [Adjustment factors]

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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (3)
 The adjustment factors for sawn lumber are:
o Size adjustment factor, CF
o Load-duration factor, CD
o Wet service factor , CM
o Beam stability factor, CL
o Column stability adjustment factor, CP
o Flat use adjustment factor, CFU
o Bearing area adjustment factor, Cb
o Buckling stiffness adjustment factor, CT
o Repetitive member adjustment factor, Cr
o Incising (notching) adjustment factor, Ci
o Temperature factor, Ct
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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (4)
 The allowable design stress is obtained as
follows:
(1) Allowable Stress for Bending:
F`b = (reference design value for bending) [CF * CD *
CM * CL * CP * CFU * Cr * Ci * Ct ]

(2) Allowable Stress for Shear:

F`v = (reference design value for shear) [CD * CM * Ci *
Ct ]

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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (5)
(3) Allowable Compression Stress Perpendicular to
Grain:
F`c ┴ = (reference design value for compression ┴ to grain)
[CM * Cb * Ct * Ci ]

(4) Allowable Compression Stress Parallel to Grain:

F`C = (reference design value for compression / / to grain)
[CF * CD * CM * CP * Ci * Ct ]

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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (6)
(5) Allowable Modulus of Elasticity for Beam
Deflection Calculations:
E' = (reference design value of modulus of elasticity, E)
[CM * Ci * Ct ]

(6) Allowable Modulus of Elasticity for Beam and

Column Stability Calculations:
E`min= (reference design value of modulus of elasticity,
Emin) [CM * CT * Ci * Ct ]

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4.3 Allowable Stresses of Lumber (7)

 The most common adjustment factors for

construction of temporary structures and
formwork are:
o size CF ,
o load-duration CD ,
o moisture CM ,
o beam and column stability CL ,CP ,
o bearing Cb , and
o flat use CFU

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Table 4.2: Reference design values for Southern
Pine lumber with less than 19 % moisture

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 Table 4.3: Reference design values for several
species of lumber with less than 19 % moisture

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Table 4.3(a): Size Adjustment Factors CF for
species of lumber shown in Table 4.3

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Table 4.4: Adjustment Factors CD for Load-
Duration

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Table 4.5: Adjustment Factors CM for Moisture
Content > 19%

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Table 4.6: Lateral Constraints CL for Stability of
Bending Members

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Table 4.6: Lateral Constraints CL for Stability of
Bending Members (Cont.)

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Table 4.7: Adjustment Factors Cfu for Flat Use

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Table 4.8: Adjustment Factors Cb for Bearing Area

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4.4: Application of Adjustment Factors

 The designer must assess the

condition the lumber will be used
and then

 determine applicable adjustment

factors that should be applied to
the reference design values.

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 Example 4-1
A 3 x 8 beam of No. 2 grade Hem-Fir
will be used to temporarily support a
load at a job site during construction.
The beam will be dry, less than 19%
moisture content, and the applied loads
will be less than 7 days.
 Determine the adjusted stresses for
bending and shear for this beam.
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 Solution (1): Example 4-1
 The adjusted stresses for bending and
shear stresses for this beam can be
calculated as follows:
 From Table 4-3, the reference design value
for bending of a 3 x 8 No. 2 grade Hem-Fir
for bending is 850 lb/in².

 The allowable bending stress is obtained by

multiplying the reference design value by
the adjustment factors for size and load-
duration. 28
 Solution (2): Example 4-1
 Table 4-3a shows a size factor for a 3 x 8 beam
in bending as CF = 1.2

 Table 4-4 shows a load-duration factor as CD =

1.25. Therefore, the adjusted bending stress can
be calculated as:

F`b = (reference bending design value) x CF x CD

= (850 lb/in²)(1.2)(1.25)
= 1,275 lb/ in²
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 Solution (3): Example 4-1
 Lateral Constraints CL for Stability of Bending Members
(b=3 x d=8) ; (d/b) = (8/3) < 2
 No lateral support is required
Table 4.6:

 Before determining the bending adequacy of this

member to resist the applied loads, the support
constraints related to the d/b ratio must be satisfied as
discussed next. Also, the beam stability factor must be
in accordance with the NDS.
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 Solution (4): Example 4-1
For shear:
 Table 4-3 shows the reference design value
is 150 Ib/in² and Table 4-4 shows a load-
duration adjustment factor CD = 1.25.

 Therefore, the adjusted shear stress can be

calculated as:
F`v = (reference shear design value) x CD
= (150 lb/in²)(1.25) = 187.5 lb/in²
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 Example 4-2
Lumber of 2 x 8 of No. 1 grade
Southern Pine will be laid flat as
formwork for underside of a concrete
beam. The load-duration will be less
than 7 days and the lumber will be used
in a wet condition.
 Determine the adjusted stress for bending
 Ignore the effect of CL

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 Solution (1): Example 4-2
 From Table 4-2, the reference bending
stress is 1,500 lb/in².

 No size adjustment is necessary because

the design values in Table 4-2 are already
adjusted for size. Adjustments for:
o load-duration,
o moisture, and
o flat use can be obtained as follows:

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 Solution (2): Example 4-2

 From Table 4-4: the adjustment factor for:

load-duration CD = 1.25

 From Table 4-5, the adjustment factor for:

wet condition CM = 0.85

 From Table 4-7, the adjustment for flat-use

CFU = 1.15

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 Solution (3): Example 4-2

 The adjusted bending stress can be calculated

as follows:

 F`b = (reference bending design value) x

(CD) x (CM ) x (CFU) =

(1,500 lb/in²)(1.25)(.0.85)(1.15) = 1,832 lb/in²

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The End of
Lecture
(4)
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